Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Physics and Applications: Table of Contents
<i> American Journal of Physics and Applications (AJPA) </i> provides a forum for the publication of scientific research and review articles. The journal publishes original research papers devoted to wide range of areas of physics and its applications. The topics included in this journal emphasize understanding of the physics underlying modern technology.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpa Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Physics and Applications: Table of Contents
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American Journal of Physics and Applications
American Journal of Physics and Applications
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Nonlinear and Negative Resistance in Loose Electrical Contacts Dark Bridge
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The dark bridge in loose electrical contacts was investigated, which grew up when the contact gap was increased a little with micron by micron. The dark bridge was watched by microscopic camera along with measurement of voltage-current (V-I) relationship. At very small gap (less than 19μm for iron (Fe) contacts but different from materials), the V-I characteristics were linear, which is normal, but more than the 20~30μm, the non-linear relationship appeared and finally the negative resistance was observed. Experimental growth of dark bridge was shown in case of Pd. The nonlinear and negative resistance phenomena were tested for Fe. The resistance was analyzed and showed that it goes to negative one after crossing zero from positive region.
The dark bridge in loose electrical contacts was investigated, which grew up when the contact gap was increased a little with micron by micron. The dark bridge was watched by microscopic camera along with measurement of voltage-current (V-I) relationship. At very small gap (less than 19μm for iron (Fe) contacts but different from materials), the V-I characteristics were linear, which is normal, but more than the 20~30μm, the non-linear relationship appeared and finally the negative resistance was observed. Experimental growth of dark bridge was shown in case of Pd. The nonlinear and negative resistance phenomena were tested for Fe. The resistance was analyzed and showed that it goes to negative one after crossing zero from positive region.
Nonlinear and Negative Resistance in Loose Electrical Contacts Dark Bridge
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hiromichi Kubota
Shunsuke Sasaki
Hiroyuki Ishida
Tasuku Takagi
Nonlinear and Negative Resistance in Loose Electrical Contacts Dark Bridge
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.11
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A plasma Formation in Pulsed Coaxial Gun at Continuously Filling Regime
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In work presented the results of researches of plasma flow formation and propagate in the electrodynamics pulsed gun. Experimental researches carried out on the basis of pulse plasma accelerator CPU-30 with a coaxial symmetric geometry electrodes. It was shown, that structure of the flow significantly depends on initial operating pressure of working gas, and specify for “continuously filled” regime. The data on dynamics of plasma acceleration, obtained in previous studies was refined. The role of plasma internal electric field and acceleration peculiarities on differ pressure of initial gas are discuss.
In work presented the results of researches of plasma flow formation and propagate in the electrodynamics pulsed gun. Experimental researches carried out on the basis of pulse plasma accelerator CPU-30 with a coaxial symmetric geometry electrodes. It was shown, that structure of the flow significantly depends on initial operating pressure of working gas, and specify for “continuously filled” regime. The data on dynamics of plasma acceleration, obtained in previous studies was refined. The role of plasma internal electric field and acceleration peculiarities on differ pressure of initial gas are discuss.
A plasma Formation in Pulsed Coaxial Gun at Continuously Filling Regime
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
A. M Zhukeshov
A. U Amrenova
A. T Gabdullina
B. M Ibraev
A plasma Formation in Pulsed Coaxial Gun at Continuously Filling Regime
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.12
© Science Publishing Group
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Parasitic Effects in InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMT’s
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A detailed study of electrically active defects present in InAlAs/InP heterostructure and InAlAs/InGaAs/InP High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is presented. Current and capacitance Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (I-DLTS and C-DLTS) techniques are used for the identification of active electrical defects. A notable correlation between deep levels observed by I -DLTS and C-DLTS results and the contribution of parasitic effects (Kink and Hysteresis effects) on output characteristics was evidenced. A new model for Kink effect is presented on InAlAs / InGaAs / InP HEMT’s. This model uses a new polynomial dependence of sheet carrier concentration, on bias and temperature of device structure to calculate Ids – Vds characteristics. The simulation model enables us to confirm that the Kink parasitic effect in Ids – Vds characteristics is strongly correlated by trapping and detrapping mechanisms. Experimental and theoretical results obtained by the new model are in good agreement.
A detailed study of electrically active defects present in InAlAs/InP heterostructure and InAlAs/InGaAs/InP High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is presented. Current and capacitance Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (I-DLTS and C-DLTS) techniques are used for the identification of active electrical defects. A notable correlation between deep levels observed by I -DLTS and C-DLTS results and the contribution of parasitic effects (Kink and Hysteresis effects) on output characteristics was evidenced. A new model for Kink effect is presented on InAlAs / InGaAs / InP HEMT’s. This model uses a new polynomial dependence of sheet carrier concentration, on bias and temperature of device structure to calculate Ids – Vds characteristics. The simulation model enables us to confirm that the Kink parasitic effect in Ids – Vds characteristics is strongly correlated by trapping and detrapping mechanisms. Experimental and theoretical results obtained by the new model are in good agreement.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Parasitic Effects in InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMT’s
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.14
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
S. Bouzgarrou
M. M. Ben Salem
A. Kalboussi
A. Souifi
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Parasitic Effects in InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMT’s
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.14
© Science Publishing Group
Statistical tuning of walfisch-bertoni pathloss prediction model based on building and street geometry sensitivity parameters in built-up terrains
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.13
One of the underlying difficulties with the application of a prediction pathloss model for any environment is that no two areas are identical in the composition of the buildings and terrain. A pathloss model developed by Walfisch-Bertoni considers the impact of rooftops and building heights by using diffraction to predict average signal strength loss at street level. However, the error between the average path loss predicted by the model and that observed in practice will be smallest when the propagation environment conforms closely with the models assumptions (i.e. those urban environments exhibiting minimal variation in the height and separation of buildings). In particular, any building height variations can be expected to cause a significant error in the model predictions. Firstly, in this paper, we demonstrate the sensitivity impact of varying certain parameters on the performance W/B model in the study environments. The goal is to give the user an idea of the value associated with altering parameters that are in fact adjustable and showing the significance of the unchangeable parameters in the loss calculations. Secondly, a new statistical tuning method is proposed by extending the technique of Walfisch- Bertoni model which is now valid for generalized conditions in the CDMA2000 signal propagation environments. The results showed that tuned pathloss data agree strongly with measured data in the different study locations.
One of the underlying difficulties with the application of a prediction pathloss model for any environment is that no two areas are identical in the composition of the buildings and terrain. A pathloss model developed by Walfisch-Bertoni considers the impact of rooftops and building heights by using diffraction to predict average signal strength loss at street level. However, the error between the average path loss predicted by the model and that observed in practice will be smallest when the propagation environment conforms closely with the models assumptions (i.e. those urban environments exhibiting minimal variation in the height and separation of buildings). In particular, any building height variations can be expected to cause a significant error in the model predictions. Firstly, in this paper, we demonstrate the sensitivity impact of varying certain parameters on the performance W/B model in the study environments. The goal is to give the user an idea of the value associated with altering parameters that are in fact adjustable and showing the significance of the unchangeable parameters in the loss calculations. Secondly, a new statistical tuning method is proposed by extending the technique of Walfisch- Bertoni model which is now valid for generalized conditions in the CDMA2000 signal propagation environments. The results showed that tuned pathloss data agree strongly with measured data in the different study locations.
Statistical tuning of walfisch-bertoni pathloss prediction model based on building and street geometry sensitivity parameters in built-up terrains
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.13
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Isabona Joseph
Babalola Michael
Statistical tuning of walfisch-bertoni pathloss prediction model based on building and street geometry sensitivity parameters in built-up terrains
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.13
© Science Publishing Group
Study of Radiation in Spherical Media Using Moment Method
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A moment technique is presented to improve the performance of the discrete ordinates method when solving the radiation problems in spherical media. In this approach the angular derivative term of the discretized 1-D radiative transfer equation is derived from an expansion of the radiative intensity on the basis of angular moments. The set of resulting differential equations, obtained by the application of the SN method associated to moment method, is numerically solved using the boundary value problem with the finite difference algorithm. Results are presented for the different independent parameters. Numerical results obtained using the moment approximation compare well with the benchmark approximate solutions. Moreover, the new technique can easily be applied to higher-order SN calculations.
A moment technique is presented to improve the performance of the discrete ordinates method when solving the radiation problems in spherical media. In this approach the angular derivative term of the discretized 1-D radiative transfer equation is derived from an expansion of the radiative intensity on the basis of angular moments. The set of resulting differential equations, obtained by the application of the SN method associated to moment method, is numerically solved using the boundary value problem with the finite difference algorithm. Results are presented for the different independent parameters. Numerical results obtained using the moment approximation compare well with the benchmark approximate solutions. Moreover, the new technique can easily be applied to higher-order SN calculations.
Study of Radiation in Spherical Media Using Moment Method
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.15
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
T. Sghaier
Study of Radiation in Spherical Media Using Moment Method
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130101.15
© Science Publishing Group
Interpretation of the Cause for the Expansion of Universe Having Its Correlation with the Cosmological Constant (∧) through the Consciousness Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130102.13
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. Recession velocity is found to be maintained by TF (macro). The upper limit of the cosmological constant agrees well with the value ofεT (= quantized energy of TCP).
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. Recession velocity is found to be maintained by TF (macro). The upper limit of the cosmological constant agrees well with the value ofεT (= quantized energy of TCP).
Interpretation of the Cause for the Expansion of Universe Having Its Correlation with the Cosmological Constant (∧) through the Consciousness Model
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130102.13
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Interpretation of the Cause for the Expansion of Universe Having Its Correlation with the Cosmological Constant (∧) through the Consciousness Model
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130102.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130102.13
© Science Publishing Group
Grain Boundary Effect on Efficiency of Polycrystalline Multilayer (SiNx/ P+N/SiOx/SiNx/ PECVD SiOx) Solar Cell
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130102.11
In this work, we are interested to the study of a solar cell based on polycrystalline silicon and its rear and front passivation using different structures, including the multilayered stack silicon oxide / SiNx / PECVD SiOx and silicon nitride for the front layer. We deduced from the study that the choice of (SiO2/SiNx/SiO2) rear passivation layer is optimal. We tried subsequently to optimize the optical gap on the basis of a good agreement between the values of fill factor and the efficiency. In addition, we also proposed a front passivation of the emitter by of silicon nitride layer. We have noted a marked improvement in conversion efficiency for high gas flow ratios R = Φ (NH3) / Φ (SiH4). After we have optimized the parameters of emitter and base layers, we have also contributed in the modeling of grain boundary current density in polysilicon. Electrical simulation shows the influence of grain boundaries surface recombination velocity on grain boundaries current density and the efficiency.
In this work, we are interested to the study of a solar cell based on polycrystalline silicon and its rear and front passivation using different structures, including the multilayered stack silicon oxide / SiNx / PECVD SiOx and silicon nitride for the front layer. We deduced from the study that the choice of (SiO2/SiNx/SiO2) rear passivation layer is optimal. We tried subsequently to optimize the optical gap on the basis of a good agreement between the values of fill factor and the efficiency. In addition, we also proposed a front passivation of the emitter by of silicon nitride layer. We have noted a marked improvement in conversion efficiency for high gas flow ratios R = Φ (NH3) / Φ (SiH4). After we have optimized the parameters of emitter and base layers, we have also contributed in the modeling of grain boundary current density in polysilicon. Electrical simulation shows the influence of grain boundaries surface recombination velocity on grain boundaries current density and the efficiency.
Grain Boundary Effect on Efficiency of Polycrystalline Multilayer (SiNx/ P+N/SiOx/SiNx/ PECVD SiOx) Solar Cell
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130102.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Nisrine Benloucif
Grain Boundary Effect on Efficiency of Polycrystalline Multilayer (SiNx/ P+N/SiOx/SiNx/ PECVD SiOx) Solar Cell
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130102.11
© Science Publishing Group
Interpretation of Quantum Measurement as Well as Cognitive Problem Through the Consciousness Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130102.12
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. TCP, TRP, TF (micro), TF (macro), and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in the quantum measurement as well as cognitive problem.
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. TCP, TRP, TF (micro), TF (macro), and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in the quantum measurement as well as cognitive problem.
Interpretation of Quantum Measurement as Well as Cognitive Problem Through the Consciousness Model
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130102.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Interpretation of Quantum Measurement as Well as Cognitive Problem Through the Consciousness Model
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130102.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130102.12
© Science Publishing Group
Relation of Space-Time Continuum with Energy in the Presence of Consciousness and Super-Consciousness
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.14
Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. We show here that time of any kind cannot exist without the existence of consciousness. Time without consciousness is not possible. But consciousness without time is possible. Space and time are dynamic quantities and they not only affect but also are affected by everything that happens in the Universe. As per Hawking, “Time is not completely separate from and independent of space but is combined with it to form what is called space-time continuum”. Space can not exist without time and vice versa. Space-time without consciousness is not possible. Space-time exists only in the existence of consciousness. Although space-time continuum is thought to be a four-dimensional object, yet Space and Time appear to be subjective in nature. The quantized energy (εT) of Though-carrying particle (TCP) is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating Thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. The manifestation of any type of time is solely dependent on the generation of consciousness [(=εT = mTc^2 = hc/λT)]. The origin of the physical time appears to be the origin of evolution of light and its evolved velocity (c) at that point of the beginning of universe. The velocity (c) of light as well as time is always related with consciousness. Consciousness is conjectured here to be the mental light.
Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. We show here that time of any kind cannot exist without the existence of consciousness. Time without consciousness is not possible. But consciousness without time is possible. Space and time are dynamic quantities and they not only affect but also are affected by everything that happens in the Universe. As per Hawking, “Time is not completely separate from and independent of space but is combined with it to form what is called space-time continuum”. Space can not exist without time and vice versa. Space-time without consciousness is not possible. Space-time exists only in the existence of consciousness. Although space-time continuum is thought to be a four-dimensional object, yet Space and Time appear to be subjective in nature. The quantized energy (εT) of Though-carrying particle (TCP) is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating Thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. The manifestation of any type of time is solely dependent on the generation of consciousness [(=εT = mTc^2 = hc/λT)]. The origin of the physical time appears to be the origin of evolution of light and its evolved velocity (c) at that point of the beginning of universe. The velocity (c) of light as well as time is always related with consciousness. Consciousness is conjectured here to be the mental light.
Relation of Space-Time Continuum with Energy in the Presence of Consciousness and Super-Consciousness
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.14
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Relation of Space-Time Continuum with Energy in the Presence of Consciousness and Super-Consciousness
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.14
© Science Publishing Group
Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Inlet Conditions on the Oblique Shock System in a High-Speed Wind Tunnel
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.16
The Present study is conducted to find out the best inlet conditions for designing process of a high-speed wind tunnel. The inlet conditions are appropriate for the cases that the real nozzle has not been calculated and downstream parts designers (such as test section and diffuser designers) need a reasonable upstream flow condition for their calculations. Inlet boundary condition of each case has been specified by User-Defined Function. The process of User-Defined Function (UDF) specification is time-consuming and is based on a try and error method. Several cases of inlet conditions have been designed and examined. The comparison of results is shown in terms of cross-sectional and axial distributions of parameters and contours of Mach number and static pressure. Finally, the 1.2 m-length Ogive curve with 0.5 degree initial angle and after that, the case of 1.2 m-length ducthave been chosen as the equivalent nozzles.
The Present study is conducted to find out the best inlet conditions for designing process of a high-speed wind tunnel. The inlet conditions are appropriate for the cases that the real nozzle has not been calculated and downstream parts designers (such as test section and diffuser designers) need a reasonable upstream flow condition for their calculations. Inlet boundary condition of each case has been specified by User-Defined Function. The process of User-Defined Function (UDF) specification is time-consuming and is based on a try and error method. Several cases of inlet conditions have been designed and examined. The comparison of results is shown in terms of cross-sectional and axial distributions of parameters and contours of Mach number and static pressure. Finally, the 1.2 m-length Ogive curve with 0.5 degree initial angle and after that, the case of 1.2 m-length ducthave been chosen as the equivalent nozzles.
Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Inlet Conditions on the Oblique Shock System in a High-Speed Wind Tunnel
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.16
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Reza Heidari
Mahdi Karami
Fata Mohammadi Fard
Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Inlet Conditions on the Oblique Shock System in a High-Speed Wind Tunnel
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.16
© Science Publishing Group
Interpretation of the Paranormal Power Like Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK) through the Consciousness Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.15
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo.We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. These TCP, TRP, TF (micro), TF (macro), and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in understanding Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK).
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo.We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. These TCP, TRP, TF (micro), TF (macro), and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in understanding Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK).
Interpretation of the Paranormal Power Like Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK) through the Consciousness Model
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.15
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Interpretation of the Paranormal Power Like Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK) through the Consciousness Model
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3
90
90
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.15
© Science Publishing Group
A Study on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Due to Non-Ionizing Radiation from Wireless/Telecommunication in Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.18
In the work exposure to the non-ionizing electro-magnetic radiation from some mobile cellular telephone operators and radio, TV and radar antennas of Bangladesh has been investigated. The mobile telephone operators considered were City cell, Grameenphone, Aktel and BanglaLink. The radio operators studied were 17 in number and all of them were sub stations of Bangladesh Radio. The TV antennas were all of BTV. Together with it 4 radar stations were also studied. The frequency range covered in the investigation is 800 MHz to 2800 MHz. Calculations were done for specific absorption rate (SAR) and consequent rise of temperature in human tissues. Maximum power density value (for far field) observed is that for the BanglaLink operator (= 1.27x10-6 W/m2). SAR values and the corresponding temperature rise were calculated for the eye, brain and nerve tissues exposed to RF fields, for the general public and occupational workers of Bangladesh for each of the mobile operators. Among the tissues, eye showed the highest and nerves the lowest SAR values. Of all the 4 operators Grameenphone possesses the highest SAR values (approximately 1.6 W/kg), still remaining within the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) and other safety limits (= 1.6 W/kg). Upto 960 MHz of frequency the mobile operators of Bangladesh show higher SAR values compared to those of the literature. The RF radiation studied does not pose any health hazard for the general public. Temperature rise in 6 minutes time as a consequence of absorption of RF radiation from mobile operators is of the range 0.022 K to 0.763 K
In the work exposure to the non-ionizing electro-magnetic radiation from some mobile cellular telephone operators and radio, TV and radar antennas of Bangladesh has been investigated. The mobile telephone operators considered were City cell, Grameenphone, Aktel and BanglaLink. The radio operators studied were 17 in number and all of them were sub stations of Bangladesh Radio. The TV antennas were all of BTV. Together with it 4 radar stations were also studied. The frequency range covered in the investigation is 800 MHz to 2800 MHz. Calculations were done for specific absorption rate (SAR) and consequent rise of temperature in human tissues. Maximum power density value (for far field) observed is that for the BanglaLink operator (= 1.27x10-6 W/m2). SAR values and the corresponding temperature rise were calculated for the eye, brain and nerve tissues exposed to RF fields, for the general public and occupational workers of Bangladesh for each of the mobile operators. Among the tissues, eye showed the highest and nerves the lowest SAR values. Of all the 4 operators Grameenphone possesses the highest SAR values (approximately 1.6 W/kg), still remaining within the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) and other safety limits (= 1.6 W/kg). Upto 960 MHz of frequency the mobile operators of Bangladesh show higher SAR values compared to those of the literature. The RF radiation studied does not pose any health hazard for the general public. Temperature rise in 6 minutes time as a consequence of absorption of RF radiation from mobile operators is of the range 0.022 K to 0.763 K
A Study on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Due to Non-Ionizing Radiation from Wireless/Telecommunication in Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.18
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
A K M Fazlul Hoque
Md. Sazzad Hossain
A Sattar Mollah
Md. Akramuzzaman
A Study on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Due to Non-Ionizing Radiation from Wireless/Telecommunication in Bangladesh
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110
110
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.18
© Science Publishing Group
The Developed Consciousness Model Providing Plausible Guidelines to Form a Possible Gross Bridge between Mind and Matter, Present Physics and Cognitive Science, Psychology and Natural Sciences, Classical Physics and Quantum Physics
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.19
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo and these TCP and TRP are originated from the same Void. These TCP, TRP and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in understanding matter, mind and consciousness. Theoretically observed coincidences through the consciousness model can provide plausible guidelines to form a possible gross bridge between mind and matter, present physics and cognitive science, psychology and natural sciences, classical physics and quantum physics.
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo and these TCP and TRP are originated from the same Void. These TCP, TRP and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in understanding matter, mind and consciousness. Theoretically observed coincidences through the consciousness model can provide plausible guidelines to form a possible gross bridge between mind and matter, present physics and cognitive science, psychology and natural sciences, classical physics and quantum physics.
The Developed Consciousness Model Providing Plausible Guidelines to Form a Possible Gross Bridge between Mind and Matter, Present Physics and Cognitive Science, Psychology and Natural Sciences, Classical Physics and Quantum Physics
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.19
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
The Developed Consciousness Model Providing Plausible Guidelines to Form a Possible Gross Bridge between Mind and Matter, Present Physics and Cognitive Science, Psychology and Natural Sciences, Classical Physics and Quantum Physics
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124
124
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.19
© Science Publishing Group
Almighty, the Universe
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.17
The beginning and end; size, shape and centre of the Universe; who created it are some of the most basic riddles pertaining to the Universe which are still unanswered. Also, the quest for most basic particle which is the basis of the Universe is still unquenched. The author has researched these riddles in detail and has postulated seven laws governing the functioning of the Universe. The laws are the Universe can neither be created nor destroyed; the Universe exists since infinite time and will exist till infinite time; the Universe has an infinite size; the Universe is in a state of dynamic equilibrium; all the activities in the Universe are uncertain but within certain certainty limits; every constituent of the Universe is unique; every constituent of the Universe has a unique dimension known as life dimension. There could be innumerable number of visible and invisible species living in various parts of the Universe, all of them passing through the cyclical life spans and doing their bit for maintaining the dynamic equilibrium. Constituents with temporarily shorter life spans appear alive to us while those with relatively longer ones appear inert, though all have life and are made up of live smaller constituents. The Universe is continuously changing, rearranging and evolving itself. Depending upon the relative intensity of the physical, non-physical and the need forces the Universe continuously rearranges itself so that a dynamic equilibrium is always maintained. In short, whatever is needed by a constituent for the most efficient functioning of the Universe is being provided by the Universe to it at the most suitable point of time. It has been concluded that the Universe is God and the God is Universe. Both are exactly one and the same. Only the names are different. It is the entirety of the Universe including the mass, energy, forces and the collective life in Its constituents which we perceive as the God Almighty. He is indivisible, uncuttable, un-replicable, un-replaceable, un-create able, un-destroyable and unique. He is only one, whom we address by different names in different parts of our very small planet. He is the Creator of Himself embodying the life in the collective form who by Himself sitting on the driver's seat manages His affairs in the best possible and the most efficient manner.
The beginning and end; size, shape and centre of the Universe; who created it are some of the most basic riddles pertaining to the Universe which are still unanswered. Also, the quest for most basic particle which is the basis of the Universe is still unquenched. The author has researched these riddles in detail and has postulated seven laws governing the functioning of the Universe. The laws are the Universe can neither be created nor destroyed; the Universe exists since infinite time and will exist till infinite time; the Universe has an infinite size; the Universe is in a state of dynamic equilibrium; all the activities in the Universe are uncertain but within certain certainty limits; every constituent of the Universe is unique; every constituent of the Universe has a unique dimension known as life dimension. There could be innumerable number of visible and invisible species living in various parts of the Universe, all of them passing through the cyclical life spans and doing their bit for maintaining the dynamic equilibrium. Constituents with temporarily shorter life spans appear alive to us while those with relatively longer ones appear inert, though all have life and are made up of live smaller constituents. The Universe is continuously changing, rearranging and evolving itself. Depending upon the relative intensity of the physical, non-physical and the need forces the Universe continuously rearranges itself so that a dynamic equilibrium is always maintained. In short, whatever is needed by a constituent for the most efficient functioning of the Universe is being provided by the Universe to it at the most suitable point of time. It has been concluded that the Universe is God and the God is Universe. Both are exactly one and the same. Only the names are different. It is the entirety of the Universe including the mass, energy, forces and the collective life in Its constituents which we perceive as the God Almighty. He is indivisible, uncuttable, un-replicable, un-replaceable, un-create able, un-destroyable and unique. He is only one, whom we address by different names in different parts of our very small planet. He is the Creator of Himself embodying the life in the collective form who by Himself sitting on the driver's seat manages His affairs in the best possible and the most efficient manner.
Almighty, the Universe
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.17
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
IMH Muhammad Akil
Almighty, the Universe
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103
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.17
© Science Publishing Group
Role of Thought Force (TF) of Consciousness Model Along with Gravitational Force (GF) to Explain the Relevant Conditions for the Formation of A Black Hole
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.11
Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. Thought force (TF) is found to be correlated with the gravitational force. Thought force (TF) along with the gravitational force can explain the cause for the formation of a black hole.
Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. Thought force (TF) is found to be correlated with the gravitational force. Thought force (TF) along with the gravitational force can explain the cause for the formation of a black hole.
Role of Thought Force (TF) of Consciousness Model Along with Gravitational Force (GF) to Explain the Relevant Conditions for the Formation of A Black Hole
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Role of Thought Force (TF) of Consciousness Model Along with Gravitational Force (GF) to Explain the Relevant Conditions for the Formation of A Black Hole
1
3
54
54
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.11
© Science Publishing Group
Application of the Consciousness Model Involving Thought-Carrying Particle (TCP), Thought Retaining Particle (TRP) and Thought Force (TF) to Explain the Cause of Radioactivity
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.12
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. . These TCP, TRP, TF (micro), TF (macro), and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo are found to play significant roles to explain the cause of radioactivity.
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. . These TCP, TRP, TF (micro), TF (macro), and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo are found to play significant roles to explain the cause of radioactivity.
Application of the Consciousness Model Involving Thought-Carrying Particle (TCP), Thought Retaining Particle (TRP) and Thought Force (TF) to Explain the Cause of Radioactivity
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Application of the Consciousness Model Involving Thought-Carrying Particle (TCP), Thought Retaining Particle (TRP) and Thought Force (TF) to Explain the Cause of Radioactivity
1
3
58
58
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.12
© Science Publishing Group
Explanation of Mental Processes Involving Consciousness through the Consciousness Model Incorporating Quantum Mechanical Activities of Though-Carrying Particle (TCP) and Thought Retaining Particle (TRP) in the Presence of Thought Force (TF) in vitro and Thought Force (TF) in vivo
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.13
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. Any matter as well as the individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP that are originated from the same Void. There is no theory to explain mental processes. Mental processes involving consciousness can be explained through these TCP and TRP in the presence of Thought force (TF) in vitro and Thought force (TF) in vivo.
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. Any matter as well as the individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP that are originated from the same Void. There is no theory to explain mental processes. Mental processes involving consciousness can be explained through these TCP and TRP in the presence of Thought force (TF) in vitro and Thought force (TF) in vivo.
Explanation of Mental Processes Involving Consciousness through the Consciousness Model Incorporating Quantum Mechanical Activities of Though-Carrying Particle (TCP) and Thought Retaining Particle (TRP) in the Presence of Thought Force (TF) in vitro and Thought Force (TF) in vivo
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.13
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Explanation of Mental Processes Involving Consciousness through the Consciousness Model Incorporating Quantum Mechanical Activities of Though-Carrying Particle (TCP) and Thought Retaining Particle (TRP) in the Presence of Thought Force (TF) in vitro and Thought Force (TF) in vivo
1
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.13
© Science Publishing Group
Designing and Study of X-Ray Emission from Compact Diode Powered by Capacitor Discharge
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.20
A compact diode is designed and the parameters are specified for optimization of the diode. A comprehensive study of X-ray emission from compact diode, consisting of a sharp edged cathode and a flat anode of copper energized by a single capacitor charged up to 30 kV is reported. The X-ray yield was measured as a function of the interelectrode spacing by using PIN-diode detectors. The maximum x-ray emission in is found to be 320 mJ and the corresponding average efficiency for the X-ray generation was about 0.05%. The total X-ray yield in 4π geometry was recorded as 850 mJ with an overall efficiency of about 0.136%. The efficiency is expected to be further enhanced with an increase in discharge energy, charging voltage, and a reduction of the parasitic inductance.
A compact diode is designed and the parameters are specified for optimization of the diode. A comprehensive study of X-ray emission from compact diode, consisting of a sharp edged cathode and a flat anode of copper energized by a single capacitor charged up to 30 kV is reported. The X-ray yield was measured as a function of the interelectrode spacing by using PIN-diode detectors. The maximum x-ray emission in is found to be 320 mJ and the corresponding average efficiency for the X-ray generation was about 0.05%. The total X-ray yield in 4π geometry was recorded as 850 mJ with an overall efficiency of about 0.136%. The efficiency is expected to be further enhanced with an increase in discharge energy, charging voltage, and a reduction of the parasitic inductance.
Designing and Study of X-Ray Emission from Compact Diode Powered by Capacitor Discharge
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.20
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hamdullah khan
Designing and Study of X-Ray Emission from Compact Diode Powered by Capacitor Discharge
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3
128
128
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.20
© Science Publishing Group
Geoelectrical Characterization of Rock Formations Underlying Idonyi River, Amaeke-Abam, Southeastern Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.15
The geoelectrical characterization of soils underlying the Idonyi River Dam site Amaeke-Abam, Southeastern Nigeria has been carried out with a view to determining the presence or otherwise of deleterious matter along the dam axis down to a depth of 37m below the surface; evaluate the geo-structural setting of the concealed bedrock, the fracture pattern and possible dam seepage along the dam axis and its banks as well as giving suggestions on any other measures/studies that may be needed for a proper engineering design. The study area is around the river located between latitudes 5o 34’N – 5o37‘N and longitudes 7o39’E – 7o 42’E. Heights above sea level in the area range from 68 to 91 meters. The survey was carried out with Abem Terrameter SAS 1000C. The sounding stations were laid out in three (3) profiles; eight (8) VES on each profile. A total of twenty-four (24) VES data were conducted. The Schlumberger electrode configuration was adopted to a total spread length of 110 meters (AB/2 of 55 meters). Results showed that resistivity values of between 182 and 2637Ωm at the eastern part of the River and another range of 6.2 to 848Ωm in the western end suggest overriding sandy substratum to east and overriding shaly characteristics to the west. These results show clearly that the area around Idonyi is porous with relatively higher sandy fractions.The derived parameters on both sides of the river agreed with the standard parameters required for a dam construction. The failure of a previous dam near the river is thus attributable to much seepage due to overriding sandy substratum. To avoid the seepage, the base of the dam should be blanketed with an impervious material such as shale. The area, being the most fertile area (phosphatic Ameki units) with CRIN, NRRI, FRIN, RCRIN having research institutes near the river, a dam is necessary here and this study has shown that it is possible to have a dam with solid foundation. However, we suggest a baseline data survey of water quality before any construction so as to monitor any contamination trend due to impoundment.
The geoelectrical characterization of soils underlying the Idonyi River Dam site Amaeke-Abam, Southeastern Nigeria has been carried out with a view to determining the presence or otherwise of deleterious matter along the dam axis down to a depth of 37m below the surface; evaluate the geo-structural setting of the concealed bedrock, the fracture pattern and possible dam seepage along the dam axis and its banks as well as giving suggestions on any other measures/studies that may be needed for a proper engineering design. The study area is around the river located between latitudes 5o 34’N – 5o37‘N and longitudes 7o39’E – 7o 42’E. Heights above sea level in the area range from 68 to 91 meters. The survey was carried out with Abem Terrameter SAS 1000C. The sounding stations were laid out in three (3) profiles; eight (8) VES on each profile. A total of twenty-four (24) VES data were conducted. The Schlumberger electrode configuration was adopted to a total spread length of 110 meters (AB/2 of 55 meters). Results showed that resistivity values of between 182 and 2637Ωm at the eastern part of the River and another range of 6.2 to 848Ωm in the western end suggest overriding sandy substratum to east and overriding shaly characteristics to the west. These results show clearly that the area around Idonyi is porous with relatively higher sandy fractions.The derived parameters on both sides of the river agreed with the standard parameters required for a dam construction. The failure of a previous dam near the river is thus attributable to much seepage due to overriding sandy substratum. To avoid the seepage, the base of the dam should be blanketed with an impervious material such as shale. The area, being the most fertile area (phosphatic Ameki units) with CRIN, NRRI, FRIN, RCRIN having research institutes near the river, a dam is necessary here and this study has shown that it is possible to have a dam with solid foundation. However, we suggest a baseline data survey of water quality before any construction so as to monitor any contamination trend due to impoundment.
Geoelectrical Characterization of Rock Formations Underlying Idonyi River, Amaeke-Abam, Southeastern Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.15
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Nnokwe Ndidiamaka Nchedo
Ibe Kalu Kalu
Ibeneme Sabinus Ikechukwu
Selemo Alexander Olusegun
Nwagbara Johnbosco Okechukwu
Geoelectrical Characterization of Rock Formations Underlying Idonyi River, Amaeke-Abam, Southeastern Nigeria
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1
45
45
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.15
© Science Publishing Group
Interpretation of the Non-Locality Problem in Quantum Mechanics through the Consciousness Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.11
As per Penrose, consciousness is a part of the universe. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. The universal consciousness exists throughout the universe in the form of universe wide web (uww) covering the universe as a whole with all its parameters (including void) and inhabitants (with or without consciousness). Everything in this universe is interlinked and intertwined through the existence of the quantum mechanical activities of these TCP in the inherent presence of TRP. Non-locality problem in quantum mechanics can be interpreted through the quantum mechanical activities of these TCP and TRP in the presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo.
As per Penrose, consciousness is a part of the universe. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. The universal consciousness exists throughout the universe in the form of universe wide web (uww) covering the universe as a whole with all its parameters (including void) and inhabitants (with or without consciousness). Everything in this universe is interlinked and intertwined through the existence of the quantum mechanical activities of these TCP in the inherent presence of TRP. Non-locality problem in quantum mechanics can be interpreted through the quantum mechanical activities of these TCP and TRP in the presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo.
Interpretation of the Non-Locality Problem in Quantum Mechanics through the Consciousness Model
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Interpretation of the Non-Locality Problem in Quantum Mechanics through the Consciousness Model
2
1
5
5
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Design and Construction of a 20- KJ Filippov-Type Plasma Focus
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.14
UIPFF1 is a new Filippov-type plasma focus facility, constructed and built in Esfahan University. This paper reports on the design of the UIPFF1. The main stages of the construction, design and the preliminary X-ray detection tests on the UIPFF1 are mentioned concisely. Measurement results show that in a typical discharge experiment, the discharge current =181 kA, period of current signal = 7.9 µs, the total inductance of the device =132 nH and electrical resistance of the circuit = 77 mΩ. The calibration factor is measured as 121 kA/V by averaging from data obtained with a set of 5 experiments. Temporal changes in plasma focus discharge current, confirmed occurrence pinch at a specific pressure of argon, neon and nitrogen gases.
UIPFF1 is a new Filippov-type plasma focus facility, constructed and built in Esfahan University. This paper reports on the design of the UIPFF1. The main stages of the construction, design and the preliminary X-ray detection tests on the UIPFF1 are mentioned concisely. Measurement results show that in a typical discharge experiment, the discharge current =181 kA, period of current signal = 7.9 µs, the total inductance of the device =132 nH and electrical resistance of the circuit = 77 mΩ. The calibration factor is measured as 121 kA/V by averaging from data obtained with a set of 5 experiments. Temporal changes in plasma focus discharge current, confirmed occurrence pinch at a specific pressure of argon, neon and nitrogen gases.
Design and Construction of a 20- KJ Filippov-Type Plasma Focus
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.14
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Vahid Ghanei
Mohammad Reza Abdi
Babak Shirani
Design and Construction of a 20- KJ Filippov-Type Plasma Focus
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1
34
34
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.14
© Science Publishing Group
Interpretation of the Evolution of Life and Consciousness through the Consciousness Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.12
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo and these TCP and TRP are originated from the same eternal Void. The consciousness model may provide guidelines to interpret the evolution of universe, life and consciousness.
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo and these TCP and TRP are originated from the same eternal Void. The consciousness model may provide guidelines to interpret the evolution of universe, life and consciousness.
Interpretation of the Evolution of Life and Consciousness through the Consciousness Model
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Interpretation of the Evolution of Life and Consciousness through the Consciousness Model
2
1
18
18
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Interpretation of Mind and Consciousness and Possible Interrelationship among Consciousness, Mind, Brain and Matter through the Consciousness Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.13
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo and these TCP and TRP are originated from the same Void. These TCP, TRP and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in understanding matter, mind and consciousness. Mind and consciousness are interpreted here along with the possible interrelationship among consciousness, mind, brain and matter through the developed consciousness model.
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo and these TCP and TRP are originated from the same Void. These TCP, TRP and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in understanding matter, mind and consciousness. Mind and consciousness are interpreted here along with the possible interrelationship among consciousness, mind, brain and matter through the developed consciousness model.
Interpretation of Mind and Consciousness and Possible Interrelationship among Consciousness, Mind, Brain and Matter through the Consciousness Model
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.13
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Interpretation of Mind and Consciousness and Possible Interrelationship among Consciousness, Mind, Brain and Matter through the Consciousness Model
2
1
30
30
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140201.13
© Science Publishing Group
Differential Cross Section Comparison Calculated from Kalbach and Iwmoto-Harada Models for Alpha Emission in Pre-equilibrium Region
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.12
α-cluster cross section production by proton/neutron induced reactions was calculated at different energies using Kalbach PRECO6 program and an analysis in the framework of pre-equilibrium exciton model made with Iwamoto-Harada [IH] model depend on pickup mechanism. Comparison with our calculation give remarkable agreement with experimental data. The cross section have been estimated for the targets 54Fe, 63Cu, 120Sn with different energies.
α-cluster cross section production by proton/neutron induced reactions was calculated at different energies using Kalbach PRECO6 program and an analysis in the framework of pre-equilibrium exciton model made with Iwamoto-Harada [IH] model depend on pickup mechanism. Comparison with our calculation give remarkable agreement with experimental data. The cross section have been estimated for the targets 54Fe, 63Cu, 120Sn with different energies.
Differential Cross Section Comparison Calculated from Kalbach and Iwmoto-Harada Models for Alpha Emission in Pre-equilibrium Region
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Shafik Shaker Shafik
Gaith Naima Flaiah
Akram Mohammed Ali
Differential Cross Section Comparison Calculated from Kalbach and Iwmoto-Harada Models for Alpha Emission in Pre-equilibrium Region
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2
55
55
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.12
© Science Publishing Group
Studies on the Effective Physical Parameters for Chirp Reduction in Optical Injection Locked Semiconductor Lasers
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.13
In optical injection locking, the light from one laser (master laser)is injected into another laser slave laser. The injected light causes changes in the slave laser characteristics, and it can lock the slave laser lasing frequency to the ML lasingfrequency. The locking characteristics are determined by theamount of injected power and thefrequency difference between the master laser and slave laser.In this paper, the chirp of injection-locked semiconductor lasers has been theoretically investigated. First, chirpcharacteristics of semiconductor lasers are described. The chirp to power ratio has been calculated with including opticalinjection effect in lasers rate equation. Then, the effects of phase difference between master and slave laser and modulation frequency on chirp to power ratio are evaluated. The results of calculations show that the effect of phasedifference can be neglected, but optical injection, line width enhancement factor, and detuningfrequency have an effective role in chirp reduction of semiconductor lasers.
In optical injection locking, the light from one laser (master laser)is injected into another laser slave laser. The injected light causes changes in the slave laser characteristics, and it can lock the slave laser lasing frequency to the ML lasingfrequency. The locking characteristics are determined by theamount of injected power and thefrequency difference between the master laser and slave laser.In this paper, the chirp of injection-locked semiconductor lasers has been theoretically investigated. First, chirpcharacteristics of semiconductor lasers are described. The chirp to power ratio has been calculated with including opticalinjection effect in lasers rate equation. Then, the effects of phase difference between master and slave laser and modulation frequency on chirp to power ratio are evaluated. The results of calculations show that the effect of phasedifference can be neglected, but optical injection, line width enhancement factor, and detuningfrequency have an effective role in chirp reduction of semiconductor lasers.
Studies on the Effective Physical Parameters for Chirp Reduction in Optical Injection Locked Semiconductor Lasers
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.13
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
S. N. Hosseinimotlagh
M. Nikravesh
H. Molaei
M. Pezeshkian
Studies on the Effective Physical Parameters for Chirp Reduction in Optical Injection Locked Semiconductor Lasers
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.13
© Science Publishing Group
Applications of Statistical Physics Distributions to Several Types of Income
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.14
This paper explores several types of income which have not been explored so far by authors who tackled income and wealth distribution using Statistical Physics. The main types of income we plan to analyze are income before redistribution (or gross income), income of retired people (or pensions), and income of active people (mostly wages). The distributions used to analyze income distributions are Fermi-Dirac distribution and polynomial distribution (as this is present in describing the behavior of dynamic systems in certain aspects). The data we utilize for our analysis are from France and the UK. We find that both distributions are robust in describing these varieties of income. The main finding we consider to be the applicability of these distributions to pensions, which are not regulated entirely by market mechanisms
This paper explores several types of income which have not been explored so far by authors who tackled income and wealth distribution using Statistical Physics. The main types of income we plan to analyze are income before redistribution (or gross income), income of retired people (or pensions), and income of active people (mostly wages). The distributions used to analyze income distributions are Fermi-Dirac distribution and polynomial distribution (as this is present in describing the behavior of dynamic systems in certain aspects). The data we utilize for our analysis are from France and the UK. We find that both distributions are robust in describing these varieties of income. The main finding we consider to be the applicability of these distributions to pensions, which are not regulated entirely by market mechanisms
Applications of Statistical Physics Distributions to Several Types of Income
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.14
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-04-11
© Science Publishing Group
Elvis Oltean
Fedor V. Kusmartsev
Applications of Statistical Physics Distributions to Several Types of Income
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2014-04-11
2014-04-11
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.14
© Science Publishing Group
Fast Algorithms for Simulating Chiral Fermions in U(1) Lattice Gauge Theory
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.15
Lattice QCD with chiral fermions are extremely computationally expensive, but on the other hand provides an accurate tool for studying the physics of strong interactions. Since the truncated overlap variant of domain wall fermions are equivalent to overlap fermions in four dimensions at any lattice spacing, in this paper we have used domain wall fermions for our simulations. The physical information of lattice QCD theory is contained in quark propagators. In practice computing quark propagator in lattice is an inversion problem of the Dirac operator matrix representing this quarks. In order to develop fast inversion algorithms we have used overlap solvers in two dimensions. Lattice QED theory with U(1) group symmetry in two dimensional space-times dimensions has always been a testing ground for algorithms. By the other side, motivated by our previews work that the two-grid algorithm converge faster than the standard iterative methods for overlap inversion but not for all quark masses, we thought to test this idea in less dimensions such as U(1) gauge theory. Our main objective of this paper it is to implement and develop the idea of a two level algorithm in a new algorithm coded in QCDLAB. This implementation is presented in the preconditioned GMRESR algorithm, as our new contribution in QCDLAB package. The preconditioned part of our algorithm, different from the one of [18], is the approximation of the overlap operator with the truncated overlap operator with finite N3 dimension. We have tested it for 100 statistically independent configurations on 32 x 32 lattice background U(1) field at coupling constant β=1 and for different bare quark masses mq = [0.5, 0.45, 0.4, 0.35, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.1]. We have compared the convergence history of the preconditioned GMRESR residual norm with another overlap inverter of QCDLAB as an optimal one, such as SHUMR. We have shown that our algorithm converges faster than SHUMR for different quark masses. Also, we have demonstrated that it saves more time for light quarks compared to SHUMR algorithm. Our algorithm is approximately independent from the quark mass. This is a key result in simulations with chiral fermions in lattice theories. By the other side, if we compare the results of [18] for quark mass 0.1 in SU(3), results that our chosen preconditioned saves a factor of 2 but in U(1). Our next step is to test this algorithm in SU(3) and to adopt it in parallel
Lattice QCD with chiral fermions are extremely computationally expensive, but on the other hand provides an accurate tool for studying the physics of strong interactions. Since the truncated overlap variant of domain wall fermions are equivalent to overlap fermions in four dimensions at any lattice spacing, in this paper we have used domain wall fermions for our simulations. The physical information of lattice QCD theory is contained in quark propagators. In practice computing quark propagator in lattice is an inversion problem of the Dirac operator matrix representing this quarks. In order to develop fast inversion algorithms we have used overlap solvers in two dimensions. Lattice QED theory with U(1) group symmetry in two dimensional space-times dimensions has always been a testing ground for algorithms. By the other side, motivated by our previews work that the two-grid algorithm converge faster than the standard iterative methods for overlap inversion but not for all quark masses, we thought to test this idea in less dimensions such as U(1) gauge theory. Our main objective of this paper it is to implement and develop the idea of a two level algorithm in a new algorithm coded in QCDLAB. This implementation is presented in the preconditioned GMRESR algorithm, as our new contribution in QCDLAB package. The preconditioned part of our algorithm, different from the one of [18], is the approximation of the overlap operator with the truncated overlap operator with finite N3 dimension. We have tested it for 100 statistically independent configurations on 32 x 32 lattice background U(1) field at coupling constant β=1 and for different bare quark masses mq = [0.5, 0.45, 0.4, 0.35, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.1]. We have compared the convergence history of the preconditioned GMRESR residual norm with another overlap inverter of QCDLAB as an optimal one, such as SHUMR. We have shown that our algorithm converges faster than SHUMR for different quark masses. Also, we have demonstrated that it saves more time for light quarks compared to SHUMR algorithm. Our algorithm is approximately independent from the quark mass. This is a key result in simulations with chiral fermions in lattice theories. By the other side, if we compare the results of [18] for quark mass 0.1 in SU(3), results that our chosen preconditioned saves a factor of 2 but in U(1). Our next step is to test this algorithm in SU(3) and to adopt it in parallel
Fast Algorithms for Simulating Chiral Fermions in U(1) Lattice Gauge Theory
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.15
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-04-16
© Science Publishing Group
Dafina. Xhako
Artan. Boriçi
Fast Algorithms for Simulating Chiral Fermions in U(1) Lattice Gauge Theory
2
2
72
72
2014-04-16
2014-04-16
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.15
© Science Publishing Group
Nucleon Properties at Finite Temperature in the Extended Quark-Sigma Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.11
Hadron properties are studied at hot medium using the quark sigma model. The quark sigma model is extended to include eighth-order of mesonic interactions based on some aspects of quantum chromodynamic (QCD) theory. The extended effective potential tends to the original effective potential when the coupling between the higher order mesonic interactions equal to zero. The field equations have been solved in the mean-field approximation by using the extended iteration method. We found that the nucleon mass increases with increasing temperature and the magnetic moments of proton and neutron increase with increasing temperature. A comparison is presented with recent previous works and other models. We conclude that higher-order mesonic interactions play an important role in changing the behavior of nucleon properties at finite temperature. In addition, the deconfinement phase transition is satisfied in the present model.
Hadron properties are studied at hot medium using the quark sigma model. The quark sigma model is extended to include eighth-order of mesonic interactions based on some aspects of quantum chromodynamic (QCD) theory. The extended effective potential tends to the original effective potential when the coupling between the higher order mesonic interactions equal to zero. The field equations have been solved in the mean-field approximation by using the extended iteration method. We found that the nucleon mass increases with increasing temperature and the magnetic moments of proton and neutron increase with increasing temperature. A comparison is presented with recent previous works and other models. We conclude that higher-order mesonic interactions play an important role in changing the behavior of nucleon properties at finite temperature. In addition, the deconfinement phase transition is satisfied in the present model.
Nucleon Properties at Finite Temperature in the Extended Quark-Sigma Model
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
M. Abu-Shady
A. K. Abu-Nab
Nucleon Properties at Finite Temperature in the Extended Quark-Sigma Model
2
2
51
51
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140202.11
© Science Publishing Group
An Econophysical Dynamic Approach of Expenditure and Income Distribution in the UK
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.11
We extend the exploration regarding dynamic approach of macroeconomic variables by tackling systematically expenditure using Statistical Physics models (for the first time to the best of our knowledge). Also, using polynomial distribution which characterizes the behavior of dynamic systems in certain situations, we extend also our analysis to mean income data from the UK that span for a time interval of 35 years. We find that most of the values for coefficient of determination obtained from fitting the data from consecutive years analysis to be above 80%. We used for our analysis first degree polynomial, but higher degree polynomials and longer time intervals between the years considered can dramatically increase goodness of the fit. As this methodology was applied successfully to income and wealth, we can conclude that macroeconomic systems can be treated similarly to dynamic systems from Physics. Subsequently, the analysis could be extended to other macroeconomic indicators.
We extend the exploration regarding dynamic approach of macroeconomic variables by tackling systematically expenditure using Statistical Physics models (for the first time to the best of our knowledge). Also, using polynomial distribution which characterizes the behavior of dynamic systems in certain situations, we extend also our analysis to mean income data from the UK that span for a time interval of 35 years. We find that most of the values for coefficient of determination obtained from fitting the data from consecutive years analysis to be above 80%. We used for our analysis first degree polynomial, but higher degree polynomials and longer time intervals between the years considered can dramatically increase goodness of the fit. As this methodology was applied successfully to income and wealth, we can conclude that macroeconomic systems can be treated similarly to dynamic systems from Physics. Subsequently, the analysis could be extended to other macroeconomic indicators.
An Econophysical Dynamic Approach of Expenditure and Income Distribution in the UK
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-05-13
© Science Publishing Group
Elvis Oltean
Fedor V. Kusmartsev
An Econophysical Dynamic Approach of Expenditure and Income Distribution in the UK
2
3
77
77
2014-05-13
2014-05-13
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Phenomenon of Maximum and Minimum in the Resistivity of Cu-Mn Kondo Alloys at Low Temperatures
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.12
A New analysis of the electrical resistivity has been studied for Cu-Mn Kondo alloys, and it was found a solution like a logarithm power series between resistivity and temperature, which cover all ranges of maximum and minimum in the resistivity and all kinds of interactions at low temperatures. The s-d exchange integral Jsd acting the main role in Kondo effect Phenomenon, Jsd is negative or positive, according to a kind of interaction between conduction electron spins of the host normal metal and localized spins of the transition element. PACS: 75: 50, 75:10, 75: 40, 75: 30.
A New analysis of the electrical resistivity has been studied for Cu-Mn Kondo alloys, and it was found a solution like a logarithm power series between resistivity and temperature, which cover all ranges of maximum and minimum in the resistivity and all kinds of interactions at low temperatures. The s-d exchange integral Jsd acting the main role in Kondo effect Phenomenon, Jsd is negative or positive, according to a kind of interaction between conduction electron spins of the host normal metal and localized spins of the transition element. PACS: 75: 50, 75:10, 75: 40, 75: 30.
Phenomenon of Maximum and Minimum in the Resistivity of Cu-Mn Kondo Alloys at Low Temperatures
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Muhammad A. AL-Jalali
Phenomenon of Maximum and Minimum in the Resistivity of Cu-Mn Kondo Alloys at Low Temperatures
2
3
82
82
2014-05-19
2014-05-19
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Physical Properties of the Films Вi2Te3-Bi2Se3 and Thermophotovoltaic Elements on their Basis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.13
As a result of work are received p-n heterojunctions in thin-film execution, described by high values of differential resistance. Results of researches show, that film p-n the structures received by a method of discrete thermal evaporation in a uniform work cycle, are suitable for use in low-voltage devices. The effect of conditions of precipitation on clarifying properties SiOх of surface slicks for thermophotovoltaic elements on a basis Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3 is probed. The comparison with values of a current density of short-circuit raw of thermophotovoltaic elements is conducted. The augmentation of a current density with body height of concentration of oxygen in a mixed gas is exhibited during precipitation of a film that is explained by smaller absorption of a light in a film. For the maximal augmentation of a current of short-circuit of thermophotovoltaic elements the optimum thickness of optical stratums is defined.
As a result of work are received p-n heterojunctions in thin-film execution, described by high values of differential resistance. Results of researches show, that film p-n the structures received by a method of discrete thermal evaporation in a uniform work cycle, are suitable for use in low-voltage devices. The effect of conditions of precipitation on clarifying properties SiOх of surface slicks for thermophotovoltaic elements on a basis Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3 is probed. The comparison with values of a current density of short-circuit raw of thermophotovoltaic elements is conducted. The augmentation of a current density with body height of concentration of oxygen in a mixed gas is exhibited during precipitation of a film that is explained by smaller absorption of a light in a film. For the maximal augmentation of a current of short-circuit of thermophotovoltaic elements the optimum thickness of optical stratums is defined.
Physical Properties of the Films Вi2Te3-Bi2Se3 and Thermophotovoltaic Elements on their Basis
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.13
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Musaver Musayev
Sedreddin Axmedov
Gurban Axmedov
Physical Properties of the Films Вi2Te3-Bi2Se3 and Thermophotovoltaic Elements on their Basis
2
3
87
87
2014-06-17
2014-06-17
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140203.13
© Science Publishing Group
Optimizing Back-Propagation Gradient for Classification by an Artificial Neural Network
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140204.11
In a complex and changing a remote sensing system, which requires taking quick and informed decisions environment, connectionist methods have shown their great contribution in particular the reduction and classification of spectral data. In this context, this paper proposes to study the parameters that optimize the results of an artificial neural network ANN multilayer perceptron based, for classification of chemical agents on multi-spectral images. The mean squared error cost function remains one of the major parameters of the network convergence at its learning phase and a challenge that will face our approach to improve the gradient descent by the conjugate gradient method that seems fast and efficient.
In a complex and changing a remote sensing system, which requires taking quick and informed decisions environment, connectionist methods have shown their great contribution in particular the reduction and classification of spectral data. In this context, this paper proposes to study the parameters that optimize the results of an artificial neural network ANN multilayer perceptron based, for classification of chemical agents on multi-spectral images. The mean squared error cost function remains one of the major parameters of the network convergence at its learning phase and a challenge that will face our approach to improve the gradient descent by the conjugate gradient method that seems fast and efficient.
Optimizing Back-Propagation Gradient for Classification by an Artificial Neural Network
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140204.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-08-01
© Science Publishing Group
Said El Yamani
Samir Zeriouh
Mustapha Boutahri
Ahmed Roukhe
Optimizing Back-Propagation Gradient for Classification by an Artificial Neural Network
2
4
94
94
2014-08-01
2014-08-01
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140204.11
© Science Publishing Group
54 Xe and 36Kr Gas Filled Proportional Counters and Characteristic X-Rays Detection
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140204.12
This study examines several important features of characteristic X-rays, including their production, spectroscopy and interactions with materials. Characteristic X-rays for different elements (29Cu, 42Mo, 47Ag, 56Ba and 65Tb) were obtained from a variable energy X-ray source by using gamma rays around 60 keV from 241Am. It was found that the energy and intensity of generated characteristic X-ray photons are proportional to the atomic number of the targets within the variable energy X-ray source. In addition, X-ray spectroscopy for such targets was investigated by using two gas- filled (54 Xe and 36Kr) proportional counters. Furthermore, it was discovered that the probability of photoelectric absorption of (54 Xe) gas-filled proportional counter is almost 1.5 times higher than the probability of photoelectric absorption of (36 Kr) gas-filled proportional counter.
This study examines several important features of characteristic X-rays, including their production, spectroscopy and interactions with materials. Characteristic X-rays for different elements (29Cu, 42Mo, 47Ag, 56Ba and 65Tb) were obtained from a variable energy X-ray source by using gamma rays around 60 keV from 241Am. It was found that the energy and intensity of generated characteristic X-ray photons are proportional to the atomic number of the targets within the variable energy X-ray source. In addition, X-ray spectroscopy for such targets was investigated by using two gas- filled (54 Xe and 36Kr) proportional counters. Furthermore, it was discovered that the probability of photoelectric absorption of (54 Xe) gas-filled proportional counter is almost 1.5 times higher than the probability of photoelectric absorption of (36 Kr) gas-filled proportional counter.
54 Xe and 36Kr Gas Filled Proportional Counters and Characteristic X-Rays Detection
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140204.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-08-24
© Science Publishing Group
Hemn, Muhammad Salh
Ari, Maghdid Hamad
54 Xe and 36Kr Gas Filled Proportional Counters and Characteristic X-Rays Detection
2
4
103
103
2014-08-24
2014-08-24
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140204.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140204.12
© Science Publishing Group
Construction Shielding Design for Medical X-Ray Imaging Equipment
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140205.11
There are analytic methods for designing protective barriers however, they lack sufficient efficiency and considering the NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and measurements) reports, designing mechanical protective barrier in order to protect the initial x-ray radiation and absorption of the ray quality of such radiation is different. In this study, computer software was designed to calculate the needed barrier with high accuracy. For proper determination of thickness of the protective barrier, relevant information about curves of radiation weakness, dose limit and other items should be entered. This program was done in windows and designed in such a way that the operator works easily, flexibility of the program is acceptable and its accuracy and sensitivity is high. Meanwhile sometimes shielding is more than what required which lacks technical standards and cost effectiveness. When the application index is contrasting zero, thickness of NCRP49 calculation is about 20% less than the calculated rate done by the method of this study. The multi radiation sources in a single room are considered and non guaranteed radiation of NCRP hypothesis is removed. Difference between the theoretical and calculated rates of this method is X2 =10-5 which indicates accuracy and high efficiency of this software.
There are analytic methods for designing protective barriers however, they lack sufficient efficiency and considering the NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and measurements) reports, designing mechanical protective barrier in order to protect the initial x-ray radiation and absorption of the ray quality of such radiation is different. In this study, computer software was designed to calculate the needed barrier with high accuracy. For proper determination of thickness of the protective barrier, relevant information about curves of radiation weakness, dose limit and other items should be entered. This program was done in windows and designed in such a way that the operator works easily, flexibility of the program is acceptable and its accuracy and sensitivity is high. Meanwhile sometimes shielding is more than what required which lacks technical standards and cost effectiveness. When the application index is contrasting zero, thickness of NCRP49 calculation is about 20% less than the calculated rate done by the method of this study. The multi radiation sources in a single room are considered and non guaranteed radiation of NCRP hypothesis is removed. Difference between the theoretical and calculated rates of this method is X2 =10-5 which indicates accuracy and high efficiency of this software.
Construction Shielding Design for Medical X-Ray Imaging Equipment
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140205.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-09-30
© Science Publishing Group
Seyed Ali Rahimi
Construction Shielding Design for Medical X-Ray Imaging Equipment
2
5
107
107
2014-09-30
2014-09-30
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Geometrical Approach in Atomic Physics: Atoms of Hydrogen and Helium
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140205.12
The hypothesis was earlier suggested by the author where all micro-objects are considered as specific distortions of the physical space-time pseudo-Euclidean geometry, namely, as closed topological 4-manifolds. The foundation of the hypothesis is a geometrical interpretation of the basic equation of quantum mechanics for classical (not quantized) wave fields -- the Dirac equation for free particle. Such hypothesis does not contradict to any physical laws and experimental facts and gives firstly an opportunity to explain qualitatively within classical notions (geometrical) the so called “paradoxical” properties of quantum particles such as wave-corpuscular duality, appearance of probabilities in the quantum mechanics formalism, spin, EPR-paradox.To demonstrate prospects for suggested geometrical approach the author early attempted to find new dynamic equations other than known quantum-mechanical ones for atomic spectra calculations. In this work above investigation is being continued on a more rigorous basis, representing a new geometrical interpretation of the equation for hydrogen atoms. Results of calculations of ionization potentials for helium atom are in agreement with experimental data.
The hypothesis was earlier suggested by the author where all micro-objects are considered as specific distortions of the physical space-time pseudo-Euclidean geometry, namely, as closed topological 4-manifolds. The foundation of the hypothesis is a geometrical interpretation of the basic equation of quantum mechanics for classical (not quantized) wave fields -- the Dirac equation for free particle. Such hypothesis does not contradict to any physical laws and experimental facts and gives firstly an opportunity to explain qualitatively within classical notions (geometrical) the so called “paradoxical” properties of quantum particles such as wave-corpuscular duality, appearance of probabilities in the quantum mechanics formalism, spin, EPR-paradox.To demonstrate prospects for suggested geometrical approach the author early attempted to find new dynamic equations other than known quantum-mechanical ones for atomic spectra calculations. In this work above investigation is being continued on a more rigorous basis, representing a new geometrical interpretation of the equation for hydrogen atoms. Results of calculations of ionization potentials for helium atom are in agreement with experimental data.
Geometrical Approach in Atomic Physics: Atoms of Hydrogen and Helium
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140205.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-10-23
© Science Publishing Group
Oleg Olkhov
Geometrical Approach in Atomic Physics: Atoms of Hydrogen and Helium
2
5
112
112
2014-10-23
2014-10-23
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140205.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140205.12
© Science Publishing Group
Development and Optimization of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Quantification of Carbon in Steel within UV/Visible Region
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.11
A simple bench-top laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique is investigated for the rapid detection of sufficient amount of the light element carbon. The plasma investigated was generated by focusing the fundamental radiation at 1064 nm of Nd:YAG laser onto low alloy steel target. The radiation emitted from the plasma was dispersed and recorded by an echelle spectrograph combined with a time-gated EMCCD detection system. Based on an extensive survey procedure, a well-resolved relatively-intense neutral carbon spectral line at 396.14 nm was selected, verified and used in all measurements. In addition, optimization of the main experimental parameters, namely laser energy and delay-time for integration of the detector was carried out. Furthermore, the analytical calibration curve for carbon, using a series of low-alloy steel standards, was constructed and corresponding analytical figures of merit were evaluated.
A simple bench-top laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique is investigated for the rapid detection of sufficient amount of the light element carbon. The plasma investigated was generated by focusing the fundamental radiation at 1064 nm of Nd:YAG laser onto low alloy steel target. The radiation emitted from the plasma was dispersed and recorded by an echelle spectrograph combined with a time-gated EMCCD detection system. Based on an extensive survey procedure, a well-resolved relatively-intense neutral carbon spectral line at 396.14 nm was selected, verified and used in all measurements. In addition, optimization of the main experimental parameters, namely laser energy and delay-time for integration of the detector was carried out. Furthermore, the analytical calibration curve for carbon, using a series of low-alloy steel standards, was constructed and corresponding analytical figures of merit were evaluated.
Development and Optimization of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Quantification of Carbon in Steel within UV/Visible Region
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-11-10
© Science Publishing Group
Mohamed A. Khater
Mohammed M. Babatin
Ali M. Eid
Abdulaziz S. Alaamer
Development and Optimization of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Quantification of Carbon in Steel within UV/Visible Region
2
6
117
117
2014-11-10
2014-11-10
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Ball of Lightning Structure and Creation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.12
By studying a drop of water reaction and behavior on a hot surface while gradually increasing the surface temperature, and by making more experiments on the Leidenfrost Effect, the author explained the ball lightning structure and its dynamic release of energy through one single system of physics. The dynamic action starts when a drop of water is entered in an environment of 10000 ºC temperature. The high temperature causes the water drop to form a rotating sphere which has a constant temperature of 99 ºC. The sphere of water transforms all extra thermal energy affecting it’s constant temperature to gravity (experimental discovery), and while water sphere is rotating its center, its radius crosses the gravity field. So according to Fleming’s left hand rule, an electrical current in the water mass will be created. This electrical current will split the water molecule to oxygen and hydrogen which will burn outside the water sphere to create the needed thermo energy to continue the rotation of the water sphere and so on the production of gravity, thermal energy, electromagnetic field and light. Jaber’s law gives a new understanding of gravity and compares between stars and ball of lightning, and solves ambiguous matters in our understanding of stars, planets and moons behavior. The second step of understanding ball lightning structure led the author to build his theories, which explained the relation between gravity and temperature of objects, tying his theories with experimental discovery of repulsion between gravity and heat.
By studying a drop of water reaction and behavior on a hot surface while gradually increasing the surface temperature, and by making more experiments on the Leidenfrost Effect, the author explained the ball lightning structure and its dynamic release of energy through one single system of physics. The dynamic action starts when a drop of water is entered in an environment of 10000 ºC temperature. The high temperature causes the water drop to form a rotating sphere which has a constant temperature of 99 ºC. The sphere of water transforms all extra thermal energy affecting it’s constant temperature to gravity (experimental discovery), and while water sphere is rotating its center, its radius crosses the gravity field. So according to Fleming’s left hand rule, an electrical current in the water mass will be created. This electrical current will split the water molecule to oxygen and hydrogen which will burn outside the water sphere to create the needed thermo energy to continue the rotation of the water sphere and so on the production of gravity, thermal energy, electromagnetic field and light. Jaber’s law gives a new understanding of gravity and compares between stars and ball of lightning, and solves ambiguous matters in our understanding of stars, planets and moons behavior. The second step of understanding ball lightning structure led the author to build his theories, which explained the relation between gravity and temperature of objects, tying his theories with experimental discovery of repulsion between gravity and heat.
The Ball of Lightning Structure and Creation
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-12-03
© Science Publishing Group
Abdalla A. Jaber
The Ball of Lightning Structure and Creation
2
6
120
120
2014-12-03
2014-12-03
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.12
© Science Publishing Group
Travelling Waves Solution of the Unsteady Problem of Binary Gas Mixture Affected by a Nonlinear Thermal Radiation Field
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.13
In the present study, a development of the paper [Can. J. of Phy., 2012, 90(2): 137-149] is introduced. The non-stationary BGK (Bhatnager- Gross- Krook) model of the Boltzmann nonlinear partial differential equations for a rarefied gas mixture affected by nonlinear thermal radiation field, for the first time, are solved instead of the stationary equations. The travelling wave solution method is used to get the exact solution of the nonlinear partial differential equations. These equations were produced from applying the moment method to the unsteady Boltzmann equation. Now, nonlinear partial differential equations should be solved in place of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which represent an arduous task. The unsteady solution gives the problem a great generality and more applications. The new problem is investigated to follow the behavior of the macroscopic properties of the gas mixture such as the temperature and concentration. They are substituted into the corresponding two stream Maxiwallian distribution functions permitting us to investigate the non-equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the system (gas mixture + the heated plate). The entropy, entropy flux, entropy production, thermodynamic forces, kinetic coefficients are obtained for the mixture. The verification of the Boltzmann H-theorem, Le Chatelier principle, the second law of thermodynamic and the celebrated Onsager’s reciprocity relation for the system, are investigated. The ratios between the different contributions of the internal energy changes based upon the total derivatives of the extensive parameters are estimated via the Gibbs formula. The results are applied to the Argon-Neon binary gas mixture, for various values of both of the molar fraction parameters and radiation field intensity. Graphics illustrating the calculated variables are drawn to predict their behavior and the results are discussed.
In the present study, a development of the paper [Can. J. of Phy., 2012, 90(2): 137-149] is introduced. The non-stationary BGK (Bhatnager- Gross- Krook) model of the Boltzmann nonlinear partial differential equations for a rarefied gas mixture affected by nonlinear thermal radiation field, for the first time, are solved instead of the stationary equations. The travelling wave solution method is used to get the exact solution of the nonlinear partial differential equations. These equations were produced from applying the moment method to the unsteady Boltzmann equation. Now, nonlinear partial differential equations should be solved in place of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which represent an arduous task. The unsteady solution gives the problem a great generality and more applications. The new problem is investigated to follow the behavior of the macroscopic properties of the gas mixture such as the temperature and concentration. They are substituted into the corresponding two stream Maxiwallian distribution functions permitting us to investigate the non-equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the system (gas mixture + the heated plate). The entropy, entropy flux, entropy production, thermodynamic forces, kinetic coefficients are obtained for the mixture. The verification of the Boltzmann H-theorem, Le Chatelier principle, the second law of thermodynamic and the celebrated Onsager’s reciprocity relation for the system, are investigated. The ratios between the different contributions of the internal energy changes based upon the total derivatives of the extensive parameters are estimated via the Gibbs formula. The results are applied to the Argon-Neon binary gas mixture, for various values of both of the molar fraction parameters and radiation field intensity. Graphics illustrating the calculated variables are drawn to predict their behavior and the results are discussed.
Travelling Waves Solution of the Unsteady Problem of Binary Gas Mixture Affected by a Nonlinear Thermal Radiation Field
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.13
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-12-05
© Science Publishing Group
Taha Zakaraia Abdel Wahid
Travelling Waves Solution of the Unsteady Problem of Binary Gas Mixture Affected by a Nonlinear Thermal Radiation Field
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134
2014-12-05
2014-12-05
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.13
© Science Publishing Group
Comparison of Some Human Tissues and Some Commonly Used Thermoluminescent Dosimeters for Photon Energy Absorption
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.15
Mass energy absorption coefficients and effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption, ZPEAeff have been calculated in the energy range from 1 keV to 20 MeV for human tissues, Adipose Tissue, Blood Whole, Bone Cortical, Brain Grey/White Matter, Breast Tissue, Eye Lens, Lung Tissue, Muscle Skeletal, Ovary, Testis, Soft Tissue. Mass energy absorption coefficients and effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption have also been calculated for commonly used thermoluminescent dosimeters,TLD, in the energy range from 1 keV to 20 MeV. The energy dependence of the mass energy absorption of human tissues and TL dosimeters are shown graphically. The tissue equivalency of TLDs is investigated. The effects of the elemental composition on effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption and the tissue equivalency of TLDs are discussed.
Mass energy absorption coefficients and effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption, ZPEAeff have been calculated in the energy range from 1 keV to 20 MeV for human tissues, Adipose Tissue, Blood Whole, Bone Cortical, Brain Grey/White Matter, Breast Tissue, Eye Lens, Lung Tissue, Muscle Skeletal, Ovary, Testis, Soft Tissue. Mass energy absorption coefficients and effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption have also been calculated for commonly used thermoluminescent dosimeters,TLD, in the energy range from 1 keV to 20 MeV. The energy dependence of the mass energy absorption of human tissues and TL dosimeters are shown graphically. The tissue equivalency of TLDs is investigated. The effects of the elemental composition on effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption and the tissue equivalency of TLDs are discussed.
Comparison of Some Human Tissues and Some Commonly Used Thermoluminescent Dosimeters for Photon Energy Absorption
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.15
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-12-17
© Science Publishing Group
Adem Un
Mümine Un
Ibrahim Han
Comparison of Some Human Tissues and Some Commonly Used Thermoluminescent Dosimeters for Photon Energy Absorption
2
6
149
149
2014-12-17
2014-12-17
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.15
© Science Publishing Group
Acoustical Phonons Transport through a Stepped Quantum Wire
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.14
This work presents a theoretical approach for the study of phonon dynamics and scattering properties of an infinite linear atomic chain perturbed by a mono atomic step. The coherent transmittance scattering cross-sections for incident phonons on the atomic waveguide structure are calculated using the Landauer-Buttiker electron scattering description and the matching method formalism with the nearest and next nearest neighbour interactions. Numerical results for different configurations yield an understanding of the chain dynamical properties and the effects on phonon transmittance due to incoming phonons. The reflectance and transmittance coefficients show spectral characteristic features depending on the cut-off frequencies for the propagating phonons. They illustrate the occurrence of Fano resonances in the scattering spectra that result from degeneracy of step localized modes and propagating continuum modes due to the breakdown of the translation symmetry in the propagating direction. Furthermore, the interferences between diffused and reflected waves in the step regions generate Fabry-Pérot oscillations whose number is determined by the distance between steps and the number of terraces.
This work presents a theoretical approach for the study of phonon dynamics and scattering properties of an infinite linear atomic chain perturbed by a mono atomic step. The coherent transmittance scattering cross-sections for incident phonons on the atomic waveguide structure are calculated using the Landauer-Buttiker electron scattering description and the matching method formalism with the nearest and next nearest neighbour interactions. Numerical results for different configurations yield an understanding of the chain dynamical properties and the effects on phonon transmittance due to incoming phonons. The reflectance and transmittance coefficients show spectral characteristic features depending on the cut-off frequencies for the propagating phonons. They illustrate the occurrence of Fano resonances in the scattering spectra that result from degeneracy of step localized modes and propagating continuum modes due to the breakdown of the translation symmetry in the propagating direction. Furthermore, the interferences between diffused and reflected waves in the step regions generate Fabry-Pérot oscillations whose number is determined by the distance between steps and the number of terraces.
Acoustical Phonons Transport through a Stepped Quantum Wire
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.14
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-12-17
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammed Saïd Rabia
Acoustical Phonons Transport through a Stepped Quantum Wire
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144
144
2014-12-17
2014-12-17
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.14
© Science Publishing Group
Methods for Determination of the Optical Constants of the Substance BiTe-BiSe
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.16
On the basis of the interference fringes in the transparency and reflection spectra of the free film or a film on the substrate when the substrate and the film material does not absorb light, can be determined by one of the optical constants of the material at a blank principal refractive index, if the film thickness is known.
On the basis of the interference fringes in the transparency and reflection spectra of the free film or a film on the substrate when the substrate and the film material does not absorb light, can be determined by one of the optical constants of the material at a blank principal refractive index, if the film thickness is known.
Methods for Determination of the Optical Constants of the Substance BiTe-BiSe
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.16
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-12-26
© Science Publishing Group
Gurban Axmedov
Methods for Determination of the Optical Constants of the Substance BiTe-BiSe
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155
155
2014-12-26
2014-12-26
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.16
© Science Publishing Group
ZnRE (RE=La and Ce) Intermetallics: A First-Principles Investigation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.17
ZnRE (RE= La and Ce) intermetallics were investigated with respect to their electronic properties using first principles tight binding linear muffin tin orbital method. Electronic band structures, partial and total densities of states have been derived. The band structures show metallic character; the conductivity is mostly governed by Zn-3d and RE-4f states. The thermodynamical properties like Debye temperature and Grüneisen constant are estimated using Debye-Grüneisen (DG) model. The value of Debye temperature is calculated to be 193 K for ZnLa and 191 K for ZnCe. The Co-efficient of electronic heat capacity is also estimated and discussed. It is found to be 4.97 mJ/K2mol for ZnLa and 29.29 mJ/K2mol for ZnCe in calculations. The estimation of cohesive energy revealed the bond strength between Zn and RE. These estimated values are found to be 753.6 KJ/mol and 812.5 KJ/mol for ZnLa and ZnCe, respectively.
ZnRE (RE= La and Ce) intermetallics were investigated with respect to their electronic properties using first principles tight binding linear muffin tin orbital method. Electronic band structures, partial and total densities of states have been derived. The band structures show metallic character; the conductivity is mostly governed by Zn-3d and RE-4f states. The thermodynamical properties like Debye temperature and Grüneisen constant are estimated using Debye-Grüneisen (DG) model. The value of Debye temperature is calculated to be 193 K for ZnLa and 191 K for ZnCe. The Co-efficient of electronic heat capacity is also estimated and discussed. It is found to be 4.97 mJ/K2mol for ZnLa and 29.29 mJ/K2mol for ZnCe in calculations. The estimation of cohesive energy revealed the bond strength between Zn and RE. These estimated values are found to be 753.6 KJ/mol and 812.5 KJ/mol for ZnLa and ZnCe, respectively.
ZnRE (RE=La and Ce) Intermetallics: A First-Principles Investigation
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.17
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-12-31
© Science Publishing Group
Afroj Ahmed Khan
Vipul Srivastava
Mathrubutham Rajagopalan
Sankar Prasad Sanyal
ZnRE (RE=La and Ce) Intermetallics: A First-Principles Investigation
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2014-12-31
2014-12-31
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.17
© Science Publishing Group
Optical Band Gap and Physical Properties of Nd3+ Doped Cadmium Borate Glasses
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.18
Nd3+- doped cadmium borate glasses were prepared and characterized optically. The oscillator strengths and Judd-Ofelt parameters for the glass containing 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt% of Nd2¬O3 were computed. Density, refractive index and optical absorption spectra were measured. The values of Judd- Ofelt parameters suggested an increase in the degree of asymmetry the local ligand field at Nd3+ sites. The optical band gap energy and physical parameters was calculated for all glass samples. It was found that with increasing the concentration of Nd2O3 contents, the values of the optical band gap energy decrease.
Nd3+- doped cadmium borate glasses were prepared and characterized optically. The oscillator strengths and Judd-Ofelt parameters for the glass containing 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt% of Nd2¬O3 were computed. Density, refractive index and optical absorption spectra were measured. The values of Judd- Ofelt parameters suggested an increase in the degree of asymmetry the local ligand field at Nd3+ sites. The optical band gap energy and physical parameters was calculated for all glass samples. It was found that with increasing the concentration of Nd2O3 contents, the values of the optical band gap energy decrease.
Optical Band Gap and Physical Properties of Nd3+ Doped Cadmium Borate Glasses
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.18
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-01-06
© Science Publishing Group
Yogesh Kumar Sharma
Rajendra Prasad Joshi
Priyanka Goyal
Optical Band Gap and Physical Properties of Nd3+ Doped Cadmium Borate Glasses
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166
166
2015-01-06
2015-01-06
10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.18
© Science Publishing Group
Measurements of K- shell Production Cross-Section and Fluorescence Yield for Y Element
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150301.11
K- shell X- ray production cross-section have been measured for Y element. Measurements have been carried out at 16.896 keV excitation energy using secondary source. K X-rays emitted by samples have been counted by a Si(Li) detector with 160 eV resolution at 5.9 keV. The values of K - shell fluorescence yield has been evaluated for Y element. The results obtained for fluorescence yield and K X- ray production cross-section has been compared with the theoretically calculated values and other available semiempirical fits values.
K- shell X- ray production cross-section have been measured for Y element. Measurements have been carried out at 16.896 keV excitation energy using secondary source. K X-rays emitted by samples have been counted by a Si(Li) detector with 160 eV resolution at 5.9 keV. The values of K - shell fluorescence yield has been evaluated for Y element. The results obtained for fluorescence yield and K X- ray production cross-section has been compared with the theoretically calculated values and other available semiempirical fits values.
Measurements of K- shell Production Cross-Section and Fluorescence Yield for Y Element
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150301.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-01-30
© Science Publishing Group
Hamza Tunç
Rafet Yilmaz
Abdullah Ozkartal
Turgay Ozmen
Measurements of K- shell Production Cross-Section and Fluorescence Yield for Y Element
3
1
5
5
2015-01-30
2015-01-30
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Power Performance of an Inversely Tapered Wind Rotor and its Air Flow Visualization Analysis Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150301.12
Wind turbine rotors capture energy from moving wind, their capacity to perform this function depends on the coefficient of power (Cp) of the rotor. Through proper aerodynamic design, a rotor’s performance can be optimized to take advantage of the smallest available wind speed at any time to produce energy. In this research a computational fluid dynamics simulation was performed to model the best optimum dimensions of an inversely tapered rotor blade using Clark Y airfoil type rotor of 0.6 m diameter. The optimal design values obtained include; tip speed ratio (TSR) of 2.5, lift coefficient to drag coefficient ratio of 1.1 and pitch angle of 8 degrees Using blade element momentum (BEM), the wing profile of each section of the blade was calculated and designed. The unique inverse tapering was done to achieve a better efficiency at the low wind speed range. This was used to fabricate a three blade rotor using carbon composites which was tested in the wind tunnel for Cp. Results showed very good performance of the inverse tapered type as compared with the tapered rotors. The maximum coefficient of power for the inversely tapered was found to be 0.313 at 8 m/s. Visualization test and particle image velocimetry (P.I.V). analysis showed that the inversely tapered rotor is more effective in converting wind power into shaft power than the tapered.
Wind turbine rotors capture energy from moving wind, their capacity to perform this function depends on the coefficient of power (Cp) of the rotor. Through proper aerodynamic design, a rotor’s performance can be optimized to take advantage of the smallest available wind speed at any time to produce energy. In this research a computational fluid dynamics simulation was performed to model the best optimum dimensions of an inversely tapered rotor blade using Clark Y airfoil type rotor of 0.6 m diameter. The optimal design values obtained include; tip speed ratio (TSR) of 2.5, lift coefficient to drag coefficient ratio of 1.1 and pitch angle of 8 degrees Using blade element momentum (BEM), the wing profile of each section of the blade was calculated and designed. The unique inverse tapering was done to achieve a better efficiency at the low wind speed range. This was used to fabricate a three blade rotor using carbon composites which was tested in the wind tunnel for Cp. Results showed very good performance of the inverse tapered type as compared with the tapered rotors. The maximum coefficient of power for the inversely tapered was found to be 0.313 at 8 m/s. Visualization test and particle image velocimetry (P.I.V). analysis showed that the inversely tapered rotor is more effective in converting wind power into shaft power than the tapered.
Power Performance of an Inversely Tapered Wind Rotor and its Air Flow Visualization Analysis Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150301.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-02-03
© Science Publishing Group
Churchill Otieno Saoke
Joseph Ngugi Kamau
Robert Kinyua
Yoshifumi Nishizawa
Izumi Ushiyama
Power Performance of an Inversely Tapered Wind Rotor and its Air Flow Visualization Analysis Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
3
1
14
14
2015-02-03
2015-02-03
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Porpagation of Femtosecond Laser Pulses in Litharge Index Sf57: Time-Frequency
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030101.11
An efficient numerical algorithm is presented for the numerical modeling of the propagation of ultrashort pulses with arbitrary temporal and frequency characteristics through linear homogeneous dielectrics. The consequences of proper sampling of the spectral phase in pulse propagation and its influence on the efficiency of computation are discussed in detail. The numerical simulation presented here is capable of analyzing the pulse in the temporal-frequency domain. As an example, pulse propagation effects such as temporal and spectral shifts, pulse broadening effects, asymmetry and chirping in dispersive media are demonstrated for wavelet decomposition.
An efficient numerical algorithm is presented for the numerical modeling of the propagation of ultrashort pulses with arbitrary temporal and frequency characteristics through linear homogeneous dielectrics. The consequences of proper sampling of the spectral phase in pulse propagation and its influence on the efficiency of computation are discussed in detail. The numerical simulation presented here is capable of analyzing the pulse in the temporal-frequency domain. As an example, pulse propagation effects such as temporal and spectral shifts, pulse broadening effects, asymmetry and chirping in dispersive media are demonstrated for wavelet decomposition.
Porpagation of Femtosecond Laser Pulses in Litharge Index Sf57: Time-Frequency
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030101.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2014-11-18
© Science Publishing Group
Mounir Khelladi
Porpagation of Femtosecond Laser Pulses in Litharge Index Sf57: Time-Frequency
3
1
17
17
2014-11-18
2014-11-18
10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030101.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030101.11
© Science Publishing Group
Features of Electroconductivity of γ-Irradiated Composites in Heating-Cooling Conditions
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.11
It has been studied the behavior of temperature dependence of volume electroconductivity σ on direct current (DC) of composite medium of high-density polyethylene/α-Fe2O3 in the field of T=20-1350C within heating-cooling conditions before and after γ-irradiation at dose up to 500kGy. At lgσ(T) dependence of unirradiated composites while heating at low and high temperatures besides linear sections, it is observed the region of sharp decrease at 50-800C, associated with dipole orientation processes of adsorbed water molecules. At lgσ(T) dependence of composite samples irradiated at D=100kGy there is not any region of sharp decrease σ. It is shown that after γ-irradiation by dose D=500kGy the second maximum appears on the curve of forward trace of the composite HDPE+ 10%α-Fe2O3 at T=800C, which can be the result of change in the state of quasi-Fermi level. Behavior of lgσ(T) function at heating-cooling is explained by the “asymmetry” effect of electrically active defects. It is shown that the increase in volume conductivity after γ-irradiation is weakly expressed.
It has been studied the behavior of temperature dependence of volume electroconductivity σ on direct current (DC) of composite medium of high-density polyethylene/α-Fe2O3 in the field of T=20-1350C within heating-cooling conditions before and after γ-irradiation at dose up to 500kGy. At lgσ(T) dependence of unirradiated composites while heating at low and high temperatures besides linear sections, it is observed the region of sharp decrease at 50-800C, associated with dipole orientation processes of adsorbed water molecules. At lgσ(T) dependence of composite samples irradiated at D=100kGy there is not any region of sharp decrease σ. It is shown that after γ-irradiation by dose D=500kGy the second maximum appears on the curve of forward trace of the composite HDPE+ 10%α-Fe2O3 at T=800C, which can be the result of change in the state of quasi-Fermi level. Behavior of lgσ(T) function at heating-cooling is explained by the “asymmetry” effect of electrically active defects. It is shown that the increase in volume conductivity after γ-irradiation is weakly expressed.
Features of Electroconductivity of γ-Irradiated Composites in Heating-Cooling Conditions
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-03-02
© Science Publishing Group
Nabi Shamshad Aliyev
Musafir Mazahir Guliyev
Arif Musa Maharramov
Rafiga Soltan Ismayilova
Features of Electroconductivity of γ-Irradiated Composites in Heating-Cooling Conditions
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20
20
2015-03-02
2015-03-02
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Improvement of X-Ray Reflectivity Analysis on Surface and Interface Roughness Estimation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.12
X-ray reflectivity (XRR) is usefull tool to estimate surface and interface roughness. In the conventional XRR analysis, the reflectivity is calculated based on the Parratt formalism, accounting for the effect of roughness by the theory of Nevot-Croce. However, the calculated results have shown often strange behavior due to the fact that the diffuse scattering at the rough interface was not taken into account in the equation. Then we developed new improved formalism to correct this mistake. For deriving more accurate formalism of XRR, we tried to compare the measurements of the surface roughness of the same sample by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and XRR. The results of analysis show that the effective roughness measured by xrrmay depend on the angle of incidence. In this paper, it shows that new improved XRR formalism which derives more accurate surface and interface roughness with depending on the size of the probing area of coherent X-rays.
X-ray reflectivity (XRR) is usefull tool to estimate surface and interface roughness. In the conventional XRR analysis, the reflectivity is calculated based on the Parratt formalism, accounting for the effect of roughness by the theory of Nevot-Croce. However, the calculated results have shown often strange behavior due to the fact that the diffuse scattering at the rough interface was not taken into account in the equation. Then we developed new improved formalism to correct this mistake. For deriving more accurate formalism of XRR, we tried to compare the measurements of the surface roughness of the same sample by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and XRR. The results of analysis show that the effective roughness measured by xrrmay depend on the angle of incidence. In this paper, it shows that new improved XRR formalism which derives more accurate surface and interface roughness with depending on the size of the probing area of coherent X-rays.
Improvement of X-Ray Reflectivity Analysis on Surface and Interface Roughness Estimation
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-03-03
© Science Publishing Group
Yoshikazu Fujii
Improvement of X-Ray Reflectivity Analysis on Surface and Interface Roughness Estimation
3
2
24
24
2015-03-03
2015-03-03
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Real Universe
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.13
The findings of strong gravitational lensing by Sgr A* indicate gravitation power/energy exist in the center of our milky way, though it is invisible. The presence of energy equal presence of mass (M= E/C², C² is constant). However, current perception of particles can be massless e.g. gauge bosons, the photon and the gluon⑴ which create a centerpiece of confusion when we come to study dark matter and origin of universe. In this paper, the author will explain why all particles possess mass which is supported partially by 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics- the Higgs mechanism, which gives mass to fundamental particles. The big bang is the greatest event happened in the universe; it is unthinkable that such event left no trace in space; we must be blindfolded by something. In this paper, the author will point out what to look for so that we won’t miss out on the Universe greatest party. Few will argue our matters (whether visible or invisible) are all made from particles. Many doubt that electromagnetic radiation or particles follow same laws of basic physics. Those doubts directly lead to a set of principles that land us in a fantasy world of uncertainty. However, the correct understanding of fundamental particles is the key for understanding big bang ⑵. In this paper, the author will pave a clear road map for how to study our fundamental particles, particular Gamma Ray. Furthermore, the author will explain the reasons that dark matter/black hole is made from gamma ray nucleosynthesis! The author also will explain the reasons that our current background cosmic ray/gamma ray originated directly from big bang (for most part)! The master of infrared/fire power set human apart from animals and land us on top of the world. The master of the gamma-ray will undoubtedly land us on top of the universe. The Physics will unite all science branches. The particle physics will lead artificial intelligence to its terminal end in the universe civilization of all kind.
The findings of strong gravitational lensing by Sgr A* indicate gravitation power/energy exist in the center of our milky way, though it is invisible. The presence of energy equal presence of mass (M= E/C², C² is constant). However, current perception of particles can be massless e.g. gauge bosons, the photon and the gluon⑴ which create a centerpiece of confusion when we come to study dark matter and origin of universe. In this paper, the author will explain why all particles possess mass which is supported partially by 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics- the Higgs mechanism, which gives mass to fundamental particles. The big bang is the greatest event happened in the universe; it is unthinkable that such event left no trace in space; we must be blindfolded by something. In this paper, the author will point out what to look for so that we won’t miss out on the Universe greatest party. Few will argue our matters (whether visible or invisible) are all made from particles. Many doubt that electromagnetic radiation or particles follow same laws of basic physics. Those doubts directly lead to a set of principles that land us in a fantasy world of uncertainty. However, the correct understanding of fundamental particles is the key for understanding big bang ⑵. In this paper, the author will pave a clear road map for how to study our fundamental particles, particular Gamma Ray. Furthermore, the author will explain the reasons that dark matter/black hole is made from gamma ray nucleosynthesis! The author also will explain the reasons that our current background cosmic ray/gamma ray originated directly from big bang (for most part)! The master of infrared/fire power set human apart from animals and land us on top of the world. The master of the gamma-ray will undoubtedly land us on top of the universe. The Physics will unite all science branches. The particle physics will lead artificial intelligence to its terminal end in the universe civilization of all kind.
The Real Universe
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.13
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-03-04
© Science Publishing Group
Edwin Zong
The Real Universe
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32
32
2015-03-04
2015-03-04
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.13
© Science Publishing Group
A Review on Cuprate Based Superconducting Materials Including Characteristics and Applications
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.15
A general review on cuprate based superconducting materials has been made. The special features of cuprate based high-temperature superconductors have been explained from the material side and the physical properties side. The present statuses on applications of cuprate based high-temperature superconductors have been included. In this paper, all characteristics of cuprate based superconductors depending upon the recent discoveries and applications of those compounds have been included and explained so that a researcher can get a good idea about this field easily. The article gives a summary of the prevailing arguments of researchers to relate the material to cuprates and also the comparative features of many families of superconductors. The existing challenges, such as flux pinning, inter-grain Josephson losses due to population of voids and attempts towards the solution of these problems have been made by researcher have also been discussed. Since the high temperature superconductivity was discovered in La2-xBaxCuO4 in 1986, many research works have been done on this topic, but in this review paper we emphasis cuprate based material and we noted all properties in dividing many section and also made a comparison between different materials.
A general review on cuprate based superconducting materials has been made. The special features of cuprate based high-temperature superconductors have been explained from the material side and the physical properties side. The present statuses on applications of cuprate based high-temperature superconductors have been included. In this paper, all characteristics of cuprate based superconductors depending upon the recent discoveries and applications of those compounds have been included and explained so that a researcher can get a good idea about this field easily. The article gives a summary of the prevailing arguments of researchers to relate the material to cuprates and also the comparative features of many families of superconductors. The existing challenges, such as flux pinning, inter-grain Josephson losses due to population of voids and attempts towards the solution of these problems have been made by researcher have also been discussed. Since the high temperature superconductivity was discovered in La2-xBaxCuO4 in 1986, many research works have been done on this topic, but in this review paper we emphasis cuprate based material and we noted all properties in dividing many section and also made a comparison between different materials.
A Review on Cuprate Based Superconducting Materials Including Characteristics and Applications
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.15
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-03-04
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Atikur Rahman
Md. Zahidur Rahaman
Md. Nurush Samsuddoha
A Review on Cuprate Based Superconducting Materials Including Characteristics and Applications
3
2
56
56
2015-03-04
2015-03-04
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.15
© Science Publishing Group
Phase Formation and Crystallinity-Dependent Magnetic Parameters of Co1-xFe2+xO4 Nanoparticals
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.14
Nano crystalline cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4 powders were synthesized using the coprecipitation method. The effect of the calcination temperature and the Fe3+/Co2+ molar ratio on the phase formation, macro and microstructure and magnetic properties was studied systematically. The Fe3+/Co2+ was controlled to equal 2 and 2.75 while the annealing temperature (Ta) was adjusted to vary from 600 to 1000Co. the obtained powders were investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourir transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). For both the Fe3+/Co2+ ratios, the XRD results indicat the formation of well crystallized cubic spinel cobalt ferrite phase for the precursors annealed at 600Co up to 1000Co. However a second rhombohedral hematite phase whose content varies respectively from 3% and 15% was formed as the Fe3+/Co2+ varied from 2 to 2.75 at Ta=800 and 1000Co. The crystallite size (Dβ) as determined applying the win-fit program was found also to decrease from 54.5 to 48.6nm accompanied by an increase of the root mean square strain < eg>. Using Rditveld analysis no effect on the value of the lattice parameter (a) was detected. The FESEM micrographs reveal the formation of highly agglomerated particles for Fe3+/Co2+ =2.75 and Ta =1000Co. The FTIR analysis confirm the formation of the spinel structure phase for both Fe3+/Co2+ ratios at 1000Co, however the absorption bands shift to higher frequencies for Fe3+/Co2+ =2.75. Other bands at 1663 and 3472cm-1 ascribed to free or absorbed water molecules were also detected for this ratio. The Fe3+/Co2+ molar ratio was found to have a significant effect on the magnetic properties of the produced cobalt ferrite. The calculated magnetic parameters: the saturation magnetization (MS= 71.219emu/g), the coricivity (HC= 1443.8Oe) and the remanence ratio (Mr/MS= 0.405) were recorded to decrease as the Fe3+/Co2+ increases except for the curie temperature (TC) which increase from 405 to 410Co.
Nano crystalline cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4 powders were synthesized using the coprecipitation method. The effect of the calcination temperature and the Fe3+/Co2+ molar ratio on the phase formation, macro and microstructure and magnetic properties was studied systematically. The Fe3+/Co2+ was controlled to equal 2 and 2.75 while the annealing temperature (Ta) was adjusted to vary from 600 to 1000Co. the obtained powders were investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourir transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). For both the Fe3+/Co2+ ratios, the XRD results indicat the formation of well crystallized cubic spinel cobalt ferrite phase for the precursors annealed at 600Co up to 1000Co. However a second rhombohedral hematite phase whose content varies respectively from 3% and 15% was formed as the Fe3+/Co2+ varied from 2 to 2.75 at Ta=800 and 1000Co. The crystallite size (Dβ) as determined applying the win-fit program was found also to decrease from 54.5 to 48.6nm accompanied by an increase of the root mean square strain < eg>. Using Rditveld analysis no effect on the value of the lattice parameter (a) was detected. The FESEM micrographs reveal the formation of highly agglomerated particles for Fe3+/Co2+ =2.75 and Ta =1000Co. The FTIR analysis confirm the formation of the spinel structure phase for both Fe3+/Co2+ ratios at 1000Co, however the absorption bands shift to higher frequencies for Fe3+/Co2+ =2.75. Other bands at 1663 and 3472cm-1 ascribed to free or absorbed water molecules were also detected for this ratio. The Fe3+/Co2+ molar ratio was found to have a significant effect on the magnetic properties of the produced cobalt ferrite. The calculated magnetic parameters: the saturation magnetization (MS= 71.219emu/g), the coricivity (HC= 1443.8Oe) and the remanence ratio (Mr/MS= 0.405) were recorded to decrease as the Fe3+/Co2+ increases except for the curie temperature (TC) which increase from 405 to 410Co.
Phase Formation and Crystallinity-Dependent Magnetic Parameters of Co1-xFe2+xO4 Nanoparticals
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.14
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-03-04
© Science Publishing Group
Nahed Makram Eyssa
Hanan Hassan Hantour
Kamilia Sdeek Abdo
Phase Formation and Crystallinity-Dependent Magnetic Parameters of Co1-xFe2+xO4 Nanoparticals
3
2
38
38
2015-03-04
2015-03-04
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.14
© Science Publishing Group
Study of Decoupling Effects on SUSY Higgs Sector
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.16
The most likely scenario in the light of Higgs discovery is the decoupling limit in the MSSM Higgs sector. The decoupling limit in MSSM occurs when the pseudoscalar mass is large (i.e.mA» mZ ), then the CP-even (H0), CP-odd (A0) and charged (H±) Higgs are mass degenerate and the lightest CP-even Higgs boson (h) mimics the signature of the SM Higgs boson. In the decoupling limit of large mA the couplings of the lightest CP-even MSSM Higgs boson h to pairs of SM particles approach their SM values. Moreover, in the decoupling limit there exists a value of tanβ which is independent of the value of mA . Recently a Higgs like particle is reported to be discovered at CMS and ATLAS experiments at CERN LHC with a mass of about 125 GeV. This estimate is only valid in the so called decoupling limit where all non-standard Higgs bosons are significantly heavier than the Z gauge boson.
The most likely scenario in the light of Higgs discovery is the decoupling limit in the MSSM Higgs sector. The decoupling limit in MSSM occurs when the pseudoscalar mass is large (i.e.mA» mZ ), then the CP-even (H0), CP-odd (A0) and charged (H±) Higgs are mass degenerate and the lightest CP-even Higgs boson (h) mimics the signature of the SM Higgs boson. In the decoupling limit of large mA the couplings of the lightest CP-even MSSM Higgs boson h to pairs of SM particles approach their SM values. Moreover, in the decoupling limit there exists a value of tanβ which is independent of the value of mA . Recently a Higgs like particle is reported to be discovered at CMS and ATLAS experiments at CERN LHC with a mass of about 125 GeV. This estimate is only valid in the so called decoupling limit where all non-standard Higgs bosons are significantly heavier than the Z gauge boson.
Study of Decoupling Effects on SUSY Higgs Sector
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.16
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-03-16
© Science Publishing Group
Partha Pratim Pal
Study of Decoupling Effects on SUSY Higgs Sector
3
2
59
59
2015-03-16
2015-03-16
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.16
© Science Publishing Group
Linear Momentum Conservation in the Motion of Electric Charges
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.17
In this letter I will discuss the linear momentum conservation for an electric charge which is moving in a magnetic field. This will enrich the knowledge of undergraduate physics students, about the important concept of conservation of linear momentum, in classical electrodynamics.
In this letter I will discuss the linear momentum conservation for an electric charge which is moving in a magnetic field. This will enrich the knowledge of undergraduate physics students, about the important concept of conservation of linear momentum, in classical electrodynamics.
Linear Momentum Conservation in the Motion of Electric Charges
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.17
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-03-24
© Science Publishing Group
Farrin Payandeh
Linear Momentum Conservation in the Motion of Electric Charges
3
2
62
62
2015-03-24
2015-03-24
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.17
© Science Publishing Group
Calculation of Higgs Self-Coupling Constant for One-Loop and Two-Loop Effective Potentials and Their Perturbative Validity
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.18
Although the Standard Model has been very successful in explaining the present data, it is unable to express the value of Higgs self coupling constant. It is a free parameter of the theory. Recently a Higgs like particle is reported to be discovered at CMS and ATLAS experiments at CERN LHC with a mass of about 125 GeV. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the value of Higgs self coupling constant in the Standard Model for one and two-loops Higgs potential. Considering the value of Higgs mass as 125 GeV we obtain the value of Higgs self coupling constant as 0.1373 for both one and two-loops Higgs potential. We also find that the condition for perturbative validity given by Miller is satisfied, when the Higgs mass is calculated perturbatively from the effective potential given by the massless φ^4 theory at one and two-loop level.
Although the Standard Model has been very successful in explaining the present data, it is unable to express the value of Higgs self coupling constant. It is a free parameter of the theory. Recently a Higgs like particle is reported to be discovered at CMS and ATLAS experiments at CERN LHC with a mass of about 125 GeV. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the value of Higgs self coupling constant in the Standard Model for one and two-loops Higgs potential. Considering the value of Higgs mass as 125 GeV we obtain the value of Higgs self coupling constant as 0.1373 for both one and two-loops Higgs potential. We also find that the condition for perturbative validity given by Miller is satisfied, when the Higgs mass is calculated perturbatively from the effective potential given by the massless φ^4 theory at one and two-loop level.
Calculation of Higgs Self-Coupling Constant for One-Loop and Two-Loop Effective Potentials and Their Perturbative Validity
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.18
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-03-24
© Science Publishing Group
Partha Pratim Pal
Calculation of Higgs Self-Coupling Constant for One-Loop and Two-Loop Effective Potentials and Their Perturbative Validity
3
2
66
66
2015-03-24
2015-03-24
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150302.18
© Science Publishing Group
A Charge Distribution in the Earth’s Atmosphere
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.11
Earth’s atmosphere is polarized: the negative charges are concentrated mainly in the lower atmospheric layers and the positive charges – in the upper layers of the atmosphere. It is believed now that the nature of force, which polarizes the atmosphere, is unknown. At same time, our calculations showed that force, which distributes the atmospheric charges, has the electromagnetic nature. Under action this force the positive charges are moved up and negative charges – down. Here we propose our calculations.
Earth’s atmosphere is polarized: the negative charges are concentrated mainly in the lower atmospheric layers and the positive charges – in the upper layers of the atmosphere. It is believed now that the nature of force, which polarizes the atmosphere, is unknown. At same time, our calculations showed that force, which distributes the atmospheric charges, has the electromagnetic nature. Under action this force the positive charges are moved up and negative charges – down. Here we propose our calculations.
A Charge Distribution in the Earth’s Atmosphere
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-03-28
© Science Publishing Group
Yuri Pivovarenko
A Charge Distribution in the Earth’s Atmosphere
3
3
68
68
2015-03-28
2015-03-28
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Real Universe II
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.13
The big bang is the greatest event happened in the universe; it is unthinkable that such event left no trace in space; we must be blindfolded by something. In this paper, the author will point out what to look for so that we won’t miss out on the Universe greatest show. Few will argue our matters are all made from particles. The positional energy or orbiting energy/gravitation power unifies our matter and particles, because particles possess orbiting power as well when they are coupled. The mystifying gravitation as some sort of supernatural phenomenon (e.g. space-time or gravitational particle) misleads our entire generation since Newton expired. The findings of strong gravitational lensing by Sgr A* indicate gravitation power/energy exist in the center of our milky way, though it is invisible. The presence of energy equal presence of mass (M= E/C², C² is constant). However, current perception of particles can be massless e.g. gauge bosons, the photon and the gluon[1] which create a centerpiece of confusion when we come to study dark matter and origin of the universe. In this paper, the author will explain why all particles possess mass which is supported partially by 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics- the Higgs mechanism, which gives mass to fundamental particles. In this paper, the author will pave a clear road map for how to study our fundamental particles, particular Gamma Ray. Furthermore, the author will explain the reasons that dark matter/black hole is made from gamma ray nucleosynthesis or gamma ray photosynthesis! The author will explain the reasons that our current background cosmic ray/gamma ray originated directly from a big bang (for most part)! Other than gravity, the author will further explain how emulsion plays role in merging of galaxies which maybe mystified as dark energy. The Newtonian Physics will unite all science branches. The particle physics will lead artificial intelligence to its terminal end in the universe civilization of all kind! The primary objective of this study is to uncover the real mechanic of dark matter, big bang and evolution process of the universe in the discipline of basic physics.
The big bang is the greatest event happened in the universe; it is unthinkable that such event left no trace in space; we must be blindfolded by something. In this paper, the author will point out what to look for so that we won’t miss out on the Universe greatest show. Few will argue our matters are all made from particles. The positional energy or orbiting energy/gravitation power unifies our matter and particles, because particles possess orbiting power as well when they are coupled. The mystifying gravitation as some sort of supernatural phenomenon (e.g. space-time or gravitational particle) misleads our entire generation since Newton expired. The findings of strong gravitational lensing by Sgr A* indicate gravitation power/energy exist in the center of our milky way, though it is invisible. The presence of energy equal presence of mass (M= E/C², C² is constant). However, current perception of particles can be massless e.g. gauge bosons, the photon and the gluon[1] which create a centerpiece of confusion when we come to study dark matter and origin of the universe. In this paper, the author will explain why all particles possess mass which is supported partially by 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics- the Higgs mechanism, which gives mass to fundamental particles. In this paper, the author will pave a clear road map for how to study our fundamental particles, particular Gamma Ray. Furthermore, the author will explain the reasons that dark matter/black hole is made from gamma ray nucleosynthesis or gamma ray photosynthesis! The author will explain the reasons that our current background cosmic ray/gamma ray originated directly from a big bang (for most part)! Other than gravity, the author will further explain how emulsion plays role in merging of galaxies which maybe mystified as dark energy. The Newtonian Physics will unite all science branches. The particle physics will lead artificial intelligence to its terminal end in the universe civilization of all kind! The primary objective of this study is to uncover the real mechanic of dark matter, big bang and evolution process of the universe in the discipline of basic physics.
The Real Universe II
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.13
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-04-22
© Science Publishing Group
Edwin Zong
The Real Universe II
3
3
85
85
2015-04-22
2015-04-22
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Targets Classification on Multispectral Images using Connectionists Methods
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.14
Identification of targets on remote sensing images depends mainly on the databases representing different classes. In this context, this paper proposes a connectionist system using a two-dimensional Kohonen self-organizing map to build a database of some identified targets on a multi-band satellite image. After an enhancing process, essentially based on a non-linear filtering, the system performs a non-supervised classification of a reference image in order to extract the sequence of samples of the reflectance coefficients related to the desired targets. This classification will be used later for automatic extraction of these targets on other stages.
Identification of targets on remote sensing images depends mainly on the databases representing different classes. In this context, this paper proposes a connectionist system using a two-dimensional Kohonen self-organizing map to build a database of some identified targets on a multi-band satellite image. After an enhancing process, essentially based on a non-linear filtering, the system performs a non-supervised classification of a reference image in order to extract the sequence of samples of the reflectance coefficients related to the desired targets. This classification will be used later for automatic extraction of these targets on other stages.
Targets Classification on Multispectral Images using Connectionists Methods
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.14
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-04-28
© Science Publishing Group
Samir Zeriouh
Mustapha Boutahri
Said El Yamani
Ahmed Roukhe
Targets Classification on Multispectral Images using Connectionists Methods
3
3
91
91
2015-04-28
2015-04-28
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.14
© Science Publishing Group
A Study of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance on Copper Ions on Alkali-Alkali Earth Zinc Phosphate Glass
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.15
42%P2O5- 40%ZnO- 2%CaO- (16-x) %Na2O-xCu2O glass system (x=o, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10%mol) were prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique. It was investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to study the structural changes induced by different amount of copper ions. The spin Hamiltonian parameters like g∥, g⊥ and A∥ show that Cu+2ionare in tetrahedral coordination with dxy as the ground state. Modification of EPR band width by increasing copper content suggests that band consists of two overlapping bands; one of them is related to asymmetric band due to isolated copper ions and the other is symmetric due to cluster ions Cu+2-Cu+2. Calculation of the optical basicity indicates to that polarizability decrease by increasing copper content due to increase electron cloud density at the Cu2+ site.
42%P2O5- 40%ZnO- 2%CaO- (16-x) %Na2O-xCu2O glass system (x=o, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10%mol) were prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique. It was investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to study the structural changes induced by different amount of copper ions. The spin Hamiltonian parameters like g∥, g⊥ and A∥ show that Cu+2ionare in tetrahedral coordination with dxy as the ground state. Modification of EPR band width by increasing copper content suggests that band consists of two overlapping bands; one of them is related to asymmetric band due to isolated copper ions and the other is symmetric due to cluster ions Cu+2-Cu+2. Calculation of the optical basicity indicates to that polarizability decrease by increasing copper content due to increase electron cloud density at the Cu2+ site.
A Study of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance on Copper Ions on Alkali-Alkali Earth Zinc Phosphate Glass
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.15
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
H. M. Mokhtar
S. Saad
A. Abd El-ghany
N. H. Mousa
M. M. Elokr
A Study of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance on Copper Ions on Alkali-Alkali Earth Zinc Phosphate Glass
3
3
96
96
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.15
© Science Publishing Group
Dark Matter Engineering
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.17
The dark matter is the product of a constructive cycle of the universe. Similar to our visible mass, our dark matter is a result of photosynthesis immediately after a big bang. The big bang Nucleosynthesis is a well-established fact in our physics⑴. The author has subsequently linked gamma ray blast to our big bang⑵. Based on the conservation law of mass, our galaxies must come from particles generated from a big bang, rather than from nothing. More specifically, our nucleon and sub-nuclear particles are all from photons, because the photons are the only option for linking our mass to a big bang of high energy particles! The dark matter is the first congregation of photons immediately after a big bang! The visible galaxies appear later. The mechanism behind segregation of photons with similar wavelength/frequencies plays a critical role for forming protons, neutrons, black matter and so on. It is the emulsion power that bundles photons in the emulsion soup of electrons in a particle world! What confuses people is our perception of photon – how flying particles at speed of light “settle down” and become part of emulsion soup/mass. The mass or quarks sit there orbiting rather than flying in a straight direction with speed of light. The missing link is now founded; it is “photon bonding/coupling”! –a recent remarkable discovery called Rydberg blockade by coaxing photons into bonding together to form “molecules” – a state of matter by a group led by Harvard Professor of Physics Mikhail Lukin and MIT Professor of Physics Vladan Vuletic⑶. The uncoupled photon possesses pure kinetic energy, e.g. cosmic ray or solar light. The coupled photons/photosynthesis stay! E.g. an apple – contains coupled/bounded photons in a biological process called photosynthesis. There are some types of fungi, called radiotrophic fungi, are able to use melanin as a photosynthetic pigment that enables them to capture gamma rays⑷ and harness the energy for growth⑸. The primary objective of this study is to uncover the origin of all particles and master dark matter engineering in the discipline of basic physics.
The dark matter is the product of a constructive cycle of the universe. Similar to our visible mass, our dark matter is a result of photosynthesis immediately after a big bang. The big bang Nucleosynthesis is a well-established fact in our physics⑴. The author has subsequently linked gamma ray blast to our big bang⑵. Based on the conservation law of mass, our galaxies must come from particles generated from a big bang, rather than from nothing. More specifically, our nucleon and sub-nuclear particles are all from photons, because the photons are the only option for linking our mass to a big bang of high energy particles! The dark matter is the first congregation of photons immediately after a big bang! The visible galaxies appear later. The mechanism behind segregation of photons with similar wavelength/frequencies plays a critical role for forming protons, neutrons, black matter and so on. It is the emulsion power that bundles photons in the emulsion soup of electrons in a particle world! What confuses people is our perception of photon – how flying particles at speed of light “settle down” and become part of emulsion soup/mass. The mass or quarks sit there orbiting rather than flying in a straight direction with speed of light. The missing link is now founded; it is “photon bonding/coupling”! –a recent remarkable discovery called Rydberg blockade by coaxing photons into bonding together to form “molecules” – a state of matter by a group led by Harvard Professor of Physics Mikhail Lukin and MIT Professor of Physics Vladan Vuletic⑶. The uncoupled photon possesses pure kinetic energy, e.g. cosmic ray or solar light. The coupled photons/photosynthesis stay! E.g. an apple – contains coupled/bounded photons in a biological process called photosynthesis. There are some types of fungi, called radiotrophic fungi, are able to use melanin as a photosynthetic pigment that enables them to capture gamma rays⑷ and harness the energy for growth⑸. The primary objective of this study is to uncover the origin of all particles and master dark matter engineering in the discipline of basic physics.
Dark Matter Engineering
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.17
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Edwin Zong
Dark Matter Engineering
3
3
111
111
2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.17
© Science Publishing Group
Utilization of Pure Silica Extracted from Rice Husk and FTIR Structural Analysis of the Prepared Glasses
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.16
Egyptian rice husk was subjected to different chemical and thermal treatment methods, aiming to extract high pure silica. Three samples (S1, S2 and S3) were prepared applying three different chemical treatment methods. Two sets of the obtained samples were prepared, where the first set was calcinated at 600oC and the other set was calcinated at 750 oC by slow heating (starting at RT and ending at the desired calcinations temperature for 2 h).XRF was applied to identify the chemical composition and purity of the extracted silica, while XRD was applied to confirm the amorphous nature and the presence of some induced carbon black in the obtained silica. It was found that S3 slowly heated at 750 oC presents the highest silica content (98.6 %). Such sample was fed directly to the calcinations furnace at 750 oC (sudden heating for comparison) where it presents only 90.6% silica, and 3.74 % residual carbon black. However, the extracted silica from sample S3 was used to prepare glasses obeying the composition (75-x) mol% RH-silica, x mol% Bi2O3, 25 mol% Na2O, (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 20).FTIR spectroscopic analysis was applied to investigate the internal structure of the prepared glasses, where the glass networks were found to contain mainly SiO4, BiO3 and BiO6 structural groups, as well as some bridging and non-bridging oxygen anions. Also, some O-H and H-O-H groups were also detected which may be due to the used KBr disk technique.
Egyptian rice husk was subjected to different chemical and thermal treatment methods, aiming to extract high pure silica. Three samples (S1, S2 and S3) were prepared applying three different chemical treatment methods. Two sets of the obtained samples were prepared, where the first set was calcinated at 600oC and the other set was calcinated at 750 oC by slow heating (starting at RT and ending at the desired calcinations temperature for 2 h).XRF was applied to identify the chemical composition and purity of the extracted silica, while XRD was applied to confirm the amorphous nature and the presence of some induced carbon black in the obtained silica. It was found that S3 slowly heated at 750 oC presents the highest silica content (98.6 %). Such sample was fed directly to the calcinations furnace at 750 oC (sudden heating for comparison) where it presents only 90.6% silica, and 3.74 % residual carbon black. However, the extracted silica from sample S3 was used to prepare glasses obeying the composition (75-x) mol% RH-silica, x mol% Bi2O3, 25 mol% Na2O, (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 20).FTIR spectroscopic analysis was applied to investigate the internal structure of the prepared glasses, where the glass networks were found to contain mainly SiO4, BiO3 and BiO6 structural groups, as well as some bridging and non-bridging oxygen anions. Also, some O-H and H-O-H groups were also detected which may be due to the used KBr disk technique.
Utilization of Pure Silica Extracted from Rice Husk and FTIR Structural Analysis of the Prepared Glasses
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.16
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-05-26
© Science Publishing Group
H. A. Saudi
S. M. Salem
S. S. Mohammad
A. G. Mostafa
M. Y. Hassaan
Utilization of Pure Silica Extracted from Rice Husk and FTIR Structural Analysis of the Prepared Glasses
3
3
105
105
2015-05-26
2015-05-26
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.16
© Science Publishing Group
Einstein: Unification Theory and Unification of Basic Forces
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.12
This is a unique article that expresses the idea of unification theory and unification of basic forces. Depending on the truth that ‘every particle feels the force of gravity according to its mass or energy’ (Hawking, 1996) and spherical N-dimension of geometry by Riemann, it is observed how gravitation as a long range virtual particle spherically interacts with short range forces lying in inertia of mass in the earth and the other planets and form unified force to control the universe with spherical motion. Without mutual interaction of the four basic forces, gravitation and unified force is impossible. Unified force creates spherical geometry that incorporates two dimensional, three dimensional, four dimensional and curved geometry by single dimension. As ‘unified theory that would include all these partial theories (Hawking, 1996), so it can describe all physical laws. The basic forces are virtual but the reactions are visible as the planets have spherical movement etc. (Vide: Different sections of the article).
This is a unique article that expresses the idea of unification theory and unification of basic forces. Depending on the truth that ‘every particle feels the force of gravity according to its mass or energy’ (Hawking, 1996) and spherical N-dimension of geometry by Riemann, it is observed how gravitation as a long range virtual particle spherically interacts with short range forces lying in inertia of mass in the earth and the other planets and form unified force to control the universe with spherical motion. Without mutual interaction of the four basic forces, gravitation and unified force is impossible. Unified force creates spherical geometry that incorporates two dimensional, three dimensional, four dimensional and curved geometry by single dimension. As ‘unified theory that would include all these partial theories (Hawking, 1996), so it can describe all physical laws. The basic forces are virtual but the reactions are visible as the planets have spherical movement etc. (Vide: Different sections of the article).
Einstein: Unification Theory and Unification of Basic Forces
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-03-31
© Science Publishing Group
M. Tajuddin
Md. Haider Ali Biswas
Einstein: Unification Theory and Unification of Basic Forces
3
3
76
76
2015-03-31
2015-03-31
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Study of Gamma-Ray Attenuation Coefficients of Some Glasses Containing CdO
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.11
Iron–phosphate glasses containing heavy metal cations are important material, especially when used to attenuate γ-ray and / or fast neutrons. Therefore, some glasses had been prepared, having the composition [(70 mol % P2O5. 15 mol % Na2O. 15 mol % Fe2O3) + x CdO, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mole]. The melting temperature was 1200 ºc and the annealing temperature was 300 ºc. The obtained solid glasses were then examined from γ-ray attenuation point of view, where both the linear and mass attenuation coefficients were studied for varying amounts of CdO and different γ-ray energies emitted from 60Co, 137Cs and 152Eu radio-active sources. It was found that as CdO was gradually increased, the linear and mass attenuation coefficients increased gradually, while the half value layer decreased. On the other hand both linear and mass attenuation coefficients decreased and the half value layer increased as the energy of the incident γ-ray increased. Finally it can be concluded that these composition glasses can be used as good γ-ray shield especially at low gamma-ray energies.
Iron–phosphate glasses containing heavy metal cations are important material, especially when used to attenuate γ-ray and / or fast neutrons. Therefore, some glasses had been prepared, having the composition [(70 mol % P2O5. 15 mol % Na2O. 15 mol % Fe2O3) + x CdO, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mole]. The melting temperature was 1200 ºc and the annealing temperature was 300 ºc. The obtained solid glasses were then examined from γ-ray attenuation point of view, where both the linear and mass attenuation coefficients were studied for varying amounts of CdO and different γ-ray energies emitted from 60Co, 137Cs and 152Eu radio-active sources. It was found that as CdO was gradually increased, the linear and mass attenuation coefficients increased gradually, while the half value layer decreased. On the other hand both linear and mass attenuation coefficients decreased and the half value layer increased as the energy of the incident γ-ray increased. Finally it can be concluded that these composition glasses can be used as good γ-ray shield especially at low gamma-ray energies.
Study of Gamma-Ray Attenuation Coefficients of Some Glasses Containing CdO
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
G. S. M. Ahmed
A. S. Mahmoud
S. M. Salem
T. Z. Abou-Elnasr
Study of Gamma-Ray Attenuation Coefficients of Some Glasses Containing CdO
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4
120
120
2015-06-17
2015-06-17
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Interpretation of the Fact That “Thoughts Become Things” Through the Consciousness Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.14
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the same . The same is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo and these TCP and TRP are originated from the same Void. These TCP, TRP and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in understanding the fact that “Thoughts become Things” in the presence of consciousness through the constant projection of thought that, in turn, is the action of mind. The general saying that “Thoughts become Things” can be explained through the developed consciousness model.
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the same . The same is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo and these TCP and TRP are originated from the same Void. These TCP, TRP and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in understanding the fact that “Thoughts become Things” in the presence of consciousness through the constant projection of thought that, in turn, is the action of mind. The general saying that “Thoughts become Things” can be explained through the developed consciousness model.
Interpretation of the Fact That “Thoughts Become Things” Through the Consciousness Model
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.14
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-07-14
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Interpretation of the Fact That “Thoughts Become Things” Through the Consciousness Model
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4
158
158
2015-07-14
2015-07-14
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.14
© Science Publishing Group
On the Mathematical Calibration of the Active Well Neutron Coincidence Counter (AWCC)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.12
Generation of calibration curves for radiation detectors are essential in radiation spectroscopy. Such curves usually relate some characteristic quantities of measured samples (such as radioactivity of a certain isotope or its mass) with the output of the used detector (counting rates). The most direct and easiest way to generate these curves is performed using a set of suitable radioactive standard materials. Whenever standard materials are not available, mathematical calibration could be employed. In this work, a proposed model for mathematical calibration of a neutron coincidence counter (the Active Well Neutron Coincidence Counter, AWCC) was achieved using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Effects of the counter and experimental set up parameters on the simulation process were studied. The validity of the proposed model was checked using sets of nuclear material standards. The obtained modeling results are in agreement with experiments within an accuracy of better than 8.5%.
Generation of calibration curves for radiation detectors are essential in radiation spectroscopy. Such curves usually relate some characteristic quantities of measured samples (such as radioactivity of a certain isotope or its mass) with the output of the used detector (counting rates). The most direct and easiest way to generate these curves is performed using a set of suitable radioactive standard materials. Whenever standard materials are not available, mathematical calibration could be employed. In this work, a proposed model for mathematical calibration of a neutron coincidence counter (the Active Well Neutron Coincidence Counter, AWCC) was achieved using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Effects of the counter and experimental set up parameters on the simulation process were studied. The validity of the proposed model was checked using sets of nuclear material standards. The obtained modeling results are in agreement with experiments within an accuracy of better than 8.5%.
On the Mathematical Calibration of the Active Well Neutron Coincidence Counter (AWCC)
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-07-02
© Science Publishing Group
Wael A. El-Gammal
Ahmed G. Mostafa
Mootaz Ebied
On the Mathematical Calibration of the Active Well Neutron Coincidence Counter (AWCC)
3
4
130
130
2015-07-02
2015-07-02
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Molecular Dynamic Simulations Using Wavelet-Based Techniques
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.13
In this paper, I focus on describe, calculate and analyze of molecular dynamic (MD) simulations using wavelet transform (WT) techniques by analogy with its use in signal and image processing, so that I would like to talk about the theoretical background wavelet transform methods, including what properties they have, their common types, and how to operate them. Secondly, I would introduce the continuous wavelet transform, which is especially well-suited for time course data such as molecular dynamics simulations., the WT permits filtering out the high-frequency noise without completely omitting the high-frequency phenomena whose contribution is crucial in cases where the dynamics is localized in frequency and time. Medical applications could be studied in which biomedical related research requires lots of mathematical and engineering techniques to analyze data. The WT is observed to excel in reconstructing the original signal by a subset of the basis used in the analysis and in identifying the occurrence of rare phenomena by examining the wavelet energies at high-resolution levels.
In this paper, I focus on describe, calculate and analyze of molecular dynamic (MD) simulations using wavelet transform (WT) techniques by analogy with its use in signal and image processing, so that I would like to talk about the theoretical background wavelet transform methods, including what properties they have, their common types, and how to operate them. Secondly, I would introduce the continuous wavelet transform, which is especially well-suited for time course data such as molecular dynamics simulations., the WT permits filtering out the high-frequency noise without completely omitting the high-frequency phenomena whose contribution is crucial in cases where the dynamics is localized in frequency and time. Medical applications could be studied in which biomedical related research requires lots of mathematical and engineering techniques to analyze data. The WT is observed to excel in reconstructing the original signal by a subset of the basis used in the analysis and in identifying the occurrence of rare phenomena by examining the wavelet energies at high-resolution levels.
Analysis of Molecular Dynamic Simulations Using Wavelet-Based Techniques
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.13
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-07-07
© Science Publishing Group
A. Abdel-Hafiez
Analysis of Molecular Dynamic Simulations Using Wavelet-Based Techniques
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4
137
137
2015-07-07
2015-07-07
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150304.13
© Science Publishing Group
Analytical Solutions of Undamped and Autonomous Cubic-Quintic Duffing Equation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.11
In this paper, based on a combination of homogenous balance and the rational expansion method, the exact analytical and closed-form solutions of the Duffing equation with cubic and quintic nonlinearities are derived. We focus on heteroclinic and homoclinic solutions which are relevant for the prediction of chaos in forced mechanical systems. The conditions of existence of these solutions which also represent solitons of some wave equations are carefully analyzed.
In this paper, based on a combination of homogenous balance and the rational expansion method, the exact analytical and closed-form solutions of the Duffing equation with cubic and quintic nonlinearities are derived. We focus on heteroclinic and homoclinic solutions which are relevant for the prediction of chaos in forced mechanical systems. The conditions of existence of these solutions which also represent solitons of some wave equations are carefully analyzed.
Analytical Solutions of Undamped and Autonomous Cubic-Quintic Duffing Equation
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.11
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-07-25
© Science Publishing Group
Serge Bruno Yamgoué
Jules Hilaire Kamga
Analytical Solutions of Undamped and Autonomous Cubic-Quintic Duffing Equation
3
5
165
165
2015-07-25
2015-07-25
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.11
© Science Publishing Group
Einstein: Unification Theory and Unification of Basic Forces-II
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.12
Unification theory is ‘a complete unified theory that will describe everything in the universe’ (Hawking, 1996). Unification theory is expressed through spherical geometry and ‘all dimensional geometry is included in spherical geometry. Thus spherical geometry in the form of unification theory describes all the laws of the universe’ (Tajuddin and Biswas, 2015). This theory has enough proofs and supports in favor of its formation and working capacity. The unification theory and spherical geometry are not any type of utopian ideas but they are basic and real concepts of the world that are searched by our scientists for the last hundred of years. Actually this unification theory is the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) of four basic forces of physical sciences, and spherical geometry is the supreme geometry that covers the unified force. These two concepts are related to each other and discussed here (vide: Different sections of the article)
Unification theory is ‘a complete unified theory that will describe everything in the universe’ (Hawking, 1996). Unification theory is expressed through spherical geometry and ‘all dimensional geometry is included in spherical geometry. Thus spherical geometry in the form of unification theory describes all the laws of the universe’ (Tajuddin and Biswas, 2015). This theory has enough proofs and supports in favor of its formation and working capacity. The unification theory and spherical geometry are not any type of utopian ideas but they are basic and real concepts of the world that are searched by our scientists for the last hundred of years. Actually this unification theory is the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) of four basic forces of physical sciences, and spherical geometry is the supreme geometry that covers the unified force. These two concepts are related to each other and discussed here (vide: Different sections of the article)
Einstein: Unification Theory and Unification of Basic Forces-II
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.12
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-08-14
© Science Publishing Group
M. Tajuddin
Md. Haider Ali Biswas
Einstein: Unification Theory and Unification of Basic Forces-II
3
5
177
177
2015-08-14
2015-08-14
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Unification of Mass and Energy
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.13
Our universe is an amazing place where matter floats. The endless stories about changing of mass or energy in the universe may overwhelm all tabloid writers. However, Einstein found a very simple way to cover all the stories in “One” equation: E=MC<sup>2</sup>. Yes, the “C” actually stands for speed of light (photon) in the vacuum. Few will argue photons are electromagnetic/radiation power. However, many deny photon’s mass status. In this paper, the author will assure you that photon is mass, which also happens to serve the foundation for all gravitational power/positional energy that exists today after a big bang. ⑴ Furthermore, the author will also assure you that neutrino is the dark matter that floats in the space chilling with electrons (<sup>-</sup> and <sup>+</sup>). Again, the author assures you that the famous gamma ray burst is just cosmic-sized of our well-studied experiment in our lab: e<sup>-</sup> + e<sup>+</sup> → γ + γ! Our current universe’s mass and energy (detectable or undetectable) are all derived from a big bang’s photons. The primary objective of this study is to uncover the unified origin for both mass and energy in the universe along with their evolutionary path in the discipline of Newtonian physics.
Our universe is an amazing place where matter floats. The endless stories about changing of mass or energy in the universe may overwhelm all tabloid writers. However, Einstein found a very simple way to cover all the stories in “One” equation: E=MC<sup>2</sup>. Yes, the “C” actually stands for speed of light (photon) in the vacuum. Few will argue photons are electromagnetic/radiation power. However, many deny photon’s mass status. In this paper, the author will assure you that photon is mass, which also happens to serve the foundation for all gravitational power/positional energy that exists today after a big bang. ⑴ Furthermore, the author will also assure you that neutrino is the dark matter that floats in the space chilling with electrons (<sup>-</sup> and <sup>+</sup>). Again, the author assures you that the famous gamma ray burst is just cosmic-sized of our well-studied experiment in our lab: e<sup>-</sup> + e<sup>+</sup> → γ + γ! Our current universe’s mass and energy (detectable or undetectable) are all derived from a big bang’s photons. The primary objective of this study is to uncover the unified origin for both mass and energy in the universe along with their evolutionary path in the discipline of Newtonian physics.
The Unification of Mass and Energy
doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.13
American Journal of Physics and Applications
2015-08-14
© Science Publishing Group
Edwin Zong
The Unification of Mass and Energy
3
5
182
182
2015-08-14
2015-08-14
10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=622&doi=10.11648/j.ajpa.20150305.13
© Science Publishing Group