Science Publishing Group: International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy: Table of Contents
<i>International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy (IJCDA)</i> is an open access, peer-reviewed, publishing online journal that encompasses the progress and diffusion of science in the fields of all academic and clinical aspects of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology. The journal is devoted to publish original, research or review papers, Case reports and letters dealing with the entire field of anatomy and embryology of vertebrates, from clinical anatomy to cell and developmental biology, histology, with special regard to human and veterinary medicine and including medical education in those fields.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijcda Science Publishing Group: International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy: Table of Contents
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International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Anatomical and Histopathological Study
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Worldwide, the frequency of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) increased rapidly through the last century making their histopathological diagnosis daily task for all pathologists. The accurate histopathological diagnosis of UC and CD requires an intimate correlations between the clinical, laboratory and endoscopic findings in conjunction to the suitable obtained biopsy material, as there are several diagnostic confusions between CIBD and non CIBD forms. The aim of this study was to focus and analyze certain practically selected histopathological features for the diagnosis of UC and CD including crypt architectural abnormalities, inflammation and an associated dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. This present study was performed on 100 specimens of tissue samples taken from small and large bowel including 3 ileocecal resections which were done for suspected an IBD. All the tissue samples received fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin fixative solution, and paraffin-embedded tissue sections were prepared and examined microscopically for the histopathological features which distinguishing CIBD from non CIBD colitis. This study revealed 95 cases CIBD, among them 55 cases CD and 40 cases were UC, whereas the remaining 5 cases were non CIBD colitis. This study concluded that the diagnosis of IBD needs interdepartmental correlations to avoid under- or over-diagnosis. As well as the accurate discrimination of CIBD from non CIBD forms, differentiate UC from CD, and to identify any dysplastic lesions which is the backbone for therapeutic and prognostic strategies.
Worldwide, the frequency of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) increased rapidly through the last century making their histopathological diagnosis daily task for all pathologists. The accurate histopathological diagnosis of UC and CD requires an intimate correlations between the clinical, laboratory and endoscopic findings in conjunction to the suitable obtained biopsy material, as there are several diagnostic confusions between CIBD and non CIBD forms. The aim of this study was to focus and analyze certain practically selected histopathological features for the diagnosis of UC and CD including crypt architectural abnormalities, inflammation and an associated dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. This present study was performed on 100 specimens of tissue samples taken from small and large bowel including 3 ileocecal resections which were done for suspected an IBD. All the tissue samples received fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin fixative solution, and paraffin-embedded tissue sections were prepared and examined microscopically for the histopathological features which distinguishing CIBD from non CIBD colitis. This study revealed 95 cases CIBD, among them 55 cases CD and 40 cases were UC, whereas the remaining 5 cases were non CIBD colitis. This study concluded that the diagnosis of IBD needs interdepartmental correlations to avoid under- or over-diagnosis. As well as the accurate discrimination of CIBD from non CIBD forms, differentiate UC from CD, and to identify any dysplastic lesions which is the backbone for therapeutic and prognostic strategies.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Anatomical and Histopathological Study
doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20150101.11
International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
2015-05-08
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmed M. S. Hegazy
Mohammed M. Mosaed
Taha M. M. Hassan
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Anatomical and Histopathological Study
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7
7
2015-05-08
2015-05-08
10.11648/j.ijcda.20150101.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150101.11
© Science Publishing Group
Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation Using CO2 Laser: A Case Report
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150101.12
The gingival complex plays a vital role in the overall esthetics of a smile. Melanin, a brown pigment, is the most common natural pigment contributing to endogenous pigmentation of the gingiva. For depigmentation of gingiva different treatment modalities have been reported like bur abrasion, scraping, partial thickness flap, cryotherapy, electrosurgery and laser but repigmentation of the melanin pigment after surgical procedure is noted and considered in a high percentage. The present article describes and discusses one case of gingival melanin pigmentation, a 23-year-old female, who is medically fit and free of any systemic condition, complaining of dark pigmented gingivae. The CO2 laser device (OpusDuo Aqualite EC Lumens group of companies Germany) was used for treatment delivered in the present case. The clinical view 6 months after the treatment shows healthy gingival color. Conclusion: Treatment of hyperpigmentation by CO2 laser radiation in a defocused mode was found to be a safe, effective procedure and easy to perform. Postoperative patient satisfaction in term of esthetics and pain was excellent. The gingivae healed uneventfully and completely regenerated with no infection or scarring. No repigmentation occurred after 6 months period. Based on these observations, CO2 laser is a good treatment choice for gingival depigmentation.
The gingival complex plays a vital role in the overall esthetics of a smile. Melanin, a brown pigment, is the most common natural pigment contributing to endogenous pigmentation of the gingiva. For depigmentation of gingiva different treatment modalities have been reported like bur abrasion, scraping, partial thickness flap, cryotherapy, electrosurgery and laser but repigmentation of the melanin pigment after surgical procedure is noted and considered in a high percentage. The present article describes and discusses one case of gingival melanin pigmentation, a 23-year-old female, who is medically fit and free of any systemic condition, complaining of dark pigmented gingivae. The CO2 laser device (OpusDuo Aqualite EC Lumens group of companies Germany) was used for treatment delivered in the present case. The clinical view 6 months after the treatment shows healthy gingival color. Conclusion: Treatment of hyperpigmentation by CO2 laser radiation in a defocused mode was found to be a safe, effective procedure and easy to perform. Postoperative patient satisfaction in term of esthetics and pain was excellent. The gingivae healed uneventfully and completely regenerated with no infection or scarring. No repigmentation occurred after 6 months period. Based on these observations, CO2 laser is a good treatment choice for gingival depigmentation.
Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation Using CO2 Laser: A Case Report
doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20150101.12
International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
2015-05-23
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmed M. S. Hegazy
Bakr Ahmed Bakr
Ehab Kamal Ali Hassan
Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation Using CO2 Laser: A Case Report
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12
12
2015-05-23
2015-05-23
10.11648/j.ijcda.20150101.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150101.12
© Science Publishing Group
Histological Study of the Effect of Bioactive Glass on Tibial Bone Repair in Rats
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The main goal of this study was to histologically evaluate the healing of surgically created defects on the tibiae of adult rats after implantation of bioactive glass. Twenty adult Wistar rats (body weight of 300g) were divided into two groups: bioglass treated group (n=10) and control group (n=10). Unicortical bone defects with 3-mm diameter were performed in both tibiae of the animals and filled with bioglass particles. The rats were then sacrificed at 14, 30 , 60 and 90 days, and the tissues were prepared for histological processing, sectioning, and staining with hematoxylin and eosin, as well as Mallory trichrome, and analyzed under light microscope. Within 7-14 days, both groups presented connective tissue septa with new bone formation, more intense in bioglass treated group. In the subsequent periods (30, 60 and 90 days), these groups presented more mature bone tissue around the glass particles. Bone trabeculae formed in all experimental periods were juxtaposed to the glass particles. It can be concluded that bioglass materials promoted bone formation over the entire extension of the defect, independently of the size of the granules, thus confirming their biological osteoconductive property.
The main goal of this study was to histologically evaluate the healing of surgically created defects on the tibiae of adult rats after implantation of bioactive glass. Twenty adult Wistar rats (body weight of 300g) were divided into two groups: bioglass treated group (n=10) and control group (n=10). Unicortical bone defects with 3-mm diameter were performed in both tibiae of the animals and filled with bioglass particles. The rats were then sacrificed at 14, 30 , 60 and 90 days, and the tissues were prepared for histological processing, sectioning, and staining with hematoxylin and eosin, as well as Mallory trichrome, and analyzed under light microscope. Within 7-14 days, both groups presented connective tissue septa with new bone formation, more intense in bioglass treated group. In the subsequent periods (30, 60 and 90 days), these groups presented more mature bone tissue around the glass particles. Bone trabeculae formed in all experimental periods were juxtaposed to the glass particles. It can be concluded that bioglass materials promoted bone formation over the entire extension of the defect, independently of the size of the granules, thus confirming their biological osteoconductive property.
Histological Study of the Effect of Bioactive Glass on Tibial Bone Repair in Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.11
International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
2015-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Gamal Abdel Salam
Ali M. Ali
Osama F. Ahmed
Ibrahim S. Ali
Histological Study of the Effect of Bioactive Glass on Tibial Bone Repair in Rats
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21
21
2015-06-12
2015-06-12
10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.11
© Science Publishing Group
Age-related Measurements and Indices of Normal Human Brain Fourth Ventricle: A Computed Tomography Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.12
Objectives: To detect average dimensions and indices of normal brain cerebral hemispheres and fourth ventricles in relation to age and gender. Subjects & Methods: 135 subjects; 70 males (M) and 65 females (F) were categorized into 4 age groups (G): GM1 & GF1 included subjects <20 years old, GM2 & GF2 included subjects aged 20-40 years, GM3 & GF3 included subjects aged 40-60 years and GM4 & GF4 included subjects >60 years old. CT imaging was conducted according to Agapejev; using high resolution scanner for measuring the fourth ventricle; the fourth ventricular anteroposterior diameter (AP), laterolateral diameter and fourth ventricular indices. Results: As regard the measured parameter of the fourth ventricle, the anteroposterior diameter (AP) and the laterolateral diameter (LL) showed a significant increase after the age of forty in both sexes. The indices of the fourth ventricle (AP/CR) and (AP/ff) showed no significant changes with age and sex but these indices had some degree of changes during human life time. On the other hand the only index that does not suffer influence of age and sex at all, it was (AP/LL) index. Considering the sex difference in ventricular dilatation in the present work, AP/LL was the only parameters which showed no difference between males and females so considered as (sentinel index of the fourth ventricle). Conclusion: The dimensions of the normal brain ventricles increased gradually and steadily between the age of one and fifty years, however they increased markedly and significantly thereafter in both sexes. This may be due to a physiological brain atrophy that may be encountered in most elderly individuals. Ventricular system was larger in males than that of females of all age groups.
Objectives: To detect average dimensions and indices of normal brain cerebral hemispheres and fourth ventricles in relation to age and gender. Subjects & Methods: 135 subjects; 70 males (M) and 65 females (F) were categorized into 4 age groups (G): GM1 & GF1 included subjects <20 years old, GM2 & GF2 included subjects aged 20-40 years, GM3 & GF3 included subjects aged 40-60 years and GM4 & GF4 included subjects >60 years old. CT imaging was conducted according to Agapejev; using high resolution scanner for measuring the fourth ventricle; the fourth ventricular anteroposterior diameter (AP), laterolateral diameter and fourth ventricular indices. Results: As regard the measured parameter of the fourth ventricle, the anteroposterior diameter (AP) and the laterolateral diameter (LL) showed a significant increase after the age of forty in both sexes. The indices of the fourth ventricle (AP/CR) and (AP/ff) showed no significant changes with age and sex but these indices had some degree of changes during human life time. On the other hand the only index that does not suffer influence of age and sex at all, it was (AP/LL) index. Considering the sex difference in ventricular dilatation in the present work, AP/LL was the only parameters which showed no difference between males and females so considered as (sentinel index of the fourth ventricle). Conclusion: The dimensions of the normal brain ventricles increased gradually and steadily between the age of one and fifty years, however they increased markedly and significantly thereafter in both sexes. This may be due to a physiological brain atrophy that may be encountered in most elderly individuals. Ventricular system was larger in males than that of females of all age groups.
Age-related Measurements and Indices of Normal Human Brain Fourth Ventricle: A Computed Tomography Study
doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.12
International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
2015-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Abd El-Wanees A. Al-Awdan
Saadia A. Shalaby
Essam M. Mehlab
Amal M. El Shazly
Age-related Measurements and Indices of Normal Human Brain Fourth Ventricle: A Computed Tomography Study
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31
31
2015-06-17
2015-06-17
10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.12
© Science Publishing Group
Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
Background: Coccyx is named as resemblance to curved beak of the cuckoo. The coccyx is a triangular bone consisting of three to five segments: the first is the largest, it articulates with the sacrum. The last three segments are smaller and form a single bony piece. The anterior surface presents three transverse grooves indicating site of fusion of these segments. Aim of the Work: To study the normal variations of coccyx in number of segments, shape, size, curves, in different age groups by plain X-ray, MRI scan. Patients and Methods: Study was carried out on 200 normal Egyptian individuals, and were divided into 4 groups:- First group from the age of 1 up to ˂ 6 years. Second group from the age of 6 years up to ˂ 12 years. Third group from the age of 12 years up to ˂ 20 years. Fourth group from 20 years up to 40 years. Each one of these groups comprises 50 persons (25 males & 25 females). A full medical history was taken and each individual was subjected for plain X-ray on the pelvis (Anteroposterior & Lateral View) to study the variations of the coccyx, forty individuals were subjected to MRI scan as ten from each group. Results: Three coccygeal segments were present in 138 (68.3%) of individuals. Most of the subjects had coccyx type I (82; 41.0%) Fig.(2) , II (63; 31.5%), Fig.(3) III (25;12.5%) Fig.(4)IV(19; 9.5%) Fig.(5) and V(11; 5.5%), Fig.(6) Type I being more common among males. Joint subluxation was significantly more present among females. The sacrococcygeal structures were longer in men than women. However the coccyx was more ventrally angulated among females. Conclusion: Most of the Egyptian adults have a gently curved forward, or straight, coccyx composed of 3 segments. Sacrococcygeal morphologic findings that are associated with coccydynia, such as joint subluxation, spicule, and lateral deviation of coccygeal tip, commonly present in adult persons
Background: Coccyx is named as resemblance to curved beak of the cuckoo. The coccyx is a triangular bone consisting of three to five segments: the first is the largest, it articulates with the sacrum. The last three segments are smaller and form a single bony piece. The anterior surface presents three transverse grooves indicating site of fusion of these segments. Aim of the Work: To study the normal variations of coccyx in number of segments, shape, size, curves, in different age groups by plain X-ray, MRI scan. Patients and Methods: Study was carried out on 200 normal Egyptian individuals, and were divided into 4 groups:- First group from the age of 1 up to ˂ 6 years. Second group from the age of 6 years up to ˂ 12 years. Third group from the age of 12 years up to ˂ 20 years. Fourth group from 20 years up to 40 years. Each one of these groups comprises 50 persons (25 males & 25 females). A full medical history was taken and each individual was subjected for plain X-ray on the pelvis (Anteroposterior & Lateral View) to study the variations of the coccyx, forty individuals were subjected to MRI scan as ten from each group. Results: Three coccygeal segments were present in 138 (68.3%) of individuals. Most of the subjects had coccyx type I (82; 41.0%) Fig.(2) , II (63; 31.5%), Fig.(3) III (25;12.5%) Fig.(4)IV(19; 9.5%) Fig.(5) and V(11; 5.5%), Fig.(6) Type I being more common among males. Joint subluxation was significantly more present among females. The sacrococcygeal structures were longer in men than women. However the coccyx was more ventrally angulated among females. Conclusion: Most of the Egyptian adults have a gently curved forward, or straight, coccyx composed of 3 segments. Sacrococcygeal morphologic findings that are associated with coccydynia, such as joint subluxation, spicule, and lateral deviation of coccygeal tip, commonly present in adult persons
Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year)
doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
2015-07-28
© Science Publishing Group
Saadia Ahmed Shalaby
Essam Mohammed Eid
Omar ABd Alaziz Allam
Ali Mohammed Ali
Mohammad Abdullah Gebba
Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year)
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41
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2015-07-28
2015-07-28
10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
© Science Publishing Group
Study of the Age Related Changes in the Lumbar Spine in Egyptian People Detected by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.14
Lumbar region is the mobile part of the vertebral column which is a weight bearing region. Unfortunately, the available data detecting the lumbar spine degenerative changes by MRI are still limited, particularly in Egypt. The present study aimed to the examination of possible age related changes in the lumbar spine in Egyptian people detected by MRI. Mid sagittal MRI scan were obtained from eighty symptomless persons (30 females 37.5 % and 50 males 62.5% of cases) between 25- 70 years of age. They were divided into two groups ; first group forty cases, 25-40 years (21 males & 19 females) and the second group forty cases , 41-70 years (29 males & 11 females). From all samples, there were 38 normal (47.5%) and the abnormal cases were 42 (52.5 %). It was found collectively that the abnormalities were more in males than females and that was supplemented by x²- test (4.83) and p value (0.028). The following diseases were seen ; Subchondral sclerosis, osteophytes, disc degeneration , subchondral multiple small cysts, disc prolapse and spondolysis with variations in ages and sexes. In conclusuion it was found that, the lumbar region affected early by the age and more affected in males than in females
Lumbar region is the mobile part of the vertebral column which is a weight bearing region. Unfortunately, the available data detecting the lumbar spine degenerative changes by MRI are still limited, particularly in Egypt. The present study aimed to the examination of possible age related changes in the lumbar spine in Egyptian people detected by MRI. Mid sagittal MRI scan were obtained from eighty symptomless persons (30 females 37.5 % and 50 males 62.5% of cases) between 25- 70 years of age. They were divided into two groups ; first group forty cases, 25-40 years (21 males & 19 females) and the second group forty cases , 41-70 years (29 males & 11 females). From all samples, there were 38 normal (47.5%) and the abnormal cases were 42 (52.5 %). It was found collectively that the abnormalities were more in males than females and that was supplemented by x²- test (4.83) and p value (0.028). The following diseases were seen ; Subchondral sclerosis, osteophytes, disc degeneration , subchondral multiple small cysts, disc prolapse and spondolysis with variations in ages and sexes. In conclusuion it was found that, the lumbar region affected early by the age and more affected in males than in females
Study of the Age Related Changes in the Lumbar Spine in Egyptian People Detected by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.14
International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
2015-07-28
© Science Publishing Group
Gamal Abdel Salam
Ahmed M. S. Hegazy
Mohammed M. Mosaed
Osama F. Ahmed
Amgad N. Elsawy
Study of the Age Related Changes in the Lumbar Spine in Egyptian People Detected by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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2
51
51
2015-07-28
2015-07-28
10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.14
© Science Publishing Group
Reflection of the Type of Medical Curriculum on Its Anatomy Content: Trial to Improve the Anatomy Learning Outcomes
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.11
Doctors without anatomy are like a blind that deceives the road in the desert. Traditionalists perceive a decline in Anatomy knowledge and attribute it to the modern methods of teaching and learning. Reformers point to evidence that modern approaches offer equivalent results in assessment when compared to traditional courses. It seems that there are three aspects that need to be resolved: when, how much, and how to teach anatomy. In this study we reviewed more than 80 articles to conclude some guidelines which can help in improving anatomy learning outcomes in different medical curricula. Conclusions: We concluded that the challenge should not be to determine supremacy of one methodology over another but to maximize the learning benefit available from the different methods. In any model of medical curricula, a professional team of medical anatomists have to share in all the steps of curriculum building, the assessment tools and the final evaluation till the approval of the curriculum to: 1- Ensure that all the basic anatomical objectives are chronologically arranged and sufficiently covered in a suitable time and methodology without inflation of the curriculum by more sophisticated details which taught only for the postgraduate students and medical anatomists. 2- Prevent any restriction of important basic knowledge which will not be covered later on and will affect the physician medical practice. 3- Ensure that all the basic anatomical objectives are demonstrated with their clinical application without the sophisticated details of the clinical points which will be taught in details in the clinical years
Doctors without anatomy are like a blind that deceives the road in the desert. Traditionalists perceive a decline in Anatomy knowledge and attribute it to the modern methods of teaching and learning. Reformers point to evidence that modern approaches offer equivalent results in assessment when compared to traditional courses. It seems that there are three aspects that need to be resolved: when, how much, and how to teach anatomy. In this study we reviewed more than 80 articles to conclude some guidelines which can help in improving anatomy learning outcomes in different medical curricula. Conclusions: We concluded that the challenge should not be to determine supremacy of one methodology over another but to maximize the learning benefit available from the different methods. In any model of medical curricula, a professional team of medical anatomists have to share in all the steps of curriculum building, the assessment tools and the final evaluation till the approval of the curriculum to: 1- Ensure that all the basic anatomical objectives are chronologically arranged and sufficiently covered in a suitable time and methodology without inflation of the curriculum by more sophisticated details which taught only for the postgraduate students and medical anatomists. 2- Prevent any restriction of important basic knowledge which will not be covered later on and will affect the physician medical practice. 3- Ensure that all the basic anatomical objectives are demonstrated with their clinical application without the sophisticated details of the clinical points which will be taught in details in the clinical years
Reflection of the Type of Medical Curriculum on Its Anatomy Content: Trial to Improve the Anatomy Learning Outcomes
doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.11
International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
2015-07-28
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmed M. S. Hegazy
Liaqat Minhas
Reflection of the Type of Medical Curriculum on Its Anatomy Content: Trial to Improve the Anatomy Learning Outcomes
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63
63
2015-07-28
2015-07-28
10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.11
© Science Publishing Group
Overview on the Anatomical and Clinical Aspects of Mandibular Prognathism
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.12
The form and size of the human mandible is subject to considerable variation from the accepted normal. One of the more interesting and rewarding aspects of oral surgery is the operative correction of the Mandibular abnormalities, the category of malformation into which the mandibular deformity falls. In this study we reviewed more than 30 articles to clarify the mandibular prognathism with its effects. Conclusion: Awareness of the normal and abnormal variations of the mandibular anatomy with their causes, deferential diagnosis, prognosis and complications especially mandibular prognathism is very important for the maxillo-facial surgeon to achieve a suitable decision during treatment
The form and size of the human mandible is subject to considerable variation from the accepted normal. One of the more interesting and rewarding aspects of oral surgery is the operative correction of the Mandibular abnormalities, the category of malformation into which the mandibular deformity falls. In this study we reviewed more than 30 articles to clarify the mandibular prognathism with its effects. Conclusion: Awareness of the normal and abnormal variations of the mandibular anatomy with their causes, deferential diagnosis, prognosis and complications especially mandibular prognathism is very important for the maxillo-facial surgeon to achieve a suitable decision during treatment
Overview on the Anatomical and Clinical Aspects of Mandibular Prognathism
doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.12
International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
2015-07-28
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmed M. S. Hegazy
Bakr Ahmed Bakr
Overview on the Anatomical and Clinical Aspects of Mandibular Prognathism
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69
2015-07-28
2015-07-28
10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Effects of Valproic Acid on the Skeletal Development and the Ameliorative Effects of Combined Use of Folic Acid and Vitamin E in Pregnant Albino Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.13
Objectives: To evaluate skeletal developmental defects secondary to chronic valproic acid (VPA) use during pregnancy and the extent of ameliorative effect of combined use of vitamin E and folic acid (FA) during VPA therapy. Materials and Methods: Thirty virgin female albino rats were allowed to get pregnant and were divided into three equal groups: Control group received no medications; VPA group received oral VPA 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) starting on gestational day (GD) 1 till GD20 and Prophylaxis group received oral VPA (400 mg/kg BW) and vitamin E 250 mg/kg BW and folic acid 100 µg/kg BW using gastric tube starting on GD1 till GD20. At GD20, uterine horns were examined for resorption sites, alive or dead fetuses. Extracted living fetuses were examined for BW, crown-rump length (CRL), and antero-posterior (AP) and biparietal diameters and for congenital malformations. Results: VPA significantly reduced all body measurements of living dams compared to control dams. Prophylaxis therapy significantly increased BW, CRL and AP skull diameter compared to VPA dams. The GD20 fetus of VPA group showed delayed ossification of skull bones with wide anterior fontanel (AF) and widely separated parietal bones, very small ossification center (OC) for hyoid bone. Caudal vertebrae were unossified or showed very small OC with no evident OC for calcaneous, metatarsal bones or distal phalanges. Fetuses of prophylaxis group showed slightly wide AF than that of control animals and parietal bones are separated to lesser extent than VPA group. Mandible is developed, with an OC for hyoid bone and sternebrae are seen. Six caudal vertebrae and few OC in phalanges are seen, but no OC in calcaneous. Conclusion: VPA chronic administration during pregnancy showed deleterious effects on fetal body measurements and skeletal system development. Concomitant administration of vitamin E and FA significantly ameliorated these changes.
Objectives: To evaluate skeletal developmental defects secondary to chronic valproic acid (VPA) use during pregnancy and the extent of ameliorative effect of combined use of vitamin E and folic acid (FA) during VPA therapy. Materials and Methods: Thirty virgin female albino rats were allowed to get pregnant and were divided into three equal groups: Control group received no medications; VPA group received oral VPA 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) starting on gestational day (GD) 1 till GD20 and Prophylaxis group received oral VPA (400 mg/kg BW) and vitamin E 250 mg/kg BW and folic acid 100 µg/kg BW using gastric tube starting on GD1 till GD20. At GD20, uterine horns were examined for resorption sites, alive or dead fetuses. Extracted living fetuses were examined for BW, crown-rump length (CRL), and antero-posterior (AP) and biparietal diameters and for congenital malformations. Results: VPA significantly reduced all body measurements of living dams compared to control dams. Prophylaxis therapy significantly increased BW, CRL and AP skull diameter compared to VPA dams. The GD20 fetus of VPA group showed delayed ossification of skull bones with wide anterior fontanel (AF) and widely separated parietal bones, very small ossification center (OC) for hyoid bone. Caudal vertebrae were unossified or showed very small OC with no evident OC for calcaneous, metatarsal bones or distal phalanges. Fetuses of prophylaxis group showed slightly wide AF than that of control animals and parietal bones are separated to lesser extent than VPA group. Mandible is developed, with an OC for hyoid bone and sternebrae are seen. Six caudal vertebrae and few OC in phalanges are seen, but no OC in calcaneous. Conclusion: VPA chronic administration during pregnancy showed deleterious effects on fetal body measurements and skeletal system development. Concomitant administration of vitamin E and FA significantly ameliorated these changes.
The Effects of Valproic Acid on the Skeletal Development and the Ameliorative Effects of Combined Use of Folic Acid and Vitamin E in Pregnant Albino Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.13
International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
2015-08-20
© Science Publishing Group
Gamal Abdel Salam
Omar ABd Alaziz Allam
The Effects of Valproic Acid on the Skeletal Development and the Ameliorative Effects of Combined Use of Folic Acid and Vitamin E in Pregnant Albino Rats
1
3
78
78
2015-08-20
2015-08-20
10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.13
© Science Publishing Group
Arterial Supply of Sciatic Nerve and Its Impact on Clinical Practice
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.14
Sciatic nerve is the nerve of the posterior compartment of thigh; it is formed in the pelvis from the ventral rami of L4 to S3 spinal nerves. It leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen below piriformis and divides into common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve at the level of the upper angle of the popliteal fossa. The vasculature of peripheral nerves is adapted specifically to their structure and function. Arterial vessels that reach main nerve trunks originate from the adjacent main arteries or their muscular or cutaneous branches. Although variability in arterial supply of sciatic nerve was discussed by some authors it is still deficient. To minimize sciatic nerve ischemia and its concomitant problems, an understanding of the origin and course of the arteries supplying it in the gluteal region and the posterior compartment of thigh is important. The present study aimed to detect the different arteries supplying the sciatic nerve in the gluteal and posterior thigh regions and to study the importance of this in clinical practice. Three cases subjected to vascular surgery and twenty lower limbs of ten formalin preserved male cadavers were used. Higher division of sciatic nerve was observed in all specimens. In 6 specimens (30%), arterial supply of sciatic nerve originated from the inferior gluteal artery, 6 specimens (30%)from first, second and third perforating arteries, 5 specimens (25%)from the lateral circumflex femoral artery and 3 specimens (15%)from internal pudendal artery. Anastomosis between internal iliac artery through its internal pudendal branch and external iliac artery through perforating arteries was observed. It was concluded that there is a good anastomosis between internal iliac and profunda femoris artery on the same side but cross pelvic anastomosis is absent or deficient and in case of profunda femoris occlusion we should preserve internal pudendal artery and the reverse.
Sciatic nerve is the nerve of the posterior compartment of thigh; it is formed in the pelvis from the ventral rami of L4 to S3 spinal nerves. It leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen below piriformis and divides into common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve at the level of the upper angle of the popliteal fossa. The vasculature of peripheral nerves is adapted specifically to their structure and function. Arterial vessels that reach main nerve trunks originate from the adjacent main arteries or their muscular or cutaneous branches. Although variability in arterial supply of sciatic nerve was discussed by some authors it is still deficient. To minimize sciatic nerve ischemia and its concomitant problems, an understanding of the origin and course of the arteries supplying it in the gluteal region and the posterior compartment of thigh is important. The present study aimed to detect the different arteries supplying the sciatic nerve in the gluteal and posterior thigh regions and to study the importance of this in clinical practice. Three cases subjected to vascular surgery and twenty lower limbs of ten formalin preserved male cadavers were used. Higher division of sciatic nerve was observed in all specimens. In 6 specimens (30%), arterial supply of sciatic nerve originated from the inferior gluteal artery, 6 specimens (30%)from first, second and third perforating arteries, 5 specimens (25%)from the lateral circumflex femoral artery and 3 specimens (15%)from internal pudendal artery. Anastomosis between internal iliac artery through its internal pudendal branch and external iliac artery through perforating arteries was observed. It was concluded that there is a good anastomosis between internal iliac and profunda femoris artery on the same side but cross pelvic anastomosis is absent or deficient and in case of profunda femoris occlusion we should preserve internal pudendal artery and the reverse.
Arterial Supply of Sciatic Nerve and Its Impact on Clinical Practice
doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.14
International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
2015-09-09
© Science Publishing Group
El Sayed Aly Mohamed Metwally
Nancy Mohamed Aly El-Sekily
Naguib Abd El Karim Ramadan
Arterial Supply of Sciatic Nerve and Its Impact on Clinical Practice
1
3
84
84
2015-09-09
2015-09-09
10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=361&doi=10.11648/j.ijcda.20150103.14
© Science Publishing Group