Science Publishing Group: Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering: Table of Contents
<i> Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering (ABB) </i> provides a forum for the publication of scientific research and review articles. The journal publishes original full-length research papers in all areas related to biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, biotechnology after peer review.It aims to the advancement and dissemination of knowledge concerning fermentation technology, biochemical engineering, food technology and microbiology.
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Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
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Characterization of Synthesized NANO-encapsulated Drug for Bone Loss on Hind Limb Suspension Rat Model by NMR and Micro-CT
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20130101.11
A formulation of nano-encapsulated enantiomer of (+) promethazine with desired release rate has been synthesized for establish a localized drug delivery system. It was tested on a hind limb suspension (HLS) disuse rat model, and by using a non-destructive Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation technique, and micro computed tomography (Micro-CT) analysis technique to qualitatively evaluate the effectiveness of the new bone formations as well as to compare the current commercial anti-bone loss drug Alendeonate. Our studies suggest that nano-encapsulated (+) promethazine in controlled release formulations conjugating bone-targeting functional groups are effective in promoting bone growth in a disuse rat model
A formulation of nano-encapsulated enantiomer of (+) promethazine with desired release rate has been synthesized for establish a localized drug delivery system. It was tested on a hind limb suspension (HLS) disuse rat model, and by using a non-destructive Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation technique, and micro computed tomography (Micro-CT) analysis technique to qualitatively evaluate the effectiveness of the new bone formations as well as to compare the current commercial anti-bone loss drug Alendeonate. Our studies suggest that nano-encapsulated (+) promethazine in controlled release formulations conjugating bone-targeting functional groups are effective in promoting bone growth in a disuse rat model
Characterization of Synthesized NANO-encapsulated Drug for Bone Loss on Hind Limb Suspension Rat Model by NMR and Micro-CT
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20130101.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Qingwen Ni
Hong Dixon
Gloria Gutierrez
Long Bi
Yi-Xian Qin
Characterization of Synthesized NANO-encapsulated Drug for Bone Loss on Hind Limb Suspension Rat Model by NMR and Micro-CT
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© Science Publishing Group
Fundamental Basis, Informational Meaning and Data Analysis of Multifrequency Reoencephalography
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A long historical experience of monofrequency rheoencephalography (REG) showed its limited capabilities. The new approach is presented – multifrequency REG that is REG recording simultaneously at three frequencies - 16, 100 and 200 kHz. The different brain impedances received were analyzed on the base of equivalent electrical circuits of brain tissue. First, this enables to calculate intra-extracellular electrical component for evaluation of brain tissue hydration state by means of an original computational method. Second, dynamic cooperative analysis of multi-REG and transcranial Doppler pulsations provides the indices of intracranial CSF mobility (CSFm) and cranial compliance (CCe). Third, spectral analysis of processes recorded provides the new valuable information about regulatory processes and brain metabolism involved, and this enables to evaluate indirectly brain cognitive capabilities. Fourth, comparison of spectrum diagrams of slow intracranial volume fluctuations in ranges 0 – 0.3 Hz demonstrates their similarity both in healthy human and in awake rabbits, notwithstanding their rates differences of heart pulsations and respiratory chest movements. The application of this new approach to investigation of intracranial circulation in healthy humans of different ages and in neurosurgical patients showed its promising efficacy.
A long historical experience of monofrequency rheoencephalography (REG) showed its limited capabilities. The new approach is presented – multifrequency REG that is REG recording simultaneously at three frequencies - 16, 100 and 200 kHz. The different brain impedances received were analyzed on the base of equivalent electrical circuits of brain tissue. First, this enables to calculate intra-extracellular electrical component for evaluation of brain tissue hydration state by means of an original computational method. Second, dynamic cooperative analysis of multi-REG and transcranial Doppler pulsations provides the indices of intracranial CSF mobility (CSFm) and cranial compliance (CCe). Third, spectral analysis of processes recorded provides the new valuable information about regulatory processes and brain metabolism involved, and this enables to evaluate indirectly brain cognitive capabilities. Fourth, comparison of spectrum diagrams of slow intracranial volume fluctuations in ranges 0 – 0.3 Hz demonstrates their similarity both in healthy human and in awake rabbits, notwithstanding their rates differences of heart pulsations and respiratory chest movements. The application of this new approach to investigation of intracranial circulation in healthy humans of different ages and in neurosurgical patients showed its promising efficacy.
Fundamental Basis, Informational Meaning and Data Analysis of Multifrequency Reoencephalography
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20130101.12
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Yu. Moskalenko
G. Weinstein
T. Kravchenko
N. Ryabchikova
Yu. Andreeva
V. Semernia
Fundamental Basis, Informational Meaning and Data Analysis of Multifrequency Reoencephalography
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© Science Publishing Group
Study of Effect of Sodium Arsenite on Lipid Metabolism of Heteropneustes Fossilis and the Chelating Effect of Zeolite
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20130101.13
Arsenic, the metal pollutant found naturally in groundwater and unnaturally in mine waste sites and agricultural runoff, has been considered toxic to humans for several millennia. Fishes, which are rich sources of a healthy diet, are endangered by hazardous contaminants in water, like arsenic, which are transferred through food chain. In the present work the effect of different concentrations of sodium arsenite on lipid metabolism in Heteropneustes fossilis, and the chelating effect of synthetic zeolite was studied from liver. Fishes were exposed to two different concentrations of sodium arsenite (200ml and 400ml of 1% solution), for 3 different durations (3days, 7days and 15 days). The concentrations of total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride was found significantly increased (P<0.05) along with increasing concentration and duration of sodium arsenite. The toxic effect was found recovered after application of synthetic zeolite for all parameters. The results suggest that, zeolite is a potential compound for decreasing significantly the load of toxicity of arsenic in aquatic fauna.
Arsenic, the metal pollutant found naturally in groundwater and unnaturally in mine waste sites and agricultural runoff, has been considered toxic to humans for several millennia. Fishes, which are rich sources of a healthy diet, are endangered by hazardous contaminants in water, like arsenic, which are transferred through food chain. In the present work the effect of different concentrations of sodium arsenite on lipid metabolism in Heteropneustes fossilis, and the chelating effect of synthetic zeolite was studied from liver. Fishes were exposed to two different concentrations of sodium arsenite (200ml and 400ml of 1% solution), for 3 different durations (3days, 7days and 15 days). The concentrations of total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride was found significantly increased (P<0.05) along with increasing concentration and duration of sodium arsenite. The toxic effect was found recovered after application of synthetic zeolite for all parameters. The results suggest that, zeolite is a potential compound for decreasing significantly the load of toxicity of arsenic in aquatic fauna.
Study of Effect of Sodium Arsenite on Lipid Metabolism of Heteropneustes Fossilis and the Chelating Effect of Zeolite
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20130101.13
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Jayasree Balasubramanian
Anil Kumar
Study of Effect of Sodium Arsenite on Lipid Metabolism of Heteropneustes Fossilis and the Chelating Effect of Zeolite
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© Science Publishing Group
Responses of Chlorophyll a Content for Conchocelis Phase of Alaskan Porphyra (Bangiales,Rhodophyta) Species to Environmental Factors
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20130101.14
Investigations were performed on variations of photosynthetic pigment in conchocelis of Alaskan Porphyra species, P. abbottae (Pa), P. pseudolanceolata (Pe), P. pseudolinearis (Pi) and P. torta (Pt), in response to environmental variables. Conchocelis were cultured under varying conditions of irradiance (0, 10, 40 and 160 µmol photons m-2s-1), nutrient concentration (0, f/4, f/2 and f) for up to 60 days (with temperature 11°C and salinity 30ppt). Chlorophyll a (Chl a ) content was measured by spectrophotometry. Results indicated that Chl content varied with different culture conditions and species. Photosynthetic pigment was significantly affected by irradiance, nutrient concentration and culture duration, including some interactions of major factors for different species. Light had the most obvious influence on pigment content. For all four species and culture conditions tested, the higher Chl a content (3.6-8.6 mg/g.dw) generally occurred at 0-10 µmol photons m 2 s 1than at higher irradiances (≥40 µmol photons m-2s-1 ) culture. For all culture conditions, Chl a content in conchocelis culture with no nutrients added was the lowest. Although there was some difference in Chl a content for cultures with f/2-f nutrient concentration, it was not statistically significant. ANOVA results showed that culture duration had influence on Chl a content of Pa, Pe and Pi species. However, pooled data analysis indicated there was no obvious difference in Chl content for four species of 10-60day culture. There were significant differences in photosynthetic pigment content for different species. Pa and Pi produced much higher pigment content than the other two species responding to different environmental conditions. Maximal Chl. a content (8.6 mg/g.dw) for Pa occurred at 0 µmol photons m-2s-1, f/2 nutrient concentration and 10 day culture duration. Pt contained the lowest pigment content for all culture conditions. Photosynthetic pigment remained relatively higher content under the complete darkness or the low irradiance continuously as long as 60 days for all tested species, which demonstrated the unique survival feature of Porphyra conchocelis. Variation patterns of pigment content, ecological significance and adaptation strategy to low or dark light conditions for microscopic conchocelis stage of Porphyra were discussed.
Investigations were performed on variations of photosynthetic pigment in conchocelis of Alaskan Porphyra species, P. abbottae (Pa), P. pseudolanceolata (Pe), P. pseudolinearis (Pi) and P. torta (Pt), in response to environmental variables. Conchocelis were cultured under varying conditions of irradiance (0, 10, 40 and 160 µmol photons m-2s-1), nutrient concentration (0, f/4, f/2 and f) for up to 60 days (with temperature 11°C and salinity 30ppt). Chlorophyll a (Chl a ) content was measured by spectrophotometry. Results indicated that Chl content varied with different culture conditions and species. Photosynthetic pigment was significantly affected by irradiance, nutrient concentration and culture duration, including some interactions of major factors for different species. Light had the most obvious influence on pigment content. For all four species and culture conditions tested, the higher Chl a content (3.6-8.6 mg/g.dw) generally occurred at 0-10 µmol photons m 2 s 1than at higher irradiances (≥40 µmol photons m-2s-1 ) culture. For all culture conditions, Chl a content in conchocelis culture with no nutrients added was the lowest. Although there was some difference in Chl a content for cultures with f/2-f nutrient concentration, it was not statistically significant. ANOVA results showed that culture duration had influence on Chl a content of Pa, Pe and Pi species. However, pooled data analysis indicated there was no obvious difference in Chl content for four species of 10-60day culture. There were significant differences in photosynthetic pigment content for different species. Pa and Pi produced much higher pigment content than the other two species responding to different environmental conditions. Maximal Chl. a content (8.6 mg/g.dw) for Pa occurred at 0 µmol photons m-2s-1, f/2 nutrient concentration and 10 day culture duration. Pt contained the lowest pigment content for all culture conditions. Photosynthetic pigment remained relatively higher content under the complete darkness or the low irradiance continuously as long as 60 days for all tested species, which demonstrated the unique survival feature of Porphyra conchocelis. Variation patterns of pigment content, ecological significance and adaptation strategy to low or dark light conditions for microscopic conchocelis stage of Porphyra were discussed.
Responses of Chlorophyll a Content for Conchocelis Phase of Alaskan Porphyra (Bangiales,Rhodophyta) Species to Environmental Factors
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20130101.14
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Rulong Lin
Michael Steven Stekoll
Responses of Chlorophyll a Content for Conchocelis Phase of Alaskan Porphyra (Bangiales,Rhodophyta) Species to Environmental Factors
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© Science Publishing Group
Biotechnological Approaches of Watermelon to Meet the Future Challenges for Next Decades
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20130102.11
Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is widely produced and consumed around the world as fleshy fruits. According to consumer and grower preferences, and market conditions (i.e. seedless varieties, good shelf life, etc.), many different cultivars are grown. The largest producer of watermelon in the world is China, is accounted for over 50% production by weight. Increasing in the production of melons is required for a growing population over the next decades. The production of total watermelons approximately doubled in 2009 from 2005 and currently it stabled. For consequences of climate alterations, declining agricultural land and water resources, and assailing microbes and pests, the demands of watermelon fruits are worsen. The watermelons production can be reached at an efficient level with cultivation of elite varieties such as, drought tolerance, disease resistant, high yield, which will be pivotal to success. It is important to improve of watermelon with the traits such as, seedless, good shelf life, excellent flesh color and good shapes that will make them more attractive to consumers. In order to generate elite varieties in watermelon, plant breeding with respect to conventional or molecular breeding methods must be reoriented to meet the global demand for next decades. Reports in here reveal some advanced work related to biotechnology that pivotal for enhancement of watermelon production.
Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is widely produced and consumed around the world as fleshy fruits. According to consumer and grower preferences, and market conditions (i.e. seedless varieties, good shelf life, etc.), many different cultivars are grown. The largest producer of watermelon in the world is China, is accounted for over 50% production by weight. Increasing in the production of melons is required for a growing population over the next decades. The production of total watermelons approximately doubled in 2009 from 2005 and currently it stabled. For consequences of climate alterations, declining agricultural land and water resources, and assailing microbes and pests, the demands of watermelon fruits are worsen. The watermelons production can be reached at an efficient level with cultivation of elite varieties such as, drought tolerance, disease resistant, high yield, which will be pivotal to success. It is important to improve of watermelon with the traits such as, seedless, good shelf life, excellent flesh color and good shapes that will make them more attractive to consumers. In order to generate elite varieties in watermelon, plant breeding with respect to conventional or molecular breeding methods must be reoriented to meet the global demand for next decades. Reports in here reveal some advanced work related to biotechnology that pivotal for enhancement of watermelon production.
Biotechnological Approaches of Watermelon to Meet the Future Challenges for Next Decades
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20130102.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Rubaiyat Sharmin Sultana
Md. Mahabubur Rahman
Biotechnological Approaches of Watermelon to Meet the Future Challenges for Next Decades
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© Science Publishing Group
To Explore the Clinical Value of Dual-Energy Virtual Non-Contrast CT Scan for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20130103.11
Objectives: To study the clinical value of Dual-Energy Virtual Non-Contrast CT scan for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods: 30 patients of subarachnoid hemorrhage were selected, they received Dual-Source Conventional Non-Contrast CT scans and head angiography with Dual-Energy CT. Then Liver Virtual Non-Contrast program was used to reconstruct the images. After that the Conventional Non-Contrast images were taken as gold standard to evaluate the clinical value of Virtual Non-Contrast technology in the following aspects: Signal-Noise Ratio, Radiation Dose and lesion diagnosis. Results: The Signal-Noise Ratio of Virtual Non-Contrast CT scan was (4.21 ± 0.5), the Signal-Noise Ratio of Conventional Non-Contrast CT scan was (10.39 ± 0.71), the latter was significantly higher than the former. The Dose Length Product of Virtual Non-contrast CT scan was (121.30±3.8), it was close to 1/6 of the Dose Length Product (697.6±4.2)of the Conventional Non-Contrast CT scan. As for the lesion area, the difference of the CT values between the Virtual Non-Contrast and the Conventional Non-Contrast CT scan was only 4~10Hu. In addition, the Virtual Non-Contrast images’ quality was graded by diagnostic teachers: there were 4 cases of 3 points, 23 cases of 2 points, 3 case of 1 point. Conclusions: Compared with the Conventional Non-Contrast images, there is greater noise in the Virtual Non-Contrast images, but the latter can meet the clinical diagnostic requirements and greatly reduce the radiation dose. Advances in knowledge: Virtual Non-Contrast technology was used for the diagnoses of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the radiation dose was greatly reduced.
Objectives: To study the clinical value of Dual-Energy Virtual Non-Contrast CT scan for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods: 30 patients of subarachnoid hemorrhage were selected, they received Dual-Source Conventional Non-Contrast CT scans and head angiography with Dual-Energy CT. Then Liver Virtual Non-Contrast program was used to reconstruct the images. After that the Conventional Non-Contrast images were taken as gold standard to evaluate the clinical value of Virtual Non-Contrast technology in the following aspects: Signal-Noise Ratio, Radiation Dose and lesion diagnosis. Results: The Signal-Noise Ratio of Virtual Non-Contrast CT scan was (4.21 ± 0.5), the Signal-Noise Ratio of Conventional Non-Contrast CT scan was (10.39 ± 0.71), the latter was significantly higher than the former. The Dose Length Product of Virtual Non-contrast CT scan was (121.30±3.8), it was close to 1/6 of the Dose Length Product (697.6±4.2)of the Conventional Non-Contrast CT scan. As for the lesion area, the difference of the CT values between the Virtual Non-Contrast and the Conventional Non-Contrast CT scan was only 4~10Hu. In addition, the Virtual Non-Contrast images’ quality was graded by diagnostic teachers: there were 4 cases of 3 points, 23 cases of 2 points, 3 case of 1 point. Conclusions: Compared with the Conventional Non-Contrast images, there is greater noise in the Virtual Non-Contrast images, but the latter can meet the clinical diagnostic requirements and greatly reduce the radiation dose. Advances in knowledge: Virtual Non-Contrast technology was used for the diagnoses of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the radiation dose was greatly reduced.
To Explore the Clinical Value of Dual-Energy Virtual Non-Contrast CT Scan for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20130103.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Bo Xiao
To Explore the Clinical Value of Dual-Energy Virtual Non-Contrast CT Scan for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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© Science Publishing Group
The Significant Role of Quorum Sensing in the Control of Vibrio Cholerae Virulence
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140201.11
Quorum sensing (QS) plays a vital role in controlling virulence in bacterial species. Vibrio cholerae, the main causative agent of cholera uses chemical signals to control virulence and biofilm formation. QS Always depend on the secretion and detection of signaling molecules known as auto inducers. Contrary to other bacteria that cause virulence at High cell density (HCD) when they attain a specific threshold, reverse is the case for V. Cholerae. At Low cell density (LCD), activation in the expression of virulence gene by V. cholerae destabilizes HapR while stabilizing AphA. The activation of AphA structural genes result in the expression of CT and TCP virulence together with the formation of biofilm. At HCD, the coherence of the two quorum-sensing auto-inducers (CAI-1 and AI-2) represses the expression of the virulence genes by activating HapR which in turn synthesizes Hap protease that acts as a detachase to get rid of the virulence genes and biofilm formation. In this review, we outline the QS mechanism used by Vibrio cholerae to cause infection by the production of virulence factors. In addition, we examine how this infection can be minimize through the use of chemicals which act as either inhibitors or agonist to the QS system.
Quorum sensing (QS) plays a vital role in controlling virulence in bacterial species. Vibrio cholerae, the main causative agent of cholera uses chemical signals to control virulence and biofilm formation. QS Always depend on the secretion and detection of signaling molecules known as auto inducers. Contrary to other bacteria that cause virulence at High cell density (HCD) when they attain a specific threshold, reverse is the case for V. Cholerae. At Low cell density (LCD), activation in the expression of virulence gene by V. cholerae destabilizes HapR while stabilizing AphA. The activation of AphA structural genes result in the expression of CT and TCP virulence together with the formation of biofilm. At HCD, the coherence of the two quorum-sensing auto-inducers (CAI-1 and AI-2) represses the expression of the virulence genes by activating HapR which in turn synthesizes Hap protease that acts as a detachase to get rid of the virulence genes and biofilm formation. In this review, we outline the QS mechanism used by Vibrio cholerae to cause infection by the production of virulence factors. In addition, we examine how this infection can be minimize through the use of chemicals which act as either inhibitors or agonist to the QS system.
The Significant Role of Quorum Sensing in the Control of Vibrio Cholerae Virulence
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20140201.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Bashir Mohammed Abubakar
Jibrin Ndejiko Mohammed
Abdulrahman Idris
Hamzat Ibiyeye Tijani
Saidu Haruna
Yusuf Hindatu
Mohammed Sulaiman
The Significant Role of Quorum Sensing in the Control of Vibrio Cholerae Virulence
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Some of the Brain Mechanisms of the State of Induced Relaxation
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We have examined 23 teenage males that attended relaxation classes for two years. The subjects practiced two relaxation techniques by doing two different exercises. Each of them had their electroencephalography (EEG) recorded during each exercise. We have detected changes in the electrical activity of their brains, which depended on either of the two exercises done to produce relaxation induction, namely, 1– visualizing images of nature, or 2 – concentrating on the projection of the subject’s own body. The alpha activity reached its peak value of 8 to 9 Hz when doing exercise 1, while brain electricity synchronization in central and occipital areas of the cortex was predominant when doing exercise 2, which indicated that there existed close interaction between visual and somatosensory cortical projections.
We have examined 23 teenage males that attended relaxation classes for two years. The subjects practiced two relaxation techniques by doing two different exercises. Each of them had their electroencephalography (EEG) recorded during each exercise. We have detected changes in the electrical activity of their brains, which depended on either of the two exercises done to produce relaxation induction, namely, 1– visualizing images of nature, or 2 – concentrating on the projection of the subject’s own body. The alpha activity reached its peak value of 8 to 9 Hz when doing exercise 1, while brain electricity synchronization in central and occipital areas of the cortex was predominant when doing exercise 2, which indicated that there existed close interaction between visual and somatosensory cortical projections.
Some of the Brain Mechanisms of the State of Induced Relaxation
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20140202.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-07-22
© Science Publishing Group
Popova Tatiana Vladimirovna
Koryukalov Yury Igorevich
Kourova Olga Germanovna
Some of the Brain Mechanisms of the State of Induced Relaxation
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2014-07-22
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© Science Publishing Group
Thermal Conductivity of Food Products using: A Correlation Analysis Based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140202.12
This paper presents the correlation between the predicted and desired/targeted thermal conductivity of food products as a function of moisture content, temperature and apparent density. The food products considered in this work are the bakery products which include bread, bread dough, cake, and whole-wheat dough. Statistical data of results from previous work in existing literatures were used in this work for a wide range of moisture contents, temperatures and apparent densities resulting from baking conditions. The results of this work showed straight line curves when the predicted values of thermal conductivity were plotted against the targeted values of thermal conductivity. This demonstrates correlation between the predicted and targeted thermal conductivities when the points are joined together (best fit-points), hence, a very good agreement between the predicted and the desired values of thermal conductivity. The two ANN models that were finally selected, after several configurations had been considered and evaluated, are the optimal ANN model that was found to be a network with two hidden layers and eight neurons and the simplest ANN model was equally found to be a network with one hidden layer and ten neurons. The estimated errors between the predicted and desired (or targeted) thermal conductivity values of the bakery products for both the optimal ANN and simplest ANN models are the MRE, MAE and SE. Moreover, the results also showed that the optimal ANN model had an MRE of 0.04878%, an MAE of 0.0054W/mK and an SE of 0.0015W/mK while the simplest ANN model was estimated to have an MRE of 0.03388%, an MAE of 0.0034W/mK and an SE of 0.0011W/mK. These errors are approximately equal to zero (i.e., 0 W/mK) and could, therefore, be regarded as a good result for the prediction. Since the simplest ANN model had the least values of all three errors (MRE, MAE and SE) when compared with other configurations, including the optimal ANN model, it is, however, regarded as the best ANN model and is, thus, recommended.
This paper presents the correlation between the predicted and desired/targeted thermal conductivity of food products as a function of moisture content, temperature and apparent density. The food products considered in this work are the bakery products which include bread, bread dough, cake, and whole-wheat dough. Statistical data of results from previous work in existing literatures were used in this work for a wide range of moisture contents, temperatures and apparent densities resulting from baking conditions. The results of this work showed straight line curves when the predicted values of thermal conductivity were plotted against the targeted values of thermal conductivity. This demonstrates correlation between the predicted and targeted thermal conductivities when the points are joined together (best fit-points), hence, a very good agreement between the predicted and the desired values of thermal conductivity. The two ANN models that were finally selected, after several configurations had been considered and evaluated, are the optimal ANN model that was found to be a network with two hidden layers and eight neurons and the simplest ANN model was equally found to be a network with one hidden layer and ten neurons. The estimated errors between the predicted and desired (or targeted) thermal conductivity values of the bakery products for both the optimal ANN and simplest ANN models are the MRE, MAE and SE. Moreover, the results also showed that the optimal ANN model had an MRE of 0.04878%, an MAE of 0.0054W/mK and an SE of 0.0015W/mK while the simplest ANN model was estimated to have an MRE of 0.03388%, an MAE of 0.0034W/mK and an SE of 0.0011W/mK. These errors are approximately equal to zero (i.e., 0 W/mK) and could, therefore, be regarded as a good result for the prediction. Since the simplest ANN model had the least values of all three errors (MRE, MAE and SE) when compared with other configurations, including the optimal ANN model, it is, however, regarded as the best ANN model and is, thus, recommended.
Thermal Conductivity of Food Products using: A Correlation Analysis Based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20140202.12
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-07-24
© Science Publishing Group
Ajasa, Abiodun Afis
Adenowo, Adetokunbo Abayomi
Ogunlewe, Adeyinka Oluremi
Folorunso, Comfort Oluseyi
Thermal Conductivity of Food Products using: A Correlation Analysis Based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
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2014-07-24
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140202.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Application of Active Respiratory Gating Technology in Lung Cancer Radiotherapy
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140203.11
Objective: The technology of ABC ( Active Breathing Control) was used in breath-holding time in order to improve the accuracy of radiotherapy for lung cancer patients, and the influence of respiratory movement on diaphragm motion was analyzed and evaluated, in addition the feasibility and limitation of ABC was also assessed. Methods: 15 lung cancer patients were selected for the training of ABC, at the beginning of the training, let the patients practice breath-holding by themselves at home: the practice time is 30 minutes a day, one week practice, therefore the patients slowly adapted to the new breath-holding time, which is more than 40 seconds. In the CT scan and reset simulation, the images of ABC and FB( Free Breathing) were collected respectively; At the same time of precise radiation treatment, the error values between the CT images by using ABC system and the images of the real-time scans were collected. Results: The breath-holding time of the 15 patients were more than 40 seconds, and their average breath-holding time achieved 58.3 seconds, it is longer than that of the patients before training by 24.9 seconds. The diaphragm motion is reduced by 16.76mm than that of the free breathing. In the precise radiotherapy by using ABC, the average errors of left and right, head and feet , front and back were 0.29mm, 0.51mm, 0.49mm; After the bed displacement, the average errors were 0.08cm,0.18cm,0.15 cm. Conclusions: After using ABC system in the precise radiotherapy, the average error range of left and right, head and feet , front and back was within 2mm, and the respiratory diaphragm motion was smaller than before, so the radiation effect became more accurate, and this provided more protection for the patients.
Objective: The technology of ABC ( Active Breathing Control) was used in breath-holding time in order to improve the accuracy of radiotherapy for lung cancer patients, and the influence of respiratory movement on diaphragm motion was analyzed and evaluated, in addition the feasibility and limitation of ABC was also assessed. Methods: 15 lung cancer patients were selected for the training of ABC, at the beginning of the training, let the patients practice breath-holding by themselves at home: the practice time is 30 minutes a day, one week practice, therefore the patients slowly adapted to the new breath-holding time, which is more than 40 seconds. In the CT scan and reset simulation, the images of ABC and FB( Free Breathing) were collected respectively; At the same time of precise radiation treatment, the error values between the CT images by using ABC system and the images of the real-time scans were collected. Results: The breath-holding time of the 15 patients were more than 40 seconds, and their average breath-holding time achieved 58.3 seconds, it is longer than that of the patients before training by 24.9 seconds. The diaphragm motion is reduced by 16.76mm than that of the free breathing. In the precise radiotherapy by using ABC, the average errors of left and right, head and feet , front and back were 0.29mm, 0.51mm, 0.49mm; After the bed displacement, the average errors were 0.08cm,0.18cm,0.15 cm. Conclusions: After using ABC system in the precise radiotherapy, the average error range of left and right, head and feet , front and back was within 2mm, and the respiratory diaphragm motion was smaller than before, so the radiation effect became more accurate, and this provided more protection for the patients.
The Application of Active Respiratory Gating Technology in Lung Cancer Radiotherapy
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20140203.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-09-16
© Science Publishing Group
Bo Xiao
The Application of Active Respiratory Gating Technology in Lung Cancer Radiotherapy
2
3
29
29
2014-09-16
2014-09-16
10.11648/j.abb.20140203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140203.11
© Science Publishing Group
LPS Treatment and Exposure to PEMF induce Cell Death and Change in Secretory Activity of HMVEC-Bd with MM6 Cocultutre
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140203.12
Objective: Present studies are aimed to elucidate that pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) influences cell death parameters and cellular interactions in coculture model in response to inflammatory stimulus like E.coli endotoxin. Methods: We hypothesized that PEMF exposure will affect cell death rate in the experimental coculture model, composed of the human bladder microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEVEC-Bd) and MonoMac6 (MM6) cells previously activated with LPS, and exposed to PEMF (7Hz, 30mT) for three times with 24h intervals. Following the last electromagnetic exposure, we measured viability of cocultured and cultured cells by annexin V (AnV) - propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry staining procedure to evaluate cell death parameters. The level of proinflammatory cytokine, cell adhesion molecules and vascular endothelial growth factor (IL-8, ICAM-1 and VEGF-A) was estimated by ELISA method in coculture and cell culture collected supernatants. Results: PEMF exposure of HMVEC-Bd and MM6 coculture caused decrease of measured cell death parameters (early and late apoptosis as well as necrosis) and diminished production of some inflammatory agents released in response to LPS activation, comparing to not stimulated with PEMF controls. Conclussion: Obtained results confirmed our hypothesis and showed out that PEMF exposure of HMVEC-Bd & MM6 coculture previously activated with LPS exerted an anti-inflammatory effect.
Objective: Present studies are aimed to elucidate that pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) influences cell death parameters and cellular interactions in coculture model in response to inflammatory stimulus like E.coli endotoxin. Methods: We hypothesized that PEMF exposure will affect cell death rate in the experimental coculture model, composed of the human bladder microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEVEC-Bd) and MonoMac6 (MM6) cells previously activated with LPS, and exposed to PEMF (7Hz, 30mT) for three times with 24h intervals. Following the last electromagnetic exposure, we measured viability of cocultured and cultured cells by annexin V (AnV) - propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry staining procedure to evaluate cell death parameters. The level of proinflammatory cytokine, cell adhesion molecules and vascular endothelial growth factor (IL-8, ICAM-1 and VEGF-A) was estimated by ELISA method in coculture and cell culture collected supernatants. Results: PEMF exposure of HMVEC-Bd and MM6 coculture caused decrease of measured cell death parameters (early and late apoptosis as well as necrosis) and diminished production of some inflammatory agents released in response to LPS activation, comparing to not stimulated with PEMF controls. Conclussion: Obtained results confirmed our hypothesis and showed out that PEMF exposure of HMVEC-Bd & MM6 coculture previously activated with LPS exerted an anti-inflammatory effect.
LPS Treatment and Exposure to PEMF induce Cell Death and Change in Secretory Activity of HMVEC-Bd with MM6 Cocultutre
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20140203.12
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-09-30
© Science Publishing Group
Kaszuba-Zwoińska Jolanta
Chorobik Paulina
Nowak Bernadeta
Ziomber Agata
Juszczak Kajetan
Zaraska Wiesław
Thor Piotr
LPS Treatment and Exposure to PEMF induce Cell Death and Change in Secretory Activity of HMVEC-Bd with MM6 Cocultutre
2
3
36
36
2014-09-30
2014-09-30
10.11648/j.abb.20140203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Heavy Metal Pollutants in Wastewater Effluents: Sources, Effects and Remediation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140204.11
Heavy metals, also known as trace metals, are one of the most persistent pollutants in wastewater. The discharge of high amounts of heavy metals into water bodies leads to several environmental and health impacts. The exposure of humans to heavy metals can occur through a variety of routes, which include inhalation as dust or fume, vapourisation and ingestion through food and drink. Some negative impacts of heavy metals to aquatic ecosystems include death of aquatic life, algal blooms, habitat destruction from sedimentation, debris, increased water flow, other short and long term toxicity from chemical contaminants. Abundant amounts of heavy metals present in soils cause reduction in quality and quantity of food preventing plants’ growth, uptake of nutrients, physiological and metabolic processes. Severe effects on animals may include reduced growth and development, cancer, organ damage, nervous system damage, and in extreme cases, death. To help mitigate the negative impacts of heavy metals on the health of humans, animals and the environment, a variety of remediation processes exists. These remediation processes are broadly classified into chemical and biological, although the latter is advocated in recent years. Biological remediation processes (microbial remediation and phytoremediation) are indicated to be very effective in the treatment of heavy metal pollutants in wastewater. Microbial remediation is the restoration of the environment and its quality using microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoan and algae while phytoremediation is the use of plants to degrade or accumulate toxic metals, thereby leading to a reduction in the bioavailability of the contaminant in the soil or water. This paper was therefore aimed at reviewing the sources, impacts and remediation processes for heavy metals in wastewater.
Heavy metals, also known as trace metals, are one of the most persistent pollutants in wastewater. The discharge of high amounts of heavy metals into water bodies leads to several environmental and health impacts. The exposure of humans to heavy metals can occur through a variety of routes, which include inhalation as dust or fume, vapourisation and ingestion through food and drink. Some negative impacts of heavy metals to aquatic ecosystems include death of aquatic life, algal blooms, habitat destruction from sedimentation, debris, increased water flow, other short and long term toxicity from chemical contaminants. Abundant amounts of heavy metals present in soils cause reduction in quality and quantity of food preventing plants’ growth, uptake of nutrients, physiological and metabolic processes. Severe effects on animals may include reduced growth and development, cancer, organ damage, nervous system damage, and in extreme cases, death. To help mitigate the negative impacts of heavy metals on the health of humans, animals and the environment, a variety of remediation processes exists. These remediation processes are broadly classified into chemical and biological, although the latter is advocated in recent years. Biological remediation processes (microbial remediation and phytoremediation) are indicated to be very effective in the treatment of heavy metal pollutants in wastewater. Microbial remediation is the restoration of the environment and its quality using microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoan and algae while phytoremediation is the use of plants to degrade or accumulate toxic metals, thereby leading to a reduction in the bioavailability of the contaminant in the soil or water. This paper was therefore aimed at reviewing the sources, impacts and remediation processes for heavy metals in wastewater.
Heavy Metal Pollutants in Wastewater Effluents: Sources, Effects and Remediation
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20140204.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-11-06
© Science Publishing Group
Oghenerobor Benjamin Akpor
Gladys Onolunose Ohiobor
Tomilola Debby Olaolu
Heavy Metal Pollutants in Wastewater Effluents: Sources, Effects and Remediation
2
4
43
43
2014-11-06
2014-11-06
10.11648/j.abb.20140204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140204.11
© Science Publishing Group
Covariance Analysis, a New Approach for Relative Quantification Competitive PCR in Evaluation of Rumen Anaerobic Fungal Populations
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140205.11
Quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) technique is playing an important role in nucleic acid quantification. This paper describes a new statistical approach for data analyzing in relative quantitative competitive PCR assays. In order to test the accuracy of this statistical model for quantifying anaerobic rumen fungi, samples of rumen fluid were collected from six fistulated Holstein steers which were fed in two different diets groups (soybean meal diet and canola meal diet). Competitor intensity signal (CIS) and efficiency of PCR (EFF) were assumed as two covariates in ANCOVA method. The assumptions for using of these two covariates were tested. A high positive correlation between the mean of the template intensity signal (TIS) through serial dilutions showed an appropriate efficiency of the competitive PCR assays. Results showed that the accuracy of data analyzing for relative quantification anaerobic fungi was considerable improved in ANCOVA model in comparison with ANOVA method and also the power of test is much greater. So, it seems that considering of the CIS and EFF as two co-variables was suitable.
Quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) technique is playing an important role in nucleic acid quantification. This paper describes a new statistical approach for data analyzing in relative quantitative competitive PCR assays. In order to test the accuracy of this statistical model for quantifying anaerobic rumen fungi, samples of rumen fluid were collected from six fistulated Holstein steers which were fed in two different diets groups (soybean meal diet and canola meal diet). Competitor intensity signal (CIS) and efficiency of PCR (EFF) were assumed as two covariates in ANCOVA method. The assumptions for using of these two covariates were tested. A high positive correlation between the mean of the template intensity signal (TIS) through serial dilutions showed an appropriate efficiency of the competitive PCR assays. Results showed that the accuracy of data analyzing for relative quantification anaerobic fungi was considerable improved in ANCOVA model in comparison with ANOVA method and also the power of test is much greater. So, it seems that considering of the CIS and EFF as two co-variables was suitable.
Covariance Analysis, a New Approach for Relative Quantification Competitive PCR in Evaluation of Rumen Anaerobic Fungal Populations
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20140205.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-01-04
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Hadi Sekhavati
Mahdi Elahi Torshizi
Mahyar Heydarpour
Adham Fani Maleki
Covariance Analysis, a New Approach for Relative Quantification Competitive PCR in Evaluation of Rumen Anaerobic Fungal Populations
2
5
50
50
2015-01-04
2015-01-04
10.11648/j.abb.20140205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20140205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Using Mortierella alpina as a Novel Platform for Lipid Synthesis Inhibitor Screening
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20150301.11
The screening method for discovering new lipid synthesis inhibitors has not been well developed. Lipid synthesis genes are responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids in normal and tumor cells. Mortierella alpina(M. alpina) fungus has been found to produce large amounts of fatty acids because it possesses a full complement of lipid synthesis genes. We therefore hypothesized that M. alpina could be a good screening tool to find new compounds that inhibit fatty acid synthesis. We developed a M. alpina liquid culture based method to analyze the inhibitory effects of lipid synthesis inhibitors. We applied a color indicator method to monitor the oil production using some well documented lipid inhibitors (C75, Cerulenin) to verify the system, and analyzing pictures using image analysis software. The experimental drug nocodazole inhibited the lipid production in M. alpina almost to the same extent as the control inhibitors. Compared with biomass and protein levels, there was a profound effect on fatty acid level. We report the development of a fast and effective method for screening lipid synthesis inhibitors which can be used against obesity and cancer. This method can further be used to screen additional lipid and fatty acid synthesis inhibitors from natural compound libraries.
The screening method for discovering new lipid synthesis inhibitors has not been well developed. Lipid synthesis genes are responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids in normal and tumor cells. Mortierella alpina(M. alpina) fungus has been found to produce large amounts of fatty acids because it possesses a full complement of lipid synthesis genes. We therefore hypothesized that M. alpina could be a good screening tool to find new compounds that inhibit fatty acid synthesis. We developed a M. alpina liquid culture based method to analyze the inhibitory effects of lipid synthesis inhibitors. We applied a color indicator method to monitor the oil production using some well documented lipid inhibitors (C75, Cerulenin) to verify the system, and analyzing pictures using image analysis software. The experimental drug nocodazole inhibited the lipid production in M. alpina almost to the same extent as the control inhibitors. Compared with biomass and protein levels, there was a profound effect on fatty acid level. We report the development of a fast and effective method for screening lipid synthesis inhibitors which can be used against obesity and cancer. This method can further be used to screen additional lipid and fatty acid synthesis inhibitors from natural compound libraries.
Using Mortierella alpina as a Novel Platform for Lipid Synthesis Inhibitor Screening
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20150301.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-04-23
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Shofiul Azam
Zhennan Gu
Haiqin Chen
Yong Q. Chen
Using Mortierella alpina as a Novel Platform for Lipid Synthesis Inhibitor Screening
3
1
10
10
2015-04-23
2015-04-23
10.11648/j.abb.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Application of Fungal Biofilm Supported on Activated Carbon for Adsorption of Two Azodyes: Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherms
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20150302.11
Waste effluents from textile industries, newspaper printing and photography contain residues of dyes and chemicals. Synthetic dyes present in water bodies, even at very low concentrations, can be extremely toxic to the living organisms due to cutting the development of bacteria and preventing the photosynthesis in aqueous flora. Acid Blue 25 (AB25) and Pigment Yellow 101 (PY101) are two types of azodyes which are toxic organic pollutants that consist of both N=N and C=C chromophoric groups. They cause considerable health effects being irritating to skin, eye and respiratory system and in some cases they may cause cancers. In this study, a biofilm of Aspergillus terreus supported on activated carbon was used as a biological tool for removal of these dyes from water body. The adsorption kinetics and contact time were determined along 240 minutes (30 minute interval). The initial concentration of dyes was 100 mg/L for each one. The biomass dosage was 1g / L. The optimum pH value for adsorption process was 3.0. The results depicted that the contact time for biosorption of both dyes was 180 min while adsorption kinetics of was quietly fitted with Pseudo second-order kinetics equation models. The maximum adsorption capacity was 82.3 and 78.2 mg/g for AB 25 and PY 101, respectively. Freundlich model was a good model for adsorption isotherm of two dyes on biofilm.
Waste effluents from textile industries, newspaper printing and photography contain residues of dyes and chemicals. Synthetic dyes present in water bodies, even at very low concentrations, can be extremely toxic to the living organisms due to cutting the development of bacteria and preventing the photosynthesis in aqueous flora. Acid Blue 25 (AB25) and Pigment Yellow 101 (PY101) are two types of azodyes which are toxic organic pollutants that consist of both N=N and C=C chromophoric groups. They cause considerable health effects being irritating to skin, eye and respiratory system and in some cases they may cause cancers. In this study, a biofilm of Aspergillus terreus supported on activated carbon was used as a biological tool for removal of these dyes from water body. The adsorption kinetics and contact time were determined along 240 minutes (30 minute interval). The initial concentration of dyes was 100 mg/L for each one. The biomass dosage was 1g / L. The optimum pH value for adsorption process was 3.0. The results depicted that the contact time for biosorption of both dyes was 180 min while adsorption kinetics of was quietly fitted with Pseudo second-order kinetics equation models. The maximum adsorption capacity was 82.3 and 78.2 mg/g for AB 25 and PY 101, respectively. Freundlich model was a good model for adsorption isotherm of two dyes on biofilm.
Application of Fungal Biofilm Supported on Activated Carbon for Adsorption of Two Azodyes: Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherms
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20150302.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-06-19
© Science Publishing Group
Asmaa Mawad
Naeima Yousef
Ahmed Shoreit
Application of Fungal Biofilm Supported on Activated Carbon for Adsorption of Two Azodyes: Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherms
3
2
19
19
2015-06-19
2015-06-19
10.11648/j.abb.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Freeze-Drying Versus Spray-Drying of CWBI-B1465 Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides Isolated in kivuguto Milk
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20150303.11
The strain CWBI-B1465 Leuconostoc mesenteroides has been previously selected from traditional kivuguto, a fermented milk from Rwanda. The strain is preserved in the CWBI Collection and the sequence is deposited in GenBank under Accession number JF313445. The paper reports the production and the preservation of that strain for dairy starter culture use. The production was carried out in a 20 L fermentor with 16 L working volume in batch process. Half of this was centrifuged. The cells were harvested, cryoprotected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried powders were then vacuum-sealed and stored for 90 days. The other half was also centrifuged. The cells were harvested, mixed with protectants and spray-dried. The spray-dried powders were then vacuum-sealed and stored for 90 days. After the two drying processes, viability in storage at 4 and 20°C was examined on six levels: membrane fatty acids, flow cytometry, soluble proteins, carbonyl proteins and enumeration on agar MRS. The production was also made in a 20 L fermentor with a 16 L working volume in a fed-batch process, only for optimal production assessment. The obtained results showed that CWBI-B1465 grows at 0.55–0.60 h-1 of the specific growth rate; the generation time was 1.12 and 1.25 h in batch and fed-batch, respectively. Its preservability exhibited low loss when it is stored at 4°C, and more if it is stored at 20°C. The most suitable drying process is freeze-drying, but spray-drying is also very interesting and is recommended based on the cost of the process.
The strain CWBI-B1465 Leuconostoc mesenteroides has been previously selected from traditional kivuguto, a fermented milk from Rwanda. The strain is preserved in the CWBI Collection and the sequence is deposited in GenBank under Accession number JF313445. The paper reports the production and the preservation of that strain for dairy starter culture use. The production was carried out in a 20 L fermentor with 16 L working volume in batch process. Half of this was centrifuged. The cells were harvested, cryoprotected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried powders were then vacuum-sealed and stored for 90 days. The other half was also centrifuged. The cells were harvested, mixed with protectants and spray-dried. The spray-dried powders were then vacuum-sealed and stored for 90 days. After the two drying processes, viability in storage at 4 and 20°C was examined on six levels: membrane fatty acids, flow cytometry, soluble proteins, carbonyl proteins and enumeration on agar MRS. The production was also made in a 20 L fermentor with a 16 L working volume in a fed-batch process, only for optimal production assessment. The obtained results showed that CWBI-B1465 grows at 0.55–0.60 h-1 of the specific growth rate; the generation time was 1.12 and 1.25 h in batch and fed-batch, respectively. Its preservability exhibited low loss when it is stored at 4°C, and more if it is stored at 20°C. The most suitable drying process is freeze-drying, but spray-drying is also very interesting and is recommended based on the cost of the process.
Freeze-Drying Versus Spray-Drying of CWBI-B1465 Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides Isolated in kivuguto Milk
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20150303.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-06-25
© Science Publishing Group
Eugene Karenzi
Jacqueline Destain
Philipe Thonart
Freeze-Drying Versus Spray-Drying of CWBI-B1465 Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides Isolated in kivuguto Milk
3
3
29
29
2015-06-25
2015-06-25
10.11648/j.abb.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Advantages of Intercropping Soybean with Maize Under Two Maize Plant Distributions and Three Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20150304.11
The advent of further bioengineering for growing soybean with maize holds only promise for the future of the crop intensification field. The present research studied responses of maize crop and its yield attributes to decrease mineral nitrogen (N) inputs by growing soybean with two maize plant distributions under three cropping systems. Local maize variety T.W.C. 310 was grown under intercropping and sole cultures in one row/ridge in one and two plants/hill spaced at 30 and 60cm, respectively, that received three mineral N fertilizer rates (4, 5 and 6 g N/plant), while local variety of soybean seeds Giza 82 were drilled in two rows/ridge. A split – split – plot design with three replications was used. Light intensity with in maize canopy, ear leaf N and indole acetic acid (IAA) contents were affected by all the studied factors. Mixed pattern increased grain yields per plant and per ha by 1.56 and 3.98 %, respectively, in comparison with sole culture in addition to yielding 1.74 ton/ha of soybean. Increasing number of plants from one to two plants/hill by increasing plant spacing from 30 to 60 cm increased grain yields per plant and per ha. There were no significant differences between the medium and the highest mineral N fertilizer rates for all the studied traits. Soybean improved N use efficiency (NUE) for maize plant of mixed pattern. The mixed pattern had a total yield increase of 29.79 % than sole maize. Growing soybean on both sides of maize ridge that distributed to two plants/hill spaced at 60 cm decreased 47.6 kg N/ha of the recommended mineral N rate of maize plants which formed the best bioengineered treatment under Egyptian conditions.
The advent of further bioengineering for growing soybean with maize holds only promise for the future of the crop intensification field. The present research studied responses of maize crop and its yield attributes to decrease mineral nitrogen (N) inputs by growing soybean with two maize plant distributions under three cropping systems. Local maize variety T.W.C. 310 was grown under intercropping and sole cultures in one row/ridge in one and two plants/hill spaced at 30 and 60cm, respectively, that received three mineral N fertilizer rates (4, 5 and 6 g N/plant), while local variety of soybean seeds Giza 82 were drilled in two rows/ridge. A split – split – plot design with three replications was used. Light intensity with in maize canopy, ear leaf N and indole acetic acid (IAA) contents were affected by all the studied factors. Mixed pattern increased grain yields per plant and per ha by 1.56 and 3.98 %, respectively, in comparison with sole culture in addition to yielding 1.74 ton/ha of soybean. Increasing number of plants from one to two plants/hill by increasing plant spacing from 30 to 60 cm increased grain yields per plant and per ha. There were no significant differences between the medium and the highest mineral N fertilizer rates for all the studied traits. Soybean improved N use efficiency (NUE) for maize plant of mixed pattern. The mixed pattern had a total yield increase of 29.79 % than sole maize. Growing soybean on both sides of maize ridge that distributed to two plants/hill spaced at 60 cm decreased 47.6 kg N/ha of the recommended mineral N rate of maize plants which formed the best bioengineered treatment under Egyptian conditions.
Advantages of Intercropping Soybean with Maize Under Two Maize Plant Distributions and Three Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates
doi:10.11648/j.abb.20150304.11
Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-08-27
© Science Publishing Group
Moshira Ahmed El-Shamy
Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab
Sherif Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab
Samuel Berty Ragheb
Advantages of Intercropping Soybean with Maize Under Two Maize Plant Distributions and Three Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates
3
4
48
48
2015-08-27
2015-08-27
10.11648/j.abb.20150304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=216&doi=10.11648/j.abb.20150304.11
© Science Publishing Group