Science Publishing Group: Social Sciences: Table of Contents
<i> Social Sciences (SS) </i> invites contributions directed toward a critical and theoretical understanding of cultural, political, and social processes. It is available for the publication of information and discussion by active ethnographic researchers into the forces involved in the production of human suffering, poverty, prejudice, war, and violence. The main thrust of the journal is toward publishing material that presents a critical and concerned anthropology. Although priority may be given to indigenous materials and research having a strong local flavour, the Journal welcomes contributions from all fields which have relevant and insightful comments to make about the social sciences.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ss Science Publishing Group: Social Sciences: Table of Contents
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Social Sciences
Social Sciences
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Sign and Reality
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20120101.11
This article is devoted the semiotics analysis of concepts of reference. On the basis of the analysis the conclusion becomes, that the sign can display a reality only in the course of human activity. Denotation of a sign is a way of its use and interpretation. From the point of view of the theory of reference the parity between language and the world described by it is the relation of "isomorphism" or the biunique correspondence, i.e. such parity between elements (objects) of two sets (structures) when one certain element of the second set can be to some extent put each element of the first set in conformity.
This article is devoted the semiotics analysis of concepts of reference. On the basis of the analysis the conclusion becomes, that the sign can display a reality only in the course of human activity. Denotation of a sign is a way of its use and interpretation. From the point of view of the theory of reference the parity between language and the world described by it is the relation of "isomorphism" or the biunique correspondence, i.e. such parity between elements (objects) of two sets (structures) when one certain element of the second set can be to some extent put each element of the first set in conformity.
Sign and Reality
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20120101.11
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Victor Novoselov
Sign and Reality
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20120101.11
© Science Publishing Group
Insights into Colonial Australian Life: Early Australian Pamphlets as Social History
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20120101.12
Pamphlets were an important medium of public debate in the 19th century, embracing key religious, political, social, and technological issues of the day, and providing instruction on a range of skills and tasks. They remain a valuable primary resource of relevance to a broad range of disciplines. However, pamphlets are under-utilized within research and teaching because they are typically difficult to locate and access. They are hard to find in the few research libraries in which they are housed, and such libraries often bundle these small publications together in large single volumes making referencing a daunting task. This paper analyses a selection of digital photographs from the 14,000 Australian colonial pamphlets held at the State Library of NSW, Sydney, Australia. The selected photographs not only form an online archive of the earliest ex-amples of Australian technical and instructional writing, but also provide insight into the everyday life, interests, and activities of people around the nation. Through illustration and analysis this paper will provide fresh insight into Australian colonial life and early instructional writing.
Pamphlets were an important medium of public debate in the 19th century, embracing key religious, political, social, and technological issues of the day, and providing instruction on a range of skills and tasks. They remain a valuable primary resource of relevance to a broad range of disciplines. However, pamphlets are under-utilized within research and teaching because they are typically difficult to locate and access. They are hard to find in the few research libraries in which they are housed, and such libraries often bundle these small publications together in large single volumes making referencing a daunting task. This paper analyses a selection of digital photographs from the 14,000 Australian colonial pamphlets held at the State Library of NSW, Sydney, Australia. The selected photographs not only form an online archive of the earliest ex-amples of Australian technical and instructional writing, but also provide insight into the everyday life, interests, and activities of people around the nation. Through illustration and analysis this paper will provide fresh insight into Australian colonial life and early instructional writing.
Insights into Colonial Australian Life: Early Australian Pamphlets as Social History
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20120101.12
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ray Archee
Insights into Colonial Australian Life: Early Australian Pamphlets as Social History
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20120101.12
© Science Publishing Group
Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy and Fertility in Uganda: Analysis of the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey Data
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Adolescent pregnancy and fertility are often discussed in literature as causes of health concern and as a social problem. Taking these accounts as a starting point, this paper uses the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey Data explore the factors related to adolescent fertility and pregnancy in Uganda. A total of 2,026 female adolescents are selected for this study. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics are estimated to predict the odds of an adolescent having borne a child in the 5 years preceding the survey, being currently pregnant and both having had a child in the 5 years preceding the survey or being currently pregnant at the time of the survey. Marital status is a strong predictor of the likelihood of both having a child in the 5 years preceding the survey and being currently pregnant at the time of the survey. Age equally appears to be an important predictor of the two outcomes, such that an increase in age was associated with increase in the odds of being pregnant and of having born a child. The discourse in this paper shows that adolescent pregnancy and childbearing is a serious policy intervention area that requires redress.
Adolescent pregnancy and fertility are often discussed in literature as causes of health concern and as a social problem. Taking these accounts as a starting point, this paper uses the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey Data explore the factors related to adolescent fertility and pregnancy in Uganda. A total of 2,026 female adolescents are selected for this study. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics are estimated to predict the odds of an adolescent having borne a child in the 5 years preceding the survey, being currently pregnant and both having had a child in the 5 years preceding the survey or being currently pregnant at the time of the survey. Marital status is a strong predictor of the likelihood of both having a child in the 5 years preceding the survey and being currently pregnant at the time of the survey. Age equally appears to be an important predictor of the two outcomes, such that an increase in age was associated with increase in the odds of being pregnant and of having born a child. The discourse in this paper shows that adolescent pregnancy and childbearing is a serious policy intervention area that requires redress.
Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy and Fertility in Uganda: Analysis of the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey Data
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130201.12
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Rutaremwa Gideon
Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy and Fertility in Uganda: Analysis of the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey Data
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Reflections on Over 100 Years of Urban Housing Policies in Sri Lanka
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This research paper evaluates the urban housing policies in Sri Lanka and related housing programs introduced by the various governments over the last 100 years. Housing and housing policies have been hot political issues throughout this history. The supply of affordable and sustainable housing has been assigned a prominent place in the list of priorities drawn up by various governments over a long period of time. The Sri Lankan government’s housing policies are a series of legislative and administrative measures that have a bearing either directly or indirectly on the provision of housing in Sri Lanka. Housing policies in Sri Lanka can be divided into two major segments: urban housing policies and rural housing policies. Sri Lankan urban housing policy and its origin can be divided into three stages: prior to independence from British rule (before 1948); after political independence and during the civil war (1948–2008) and the contemporary situation after the end of the 30 years civil war (2009 onwards). This research paper critically evaluates past and present Sri Lankan government urban housing policies for low income people and policy changes towards high rise high density low income housing (Public housing) as an appropriate solution for slums and shanties in Colombo
This research paper evaluates the urban housing policies in Sri Lanka and related housing programs introduced by the various governments over the last 100 years. Housing and housing policies have been hot political issues throughout this history. The supply of affordable and sustainable housing has been assigned a prominent place in the list of priorities drawn up by various governments over a long period of time. The Sri Lankan government’s housing policies are a series of legislative and administrative measures that have a bearing either directly or indirectly on the provision of housing in Sri Lanka. Housing policies in Sri Lanka can be divided into two major segments: urban housing policies and rural housing policies. Sri Lankan urban housing policy and its origin can be divided into three stages: prior to independence from British rule (before 1948); after political independence and during the civil war (1948–2008) and the contemporary situation after the end of the 30 years civil war (2009 onwards). This research paper critically evaluates past and present Sri Lankan government urban housing policies for low income people and policy changes towards high rise high density low income housing (Public housing) as an appropriate solution for slums and shanties in Colombo
Reflections on Over 100 Years of Urban Housing Policies in Sri Lanka
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130201.13
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Thushara Samaratunga
Daniel O, Hare
Reflections on Over 100 Years of Urban Housing Policies in Sri Lanka
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© Science Publishing Group
Cognitive Societal Human Values of Sports: after the 2011 Disaster of Japan
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130201.11
This study examines the recognition of life management and offers insight into the interpretation of benevolent sports activities following Japan’s March 2011 disaster. After the incident, people suspended all sports activities, but various benevolentsports activities were developed immediately in the damaged areas. By interviewing Japanese students (N=405), this descriptive study investigates the recognized human value structure of sports in a crisis situation by applying the social management concept of ‘time perspective’ and ‘hope’. The question asked to the participants was ‘What types of values do you recognize in Japanese benevolent sports activities to help the damaged society after the 2011 disaster?’ The participants ranked eighteen items (1 to 18) terminal and instrumental values. Next, cluster analysis (Ward’s method) was carried out to further explore the close relationships between the ordersof intimacyvalues within each value cluster. The results of the terminal values study suggest greatest recognition of (1)a world with the universal values of ‘happiness’ and ‘freedom’ and (2) the pursuit of a life with finite values of ‘a sense of accomplishment’ and ‘self-respect’. This clustering suggests the ontological commitmentto a dynamic balance of finite and universal values. The results of the instrumental values study suggest greatest recognition of the following human characteristics: (1) ‘courageous’ and ‘honest’ by inner motivation and altruistic dedication to virtue ethics and (2) ‘ambitious’ and ‘capable (of logical activism)’ for survival. Finally, a network analysis was performed to explore the centrality of the multi-value space in benevolent sportsactivities. Network analysis (graph theory) presentsthe holistic evaluation method for the positional functions of societal values and organization.
This study examines the recognition of life management and offers insight into the interpretation of benevolent sports activities following Japan’s March 2011 disaster. After the incident, people suspended all sports activities, but various benevolentsports activities were developed immediately in the damaged areas. By interviewing Japanese students (N=405), this descriptive study investigates the recognized human value structure of sports in a crisis situation by applying the social management concept of ‘time perspective’ and ‘hope’. The question asked to the participants was ‘What types of values do you recognize in Japanese benevolent sports activities to help the damaged society after the 2011 disaster?’ The participants ranked eighteen items (1 to 18) terminal and instrumental values. Next, cluster analysis (Ward’s method) was carried out to further explore the close relationships between the ordersof intimacyvalues within each value cluster. The results of the terminal values study suggest greatest recognition of (1)a world with the universal values of ‘happiness’ and ‘freedom’ and (2) the pursuit of a life with finite values of ‘a sense of accomplishment’ and ‘self-respect’. This clustering suggests the ontological commitmentto a dynamic balance of finite and universal values. The results of the instrumental values study suggest greatest recognition of the following human characteristics: (1) ‘courageous’ and ‘honest’ by inner motivation and altruistic dedication to virtue ethics and (2) ‘ambitious’ and ‘capable (of logical activism)’ for survival. Finally, a network analysis was performed to explore the centrality of the multi-value space in benevolent sportsactivities. Network analysis (graph theory) presentsthe holistic evaluation method for the positional functions of societal values and organization.
Cognitive Societal Human Values of Sports: after the 2011 Disaster of Japan
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130201.11
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
SASAKI Koh
Takumi yamamoto
Kayoko Komatsu
Yuichi Ueno
Takashi Katsuta
Cognitive Societal Human Values of Sports: after the 2011 Disaster of Japan
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Islamic Law & Women Rights in Bangladesh
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The concept of women rights is in fact originated from Islamic jurisprudence although there many debates and arguments on this issue. It is observed that the position of women was ignored since the pre-Islamic customs of the Arabian people in all respects. But after the revelation of the Hoy Quran, it is found that many suras such as the sura An-Nissa, Attin, Al-Mayeda etc.; cover a wide range of women rights. The Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Communism etc.; emphasizes equal rights to men and women. However, the women rights as guaranteed to the women are not implemented properly due to unconsciousness and ignorance as to the importance of the women, lack of knowledge in Islam etc.; and therefore, the scholars of the Muslim world suggested that the respective government may pass some leading laws empowering the women community such as the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961; the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act, 1939; the Family Laws Ordinance, 1985 etc.; which is really significant in this regard. It is being done in the most of the Islamic countries in the world including Pakistan, India, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain etc. The authority should implement the provisions of the International Bill of Human Rights as to the women rights. In Bangladesh, there are some important laws as mentioned above. This study however, examines the potentialities and constraints of the Islamic Family Laws in Bangladesh focusing on the women rights as applied in in the country based on the primary and secondary sources consisting of 25 respondents in the different criteria such as lecturers, students, primary school teachers, common people, business people, lawyers etc.; in Sylhet.
The concept of women rights is in fact originated from Islamic jurisprudence although there many debates and arguments on this issue. It is observed that the position of women was ignored since the pre-Islamic customs of the Arabian people in all respects. But after the revelation of the Hoy Quran, it is found that many suras such as the sura An-Nissa, Attin, Al-Mayeda etc.; cover a wide range of women rights. The Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Communism etc.; emphasizes equal rights to men and women. However, the women rights as guaranteed to the women are not implemented properly due to unconsciousness and ignorance as to the importance of the women, lack of knowledge in Islam etc.; and therefore, the scholars of the Muslim world suggested that the respective government may pass some leading laws empowering the women community such as the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961; the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act, 1939; the Family Laws Ordinance, 1985 etc.; which is really significant in this regard. It is being done in the most of the Islamic countries in the world including Pakistan, India, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain etc. The authority should implement the provisions of the International Bill of Human Rights as to the women rights. In Bangladesh, there are some important laws as mentioned above. This study however, examines the potentialities and constraints of the Islamic Family Laws in Bangladesh focusing on the women rights as applied in in the country based on the primary and secondary sources consisting of 25 respondents in the different criteria such as lecturers, students, primary school teachers, common people, business people, lawyers etc.; in Sylhet.
Islamic Law & Women Rights in Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130202.11
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Noor Mohammad
Islamic Law & Women Rights in Bangladesh
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Undergraduate ac-counting students’ perceptions of students’ empowerment and accounting technical skills: case in Universiti Tenaga Nasional (Uniten), Malaysia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130202.13
The aims of the study are to determine: 1) the significant relationships between students’ empowerment, ac-counting technical skills and students’ performance, 2) the significant difference between female and male students’ per-ception on empowerment and accounting technical skills and 3) significant differences among Cumulative Grade Point Averages (CGPAs) on the perception of students’ empowerment and accounting technical skills. 232 respondents were involved in a study that consists of the third and final year undergraduate accounting students at Universiti Tenaga Nasional (Uniten). The results indicated that there is no significant correlation between the students’ empowerment and students’ performance but there is a significant correlation between accounting technical skills and students’ performance. The results also denoted that there is no significant difference among gender and the level of students’ performance on the students’ empowerment and accounting technical skills.
The aims of the study are to determine: 1) the significant relationships between students’ empowerment, ac-counting technical skills and students’ performance, 2) the significant difference between female and male students’ per-ception on empowerment and accounting technical skills and 3) significant differences among Cumulative Grade Point Averages (CGPAs) on the perception of students’ empowerment and accounting technical skills. 232 respondents were involved in a study that consists of the third and final year undergraduate accounting students at Universiti Tenaga Nasional (Uniten). The results indicated that there is no significant correlation between the students’ empowerment and students’ performance but there is a significant correlation between accounting technical skills and students’ performance. The results also denoted that there is no significant difference among gender and the level of students’ performance on the students’ empowerment and accounting technical skills.
Undergraduate ac-counting students’ perceptions of students’ empowerment and accounting technical skills: case in Universiti Tenaga Nasional (Uniten), Malaysia
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130202.13
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Norlaila Mazura Hj. Mohaiyadin
Mohd Amran Jaafar
Afiqah Hassan
Amira Rafhan Jafri
Nur Aziannah Abd Azar
Undergraduate ac-counting students’ perceptions of students’ empowerment and accounting technical skills: case in Universiti Tenaga Nasional (Uniten), Malaysia
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© Science Publishing Group
An Analysis of Competitive Strategy for Taiwan’s Aerospace Industry
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Previous studies related Taiwan’s aerospace industry mainly focus on technical research and development, production and information management, and partnerships. However, these studies lack to investigate competitive strategy of Taiwan’s aerospace industry using industrial organization theory. The main goal of this study is to investigate the current situation of the Taiwan’s aerospace industry. This study uses the threestage least square method to estimate the relationship among the market structure, behavior and performance. The empirical results show that market share has significant and positive effect on businessperformance in the whole aerospace industry. R&D investment ratio, the elasticity of capital use, the scale of domestic market, and the profit ratio have significant and positive impacts on the market share. In addition, the increases in profit ratio and human resources, as well as the electronic commerce could improve the capability of industrial R&D.
Previous studies related Taiwan’s aerospace industry mainly focus on technical research and development, production and information management, and partnerships. However, these studies lack to investigate competitive strategy of Taiwan’s aerospace industry using industrial organization theory. The main goal of this study is to investigate the current situation of the Taiwan’s aerospace industry. This study uses the threestage least square method to estimate the relationship among the market structure, behavior and performance. The empirical results show that market share has significant and positive effect on businessperformance in the whole aerospace industry. R&D investment ratio, the elasticity of capital use, the scale of domestic market, and the profit ratio have significant and positive impacts on the market share. In addition, the increases in profit ratio and human resources, as well as the electronic commerce could improve the capability of industrial R&D.
An Analysis of Competitive Strategy for Taiwan’s Aerospace Industry
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130202.14
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Shu-Chen Chang
Guan-Yuan Lai
An Analysis of Competitive Strategy for Taiwan’s Aerospace Industry
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130202.14
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© Science Publishing Group
Only Children in Poland: Demographic, Social, and Educational Consequences
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The main purpose of this article is to present the population of “only children” in Poland and address the poss-ible effects of very low fertility for the functioning of the family, society, education system, and the only children them-selves. This analysis is based primarily on statistics published by government institutions such the Central Statistical Office of Poland, Ministry of National Education, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Ministry of Finance, etc. In Poland, as in other developed countries, a decrease in fertility can be observed. As a result, only children are a fast-growing group among children and adolescents. Due to changes to the definition of a family, the definition of an only child is also under transformation. Thus, the term “only child” can now refer to more and more people. Currently, the group of only children accounts for about 50% of all children. Data and demographic projections both for the population of only children and for fertility in Poland indicate that in the next few years the situation will worsen. This raises challenges on demographic grounds, as the substitutability of generations is not only threatened, but it is also not assured. Also, pedagogy becomes a field of trial, especially in terms of the education of children and in terms of preparing adults to be parents of an only child. New problems arise on a social basis in terms of providing care for the elderly and the functioning of pension systems. The growing population of only children also implies the need for new research in the field of social sciences and humanities.
The main purpose of this article is to present the population of “only children” in Poland and address the poss-ible effects of very low fertility for the functioning of the family, society, education system, and the only children them-selves. This analysis is based primarily on statistics published by government institutions such the Central Statistical Office of Poland, Ministry of National Education, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Ministry of Finance, etc. In Poland, as in other developed countries, a decrease in fertility can be observed. As a result, only children are a fast-growing group among children and adolescents. Due to changes to the definition of a family, the definition of an only child is also under transformation. Thus, the term “only child” can now refer to more and more people. Currently, the group of only children accounts for about 50% of all children. Data and demographic projections both for the population of only children and for fertility in Poland indicate that in the next few years the situation will worsen. This raises challenges on demographic grounds, as the substitutability of generations is not only threatened, but it is also not assured. Also, pedagogy becomes a field of trial, especially in terms of the education of children and in terms of preparing adults to be parents of an only child. New problems arise on a social basis in terms of providing care for the elderly and the functioning of pension systems. The growing population of only children also implies the need for new research in the field of social sciences and humanities.
Only Children in Poland: Demographic, Social, and Educational Consequences
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130202.12
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Beata Stachowiak
Only Children in Poland: Demographic, Social, and Educational Consequences
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Spatial Prisoner´s Dilemma and Laws of Imitation in Social Psychology
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.2013.0202.15
It is designed a game based on the spatial prisoner introducing the three laws of imitation defined by Tarde. The French author described (1) the law of close contact, (2) the law of imitation of superiors by inferiors and (3) the law of insertion. The first law is defined like a Conformist rule; the second law is defined like a Maximization rule and the third law is defined like a Fashion rule or, alternating, a Snob rule. The method used to design the simulation in Java language programming is based on interactive evolutionary game rules which are constantly updated and is inspired by the paradigm of Chavalarias´ metamimetic games. These games introduce very suggestive notions of Nonlinear Dynamics such as mimetic attractor or mimetic equilibrium. It is obtained the formation of little “clusters” of cooperators supporting these laws of imitation
It is designed a game based on the spatial prisoner introducing the three laws of imitation defined by Tarde. The French author described (1) the law of close contact, (2) the law of imitation of superiors by inferiors and (3) the law of insertion. The first law is defined like a Conformist rule; the second law is defined like a Maximization rule and the third law is defined like a Fashion rule or, alternating, a Snob rule. The method used to design the simulation in Java language programming is based on interactive evolutionary game rules which are constantly updated and is inspired by the paradigm of Chavalarias´ metamimetic games. These games introduce very suggestive notions of Nonlinear Dynamics such as mimetic attractor or mimetic equilibrium. It is obtained the formation of little “clusters” of cooperators supporting these laws of imitation
Spatial Prisoner´s Dilemma and Laws of Imitation in Social Psychology
doi:10.11648/j.ss.2013.0202.15
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Carlos Pelta
Spatial Prisoner´s Dilemma and Laws of Imitation in Social Psychology
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.2013.0202.15
© Science Publishing Group
The Politicization of European Identity in International Scientific Circles
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130202.17
European Union introduces the right of European citizenship with the Maastricht treaty of 1992. This law explains the direct relationship between citizens and the Union, giving European citizens in case of need, especially when outside the European Union, to be represented by any Consulate of a country - member of the Union. This applies in cases when it is different from their national state. Certainly these issues are beyond the powers of an international organization because they are related to constitutional norms of a state that in accordance with the structure of national groups to determine the qualifications of its own, national identity. It is therefore not surprising that the Union was in the process to discuss their own constitution which is still trying to be enacted. On the other hand, the resolution of these questions posed by the need to reach agreement on political integration, as the highest degree of integration between countries.The politicization of European identity in international scientific circles is more of a question as a practical reality versus efforts of the Union for Americanization of European cultural space that imposes globalization to the values of culture, especially the media space. If it’s known that the definition of European values is actually determining the global, universal norms and rules of behavior especially regarding human rights, freedoms and the characteristics that occur and determine identities of nations, it is difficult to generalize and practice as European identity. In this direction moves the same qualification of the Union as a community of national and cultural differences. From there, efforts to build the European identity in terms of institutional and financial crisis of the Union are harder to accrue out of the narrow, national frameworks of member states. Old and new 'ladies' the Union, the division of Eastern and Western Europe, the rich north and poor south, is deeply rooted in Western European mental code-category that in later time defines Europe's identity crisis
European Union introduces the right of European citizenship with the Maastricht treaty of 1992. This law explains the direct relationship between citizens and the Union, giving European citizens in case of need, especially when outside the European Union, to be represented by any Consulate of a country - member of the Union. This applies in cases when it is different from their national state. Certainly these issues are beyond the powers of an international organization because they are related to constitutional norms of a state that in accordance with the structure of national groups to determine the qualifications of its own, national identity. It is therefore not surprising that the Union was in the process to discuss their own constitution which is still trying to be enacted. On the other hand, the resolution of these questions posed by the need to reach agreement on political integration, as the highest degree of integration between countries.The politicization of European identity in international scientific circles is more of a question as a practical reality versus efforts of the Union for Americanization of European cultural space that imposes globalization to the values of culture, especially the media space. If it’s known that the definition of European values is actually determining the global, universal norms and rules of behavior especially regarding human rights, freedoms and the characteristics that occur and determine identities of nations, it is difficult to generalize and practice as European identity. In this direction moves the same qualification of the Union as a community of national and cultural differences. From there, efforts to build the European identity in terms of institutional and financial crisis of the Union are harder to accrue out of the narrow, national frameworks of member states. Old and new 'ladies' the Union, the division of Eastern and Western Europe, the rich north and poor south, is deeply rooted in Western European mental code-category that in later time defines Europe's identity crisis
The Politicization of European Identity in International Scientific Circles
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130202.17
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Liljana Siljanovska
The Politicization of European Identity in International Scientific Circles
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Uganda; Are Orphans More Malnourished Than Non-Orphans
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130202.16
Many scholars and policy makers have often said that orphaned children are more vulnerable than any other children within the same environment in which they live. This paper compared the nutrition status of orphans and non-orphans to see if orphans were more malnourished and if not to investigate factors affecting nutrition of children. It is based on the 2006 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey data. The analysis compared orphans and non-orphaned children in relation to the three anthropometric measures of underweight, stunting and wasting limiting itself to -2SD. The findings indicated that orphans (wasting-33.1%, underweight-17.0% and stunted-5.9%) were not more malnourished than non-orphans (wasting-39.2%, underweight-17.2% and stunted-6.5%). Results showed that maternal orphans (48.2%) are affected more in terms of nutritional indicators at least in the short term than paternal orphans (29.0%). The most important determinant on nutrition was the household wealth index and level of education of the mother for children living with their mothers in the same households.
Many scholars and policy makers have often said that orphaned children are more vulnerable than any other children within the same environment in which they live. This paper compared the nutrition status of orphans and non-orphans to see if orphans were more malnourished and if not to investigate factors affecting nutrition of children. It is based on the 2006 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey data. The analysis compared orphans and non-orphaned children in relation to the three anthropometric measures of underweight, stunting and wasting limiting itself to -2SD. The findings indicated that orphans (wasting-33.1%, underweight-17.0% and stunted-5.9%) were not more malnourished than non-orphans (wasting-39.2%, underweight-17.2% and stunted-6.5%). Results showed that maternal orphans (48.2%) are affected more in terms of nutritional indicators at least in the short term than paternal orphans (29.0%). The most important determinant on nutrition was the household wealth index and level of education of the mother for children living with their mothers in the same households.
Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Uganda; Are Orphans More Malnourished Than Non-Orphans
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130202.16
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Lubaale Yovani A. Moses
Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Uganda; Are Orphans More Malnourished Than Non-Orphans
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65
65
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130202.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130202.16
© Science Publishing Group
Review on Indonesian Zakah Management and Obstacles
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130202.18
This paper presents a conceptual model a management of zakah in Indonesia. A variety of reforms and new ideas in the management and institutions are responsible for collecting and distributing of zakah. Zakah is a specific property with certain conditions prescribed for certain people and given to people or certain people (recipients) as well. The main aim of zakah has two dimensions i.e., spirituality (individually) and social economy to empowerment and enhance the status of the ummah (community). Indonesia as a country with huge Muslim population has great potential in the collection and distribution of zakah. If zakah is managed properly, it will certainly have positive effect on the well-being of poor Indonesians. In 1999 the government of Indonesia issued the Law on the management of zakah, from the moment zakah management in Indonesia entering a new era. Zakah management becomes more professional and systematic. There are two of zakah collections and distribution, i.e. governmental approach and nongovernmental approach. Government established approach consists Badan Amil Zakah (BAZ) and Baitul Mal, meanwhile nongovernmental approach consists Lembaga Amil Zakah (LAZ) (such as Dhuafa Wallet and Zakah Home), Mosques, Islamic Boarding School (pesantren) and Individually. Lack of coordination between all institutions of zakah management has resulted in the achievement of zakah collection and distribution does not optimum. The existence of the trust to the board of the crisis the government formed between the inhibited zakah management of Indonesia. Besides the sociological aspects of weakness, juridical aspect is also one reason why potential zakah Indonesia has not fully handled.
This paper presents a conceptual model a management of zakah in Indonesia. A variety of reforms and new ideas in the management and institutions are responsible for collecting and distributing of zakah. Zakah is a specific property with certain conditions prescribed for certain people and given to people or certain people (recipients) as well. The main aim of zakah has two dimensions i.e., spirituality (individually) and social economy to empowerment and enhance the status of the ummah (community). Indonesia as a country with huge Muslim population has great potential in the collection and distribution of zakah. If zakah is managed properly, it will certainly have positive effect on the well-being of poor Indonesians. In 1999 the government of Indonesia issued the Law on the management of zakah, from the moment zakah management in Indonesia entering a new era. Zakah management becomes more professional and systematic. There are two of zakah collections and distribution, i.e. governmental approach and nongovernmental approach. Government established approach consists Badan Amil Zakah (BAZ) and Baitul Mal, meanwhile nongovernmental approach consists Lembaga Amil Zakah (LAZ) (such as Dhuafa Wallet and Zakah Home), Mosques, Islamic Boarding School (pesantren) and Individually. Lack of coordination between all institutions of zakah management has resulted in the achievement of zakah collection and distribution does not optimum. The existence of the trust to the board of the crisis the government formed between the inhibited zakah management of Indonesia. Besides the sociological aspects of weakness, juridical aspect is also one reason why potential zakah Indonesia has not fully handled.
Review on Indonesian Zakah Management and Obstacles
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130202.18
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mutiara Dwi Sari
Zakaria Bahari
Zahri Hamat
Review on Indonesian Zakah Management and Obstacles
2
2
89
89
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130202.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130202.18
© Science Publishing Group
Population Trends and Ageing Policy in Malta
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130202.19
Malta is no exception to the unprecedented demographic changes that are being experienced by industrial countries. As a result of declining fertility and mortality levels, the Maltese islands have registered a decrease in fertility rates and a major improvement of life expectancy at birth. Following a brief introduction, the second section presents clear demographic data that outlines Malta’s gerontological transition, noting how the Maltese population has evolved out of a traditional pyramidal shape to an even-shaped block distribution of equal numbers at each cohort except at the top. The third section focuses on population projections for Malta which highlight how in the near future the nation will continue to experience a decline in the numbers and percentages of the younger and working age population, with the opposite effect with respect to older persons. The final section outlines Malta’s social policy on active ageing, as it related to labor issues, participation in society, and healthy, independent and secure living in later life. This part notes how to-date many older people already participate in and contribute to society in a variety of ways such as providing support to their families by caring for spouses or grandchildren, working as volunteers or paid employees, and in receipt of various health and social care services that enable ‘ageing in place’. The study concludes that although several inroads have been made in welfare ageing policies, further initiatives are warranted for older persons to lead active, successful, and productive lifestyles.
Malta is no exception to the unprecedented demographic changes that are being experienced by industrial countries. As a result of declining fertility and mortality levels, the Maltese islands have registered a decrease in fertility rates and a major improvement of life expectancy at birth. Following a brief introduction, the second section presents clear demographic data that outlines Malta’s gerontological transition, noting how the Maltese population has evolved out of a traditional pyramidal shape to an even-shaped block distribution of equal numbers at each cohort except at the top. The third section focuses on population projections for Malta which highlight how in the near future the nation will continue to experience a decline in the numbers and percentages of the younger and working age population, with the opposite effect with respect to older persons. The final section outlines Malta’s social policy on active ageing, as it related to labor issues, participation in society, and healthy, independent and secure living in later life. This part notes how to-date many older people already participate in and contribute to society in a variety of ways such as providing support to their families by caring for spouses or grandchildren, working as volunteers or paid employees, and in receipt of various health and social care services that enable ‘ageing in place’. The study concludes that although several inroads have been made in welfare ageing policies, further initiatives are warranted for older persons to lead active, successful, and productive lifestyles.
Population Trends and Ageing Policy in Malta
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130202.19
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Marvin Formosa
Population Trends and Ageing Policy in Malta
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130202.19
© Science Publishing Group
Corporate Collusion in the Petroleum and Defense Industries: A Theoretical Approach
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13
While interlocking directorates have been misused in Corporate America for decades, traditionally this misuse is in violation of the various antitrust act legislations. Since corporate collusion generally occurs between companies in common industries, and most often involves price fixing or manipulating supply of a product to yield greater pricing and profits, these antitrust violations are often a foregone conclusion. This case study analyzes a type of corporate collusion through interlocking directorates that is far more ominous, exploring the power of interlocking directorates and demonstrating how they may have been misused to manipulate foreign policy and military strategies, and in this case study, how the petroleum and defense industries may have benefitted from these actions.
While interlocking directorates have been misused in Corporate America for decades, traditionally this misuse is in violation of the various antitrust act legislations. Since corporate collusion generally occurs between companies in common industries, and most often involves price fixing or manipulating supply of a product to yield greater pricing and profits, these antitrust violations are often a foregone conclusion. This case study analyzes a type of corporate collusion through interlocking directorates that is far more ominous, exploring the power of interlocking directorates and demonstrating how they may have been misused to manipulate foreign policy and military strategies, and in this case study, how the petroleum and defense industries may have benefitted from these actions.
Corporate Collusion in the Petroleum and Defense Industries: A Theoretical Approach
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Rammy Haija
Corporate Collusion in the Petroleum and Defense Industries: A Theoretical Approach
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127
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130203.13
© Science Publishing Group
A Socioeconomic Analysis on Tobacco Cultivation in Kushtia District of Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130203.14
Tobacco has been introduced since mid sixties of the last century into the fields where food crops were grown, and more widely after liberation in 1971 by the British American Tobacco Company in Teesta silt in Rangpur area. Bangladesh is one of the largest tobacco consuming countries in the world. Employment in tobacco farming accounts for less than 0.5% of agricultural employment in Bangladesh. Tobacco is grown throughout the country, with the largest tobacco growing areas including Rangpur, Kushtia, and Chittagong Hill. The purpose of this paper is to reveal some basic social and economical characteristics of tobacco growers. This paper investigates the impact of tobacco cultivation on environment and health. This paper also identifies the factors which are responsible for the profits of tobacco cultivation. The paper finds that tobacco cultivation has some negative effects on environment and health though it has some short term positive effects such as more profit. The paper also shows that the profits depends on so many factors some of them are cost on seed, fertilizer and other pesticides, labor, irrigation, production, price, etc.
Tobacco has been introduced since mid sixties of the last century into the fields where food crops were grown, and more widely after liberation in 1971 by the British American Tobacco Company in Teesta silt in Rangpur area. Bangladesh is one of the largest tobacco consuming countries in the world. Employment in tobacco farming accounts for less than 0.5% of agricultural employment in Bangladesh. Tobacco is grown throughout the country, with the largest tobacco growing areas including Rangpur, Kushtia, and Chittagong Hill. The purpose of this paper is to reveal some basic social and economical characteristics of tobacco growers. This paper investigates the impact of tobacco cultivation on environment and health. This paper also identifies the factors which are responsible for the profits of tobacco cultivation. The paper finds that tobacco cultivation has some negative effects on environment and health though it has some short term positive effects such as more profit. The paper also shows that the profits depends on so many factors some of them are cost on seed, fertilizer and other pesticides, labor, irrigation, production, price, etc.
A Socioeconomic Analysis on Tobacco Cultivation in Kushtia District of Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130203.14
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Moyazzem Hossain
Md. Mahabubur Rahman
A Socioeconomic Analysis on Tobacco Cultivation in Kushtia District of Bangladesh
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134
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130203.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130203.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Europeanization of Balkans-Yes or No
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130203.12
Should the Balkan be place where the credibility of European Union will happen? This question is becoming increasingly evident after the rejection of the EU constitution by France and the Netherlands in the middle of 2005 which is mostly resulted by dissatisfaction of voters of the internal political governing in their countries. This conclusion was further created by created mediumistic reality for Euro integrated processes of the aspirant and candidate countries for their membership through one longer period of creation of public opinion (mostly intensive from 2003-2005). What have mediumistic forecasts show for the Europeanization of the Balkans? Controversy about the expansion of the Union have been treated by a media content that the international and domestic public channelled the European public opinion through several dimensions of influence. First, on the local mediumistic scene, the European public opinion, is firstly manifested more as an ideology, less as a rational strategic preference for the creation of European values through reforms in all segments of social-political, economic and cultural life. In those frames, the media have created a framework for the creation of collective memory of Euro integrations, Euro-consciousness to integrate in the normative collective , economic, social and institutional system whose cultured common denominator are the new social relationships, and politics of influences between EU and countries out of EU The concept of integration and inclusion is idealized to the extent which ii itself negates the concept of exclusion and marginalization. All this is in contradiction with some postmodern theories that suggest some of the possible changes of transitional societies. Here could be included destruction, that is the collapse of old institutions and especially the actual questions regarding the process of fragmentation of the society to micro-social units, that is, to small parallel worlds and their adjustment. Atomization of societies, which would result as possibility of conflicting new changes, would lose the social dimension, and in the enter of attention are individuals that with their free rational mind will be faced with a wild-takings power.
Should the Balkan be place where the credibility of European Union will happen? This question is becoming increasingly evident after the rejection of the EU constitution by France and the Netherlands in the middle of 2005 which is mostly resulted by dissatisfaction of voters of the internal political governing in their countries. This conclusion was further created by created mediumistic reality for Euro integrated processes of the aspirant and candidate countries for their membership through one longer period of creation of public opinion (mostly intensive from 2003-2005). What have mediumistic forecasts show for the Europeanization of the Balkans? Controversy about the expansion of the Union have been treated by a media content that the international and domestic public channelled the European public opinion through several dimensions of influence. First, on the local mediumistic scene, the European public opinion, is firstly manifested more as an ideology, less as a rational strategic preference for the creation of European values through reforms in all segments of social-political, economic and cultural life. In those frames, the media have created a framework for the creation of collective memory of Euro integrations, Euro-consciousness to integrate in the normative collective , economic, social and institutional system whose cultured common denominator are the new social relationships, and politics of influences between EU and countries out of EU The concept of integration and inclusion is idealized to the extent which ii itself negates the concept of exclusion and marginalization. All this is in contradiction with some postmodern theories that suggest some of the possible changes of transitional societies. Here could be included destruction, that is the collapse of old institutions and especially the actual questions regarding the process of fragmentation of the society to micro-social units, that is, to small parallel worlds and their adjustment. Atomization of societies, which would result as possibility of conflicting new changes, would lose the social dimension, and in the enter of attention are individuals that with their free rational mind will be faced with a wild-takings power.
The Europeanization of Balkans-Yes or No
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130203.12
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Liljana Siljanovska
The Europeanization of Balkans-Yes or No
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Traces of Occupancy and Its Effect upon Burglar’s Residential Target Selection
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130203.15
Burglary is a type of crime that happens most frequently to ordinary citizens, and its consequences may include financial damage as well as serious psychological repercussions. In South Korea, burglary cases constituted 16.1 per cent of the total crimes reported in 2011, thus calling for viable preventive measures to alleviate the on-going problem. In this study, the authors examined the main situational factors that played a crucial role in burglars’ decision making in selecting specific targets and executing their crime. The data collected from interviewing fifty-two burglary suspects detained at the Detention Centre at the Incheon Public Prosecutor’s Office in South Korea was analysed to assess different situational factors that were mainly considered by them. The results indicated that the burglary suspects were more influenced by possible cost than gain. Furthermore, occupancy of residence was the most important factor in the decision making process utilised by the suspects.
Burglary is a type of crime that happens most frequently to ordinary citizens, and its consequences may include financial damage as well as serious psychological repercussions. In South Korea, burglary cases constituted 16.1 per cent of the total crimes reported in 2011, thus calling for viable preventive measures to alleviate the on-going problem. In this study, the authors examined the main situational factors that played a crucial role in burglars’ decision making in selecting specific targets and executing their crime. The data collected from interviewing fifty-two burglary suspects detained at the Detention Centre at the Incheon Public Prosecutor’s Office in South Korea was analysed to assess different situational factors that were mainly considered by them. The results indicated that the burglary suspects were more influenced by possible cost than gain. Furthermore, occupancy of residence was the most important factor in the decision making process utilised by the suspects.
Traces of Occupancy and Its Effect upon Burglar’s Residential Target Selection
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130203.15
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Yongtae Chun
Ju-Lak Lee
Traces of Occupancy and Its Effect upon Burglar’s Residential Target Selection
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3
141
141
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130203.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130203.15
© Science Publishing Group
Freedom of Expression and the Media Reality in Republic of Macedonia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130203.11
Tools for mass communication influence on creating and channeling of public opinion for every segment of social life; in era of globalization they erase the borders of events in sphere of information. Freedom of expression is in tight connection with media culture in a country, even there are national law provisions, European and international letters and declarations, which is an expression of democratization of her institutions. Pluralism of interests is in danger if there is a partisanship of media, concentration of power from financial oligarchy, selective approach to topics selection and to sources of information and ideologization of media content, especially in countries in transition like Republic of Macedonia is. Then, that influences on decreasing of the awareness of the critical opinion, and media expression can- through reduced, transformed and unilateral approach- to manipulate public opinion. This media reality is pushed to be the ideology of a new collective single- mindedness and is in conflict with the system of values which is the conflict of old and new European values and with no creative approach. Reform of media sphere in Republic of Macedonia in the process of Euro- integration should move towards the democratization of organizational placement, better independency of the editorial policy, elimination of the influence of business oligarchies and political influences, and in the same time standardization of the quality and diversity of media contents.
Tools for mass communication influence on creating and channeling of public opinion for every segment of social life; in era of globalization they erase the borders of events in sphere of information. Freedom of expression is in tight connection with media culture in a country, even there are national law provisions, European and international letters and declarations, which is an expression of democratization of her institutions. Pluralism of interests is in danger if there is a partisanship of media, concentration of power from financial oligarchy, selective approach to topics selection and to sources of information and ideologization of media content, especially in countries in transition like Republic of Macedonia is. Then, that influences on decreasing of the awareness of the critical opinion, and media expression can- through reduced, transformed and unilateral approach- to manipulate public opinion. This media reality is pushed to be the ideology of a new collective single- mindedness and is in conflict with the system of values which is the conflict of old and new European values and with no creative approach. Reform of media sphere in Republic of Macedonia in the process of Euro- integration should move towards the democratization of organizational placement, better independency of the editorial policy, elimination of the influence of business oligarchies and political influences, and in the same time standardization of the quality and diversity of media contents.
Freedom of Expression and the Media Reality in Republic of Macedonia
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130203.11
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Liljana Siljanovska
Freedom of Expression and the Media Reality in Republic of Macedonia
2
3
104
104
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130203.11
© Science Publishing Group
An Interactive Web Tool as a Social Innovation that Ensures Greater Efficiency in the Realization of the Rights of People with Disabilities to Barrier-free Access
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130204.11
Guaranteeing people with disabilities full access to all aspects of life has, for decades, been accepted as a major global commitment. Notwithstanding the innumerable declarations and supporting legislation that have been adopted to this end, research and daily experiences show that people with disabilities continue to be inhibited, by various barriers, from fully participating in society. The recognition of this state of affairs prompted our search for a new solution that would facilitate greater efficiency in the realization of the rights of people with disabilities to barrier-free access. Such a solution is the interactive web tool we present in this paper. Created as the final result of a three-year research, the web tool is an instrument that enables the execution of concrete actions to remove concrete barriers, with the participation of the general public. On the basis of a review of the relevant literature, we also argue in the paper and provide supportive evidence, that the interactive web tool we developed is a ‘social innovation’. We conclude the article with the conviction that the creation of the interactive web tool is a giant step towards the gradual removal of barriers and eventual full inclusion into society of people with disabilities.
Guaranteeing people with disabilities full access to all aspects of life has, for decades, been accepted as a major global commitment. Notwithstanding the innumerable declarations and supporting legislation that have been adopted to this end, research and daily experiences show that people with disabilities continue to be inhibited, by various barriers, from fully participating in society. The recognition of this state of affairs prompted our search for a new solution that would facilitate greater efficiency in the realization of the rights of people with disabilities to barrier-free access. Such a solution is the interactive web tool we present in this paper. Created as the final result of a three-year research, the web tool is an instrument that enables the execution of concrete actions to remove concrete barriers, with the participation of the general public. On the basis of a review of the relevant literature, we also argue in the paper and provide supportive evidence, that the interactive web tool we developed is a ‘social innovation’. We conclude the article with the conviction that the creation of the interactive web tool is a giant step towards the gradual removal of barriers and eventual full inclusion into society of people with disabilities.
An Interactive Web Tool as a Social Innovation that Ensures Greater Efficiency in the Realization of the Rights of People with Disabilities to Barrier-free Access
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130204.11
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Richard Sendi
Boštjan Kerbler
An Interactive Web Tool as a Social Innovation that Ensures Greater Efficiency in the Realization of the Rights of People with Disabilities to Barrier-free Access
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4
153
153
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130204.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Connection between the Depopulation of Localities and Passenger Rail Services in the Province of Buenos Aires in Argentina between 1960 and 2009
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130204.12
Between 1960 and 2001 there were two processes that drew the interest of some social researchers in Argentina. On the one hand there was a process of rural depopulation from localities in the province of Buenos Aires (similar to the process of urbanization across Latin America). On the other hand, there was the break up of the railways that led to the cessation of passenger services to hundreds of localities inside the province of Buenos Aires. This study compares the two variables -localities in the interior of the province of Buenos Aires that lost population and railway lines which recorded decrease in the provision of passenger transport services. Census data and rail traffic between 1960 and 2009 are used. This crosses a quantitative methodology with concepts that the geographer Milton Santos has proposed. Maps are generated to look for any correspondence between these variables. Finally the concept of lag is applied to observe possible temporal relationships between variables. The results represent a first approach to a subject that has never been addressed with this methodology and analysis tool, verifying that it is necessary to incorporate more data to facilitate further analysis.
Between 1960 and 2001 there were two processes that drew the interest of some social researchers in Argentina. On the one hand there was a process of rural depopulation from localities in the province of Buenos Aires (similar to the process of urbanization across Latin America). On the other hand, there was the break up of the railways that led to the cessation of passenger services to hundreds of localities inside the province of Buenos Aires. This study compares the two variables -localities in the interior of the province of Buenos Aires that lost population and railway lines which recorded decrease in the provision of passenger transport services. Census data and rail traffic between 1960 and 2009 are used. This crosses a quantitative methodology with concepts that the geographer Milton Santos has proposed. Maps are generated to look for any correspondence between these variables. Finally the concept of lag is applied to observe possible temporal relationships between variables. The results represent a first approach to a subject that has never been addressed with this methodology and analysis tool, verifying that it is necessary to incorporate more data to facilitate further analysis.
The Connection between the Depopulation of Localities and Passenger Rail Services in the Province of Buenos Aires in Argentina between 1960 and 2009
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130204.12
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Juan Manuel Diez-Tetamanti
Melisa Pontrelli-Albisetti
The Connection between the Depopulation of Localities and Passenger Rail Services in the Province of Buenos Aires in Argentina between 1960 and 2009
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160
160
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130204.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130204.12
© Science Publishing Group
An Examination of Citizen Involvement in Crime Prevention
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130205.11
Research has consistently showed that government has been held in low regard and the loss of confidence in government is mainly due to low productivity and inefficiency of government. The police are also confronted with low productivity. Citizens have more demands, but police have fewer resources. Increasing productivity is considered as an important task for government. Many politicians adopted “reinventing the government” as their slogan, and the coproduction effort has been recognized and promoted as “the law enforcement manifestation of reinventing movement”. This movement is apparently gaining tremendous support not only from law enforcement agencies but also from the general public. However, it has not been completely assured that collective citizen involvement in crime prevention is a sound and effective way to control crime, and thus reduce fear of crime. This research examines the effectiveness and problems associated with the coproduction effort such as Neighborhood Watch Program and Citizen Patrol.
Research has consistently showed that government has been held in low regard and the loss of confidence in government is mainly due to low productivity and inefficiency of government. The police are also confronted with low productivity. Citizens have more demands, but police have fewer resources. Increasing productivity is considered as an important task for government. Many politicians adopted “reinventing the government” as their slogan, and the coproduction effort has been recognized and promoted as “the law enforcement manifestation of reinventing movement”. This movement is apparently gaining tremendous support not only from law enforcement agencies but also from the general public. However, it has not been completely assured that collective citizen involvement in crime prevention is a sound and effective way to control crime, and thus reduce fear of crime. This research examines the effectiveness and problems associated with the coproduction effort such as Neighborhood Watch Program and Citizen Patrol.
An Examination of Citizen Involvement in Crime Prevention
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130205.11
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ho-Youn Kim
An Examination of Citizen Involvement in Crime Prevention
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Shifting the Paradigm in Nigeria’s Foreign Policy: Goodluck Jonathan and Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.16
Against the backdrop of Nigeria’s comprehensive framework for transforming herself into one of the twenty leading economies by the year 2020, this paper examines the foreign policy initiatives of current Nigeria’s President Goodluck Jonathan. Identifying the welfare of the State and its people as the ultimate goal of foreign policy, it interrogated the relative extent this goal is the driving force of Nigeria’s foreign policy under Jonathan. It found out that the foreign policy initiatives of President Jonathan are focused more than ever before on Nigeria’s domestic priorities especially as captured in the vision 20:2020 document. This, the paper argues, marks a shift in paradigm when compared with the past when African issues dominated Nigeria’s attention. Noting that challenges still abound in all sectors, the paper makes recommendations aimed at improving Nigeria’s chances of attaining the goals and objectives of Nigeria’s vision.
Against the backdrop of Nigeria’s comprehensive framework for transforming herself into one of the twenty leading economies by the year 2020, this paper examines the foreign policy initiatives of current Nigeria’s President Goodluck Jonathan. Identifying the welfare of the State and its people as the ultimate goal of foreign policy, it interrogated the relative extent this goal is the driving force of Nigeria’s foreign policy under Jonathan. It found out that the foreign policy initiatives of President Jonathan are focused more than ever before on Nigeria’s domestic priorities especially as captured in the vision 20:2020 document. This, the paper argues, marks a shift in paradigm when compared with the past when African issues dominated Nigeria’s attention. Noting that challenges still abound in all sectors, the paper makes recommendations aimed at improving Nigeria’s chances of attaining the goals and objectives of Nigeria’s vision.
Shifting the Paradigm in Nigeria’s Foreign Policy: Goodluck Jonathan and Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130206.16
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Okechukwu B. C. Nwankwo
Shifting the Paradigm in Nigeria’s Foreign Policy: Goodluck Jonathan and Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.16
© Science Publishing Group
The Influence of Geopolitics and Strategical Factors upon the Development of Natural and Human Resources in Indonesia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.15
The understanding of geopolitics based on the Nusantara outlook (Wawasan Nusantara), Indonesia requires to raise the effort of mastering and developing technology which has roots in the nation’s culture as an important means of national productivity hop towards resulting qualified and global competitive national products achieving national prosperity and security at the utmost and such universal humanity as a whole in an enduring peace of world. In the meantime genuine nation’s human being are required as productive people with fully innovative and creativity, reliable mental and noble morals. At the level of Nusantara outlook, the understanding of expansion might be able to interpret as an social-economic one for the prosperity of humankind at the utmost, and not in the meaning of orthodox geopolitics. The aim of this article is to briefly study the influence of geopolitics and other strategic factors upon the development of natural and human resources in Indonesia. The main aspects of the study is concenrned with future potential prospect of human and natural resources in Indonesia that should be developed for the wealth of the Indonesian people at the utmost by considering the global strategical environment and under the Nusantara outlook. This study is carried out by using methods of geopolitics, science and technology, and global competition approaches as strategic factors which influence upon human and natural resources development toward creating the wealth, intelligence and peace of the people.
The understanding of geopolitics based on the Nusantara outlook (Wawasan Nusantara), Indonesia requires to raise the effort of mastering and developing technology which has roots in the nation’s culture as an important means of national productivity hop towards resulting qualified and global competitive national products achieving national prosperity and security at the utmost and such universal humanity as a whole in an enduring peace of world. In the meantime genuine nation’s human being are required as productive people with fully innovative and creativity, reliable mental and noble morals. At the level of Nusantara outlook, the understanding of expansion might be able to interpret as an social-economic one for the prosperity of humankind at the utmost, and not in the meaning of orthodox geopolitics. The aim of this article is to briefly study the influence of geopolitics and other strategic factors upon the development of natural and human resources in Indonesia. The main aspects of the study is concenrned with future potential prospect of human and natural resources in Indonesia that should be developed for the wealth of the Indonesian people at the utmost by considering the global strategical environment and under the Nusantara outlook. This study is carried out by using methods of geopolitics, science and technology, and global competition approaches as strategic factors which influence upon human and natural resources development toward creating the wealth, intelligence and peace of the people.
The Influence of Geopolitics and Strategical Factors upon the Development of Natural and Human Resources in Indonesia
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130206.15
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ukar Wijaya Soelistijo
The Influence of Geopolitics and Strategical Factors upon the Development of Natural and Human Resources in Indonesia
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130206.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.15
© Science Publishing Group
The Assessment of Quality of Life in Sub Peripheral Urban Areas in Lithuania
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.17
After political changes and transformations, many large cities in Eastern Europe in the last decade are confronted with decline in population, privatization patterns, deterioration, raised the land prices, lower life satisfaction. In the point of macro level view this process is estimating as a controversial spatial flow. It changes the traditional urban structures and affects the successful social and economic development in cities and actually influences competitiveness in wider pan European scale. Future Orientation for Cities project (FOCI) implemented by the European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion (ESPON) 2013 Program, provided comparable information on territorial dynamics of European regions and main drivers of current urban sprawl. Quality of life is described as one of the main drivers of urban sprawl. In micro level it captures the decisions of individual actors in the urban system. The individuals construct a distinctive quality of life model. Such apparently multi-dimensional attitude encourages authors in finding ways how to establish objective criteria for a subjective assessment of the quality of life of city centre and peripheral community members. On the basis of FOCI project results and social research carried out in in the capital of Lithuania, the authors, regarding data obtained conducting a representative survey among permanent residents in Vilnius city, have made an attempt to assess the peripheral areas in Vilnius and to identify the indexes having an impact on a subjective evaluation of the quality of life.
After political changes and transformations, many large cities in Eastern Europe in the last decade are confronted with decline in population, privatization patterns, deterioration, raised the land prices, lower life satisfaction. In the point of macro level view this process is estimating as a controversial spatial flow. It changes the traditional urban structures and affects the successful social and economic development in cities and actually influences competitiveness in wider pan European scale. Future Orientation for Cities project (FOCI) implemented by the European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion (ESPON) 2013 Program, provided comparable information on territorial dynamics of European regions and main drivers of current urban sprawl. Quality of life is described as one of the main drivers of urban sprawl. In micro level it captures the decisions of individual actors in the urban system. The individuals construct a distinctive quality of life model. Such apparently multi-dimensional attitude encourages authors in finding ways how to establish objective criteria for a subjective assessment of the quality of life of city centre and peripheral community members. On the basis of FOCI project results and social research carried out in in the capital of Lithuania, the authors, regarding data obtained conducting a representative survey among permanent residents in Vilnius city, have made an attempt to assess the peripheral areas in Vilnius and to identify the indexes having an impact on a subjective evaluation of the quality of life.
The Assessment of Quality of Life in Sub Peripheral Urban Areas in Lithuania
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130206.17
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Marija Burinskienė
Vitalija Rudzkienė
Dovilė Lazauskaitė
The Assessment of Quality of Life in Sub Peripheral Urban Areas in Lithuania
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.17
© Science Publishing Group
The Current State of the Private Investigation Industry in Korea and Its Legislation Process
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.14
The demand for security services in Korea has been on the rise with the increased income of the citizens as well as awareness about individual rights. Two representative sectors that reflect this change is the privatized security and investigation fields of the country. However, the private investigation industry has not been legally authorized, so most employees in this field work for lawyers and support their tasks, or for the “errand centers” and often engage in illegal activities, causing different social issues. In order to resolve this problem, related legislation for legalization of private investigation has been proposed since late 1990s, but due to the privacy issue, conflict with other laws, difficulty in designating the agency in charge of supervising private investigation organizations, etc. have led to recurring abrogation. Despite the challenge, the discussion to legalize private investigation in Korea has recently resurfaced with the new president and her administration. Therefore, the authors in this study examined the current state of the private investigation businesses in Korea and the legalization process in addition to the points at issue.
The demand for security services in Korea has been on the rise with the increased income of the citizens as well as awareness about individual rights. Two representative sectors that reflect this change is the privatized security and investigation fields of the country. However, the private investigation industry has not been legally authorized, so most employees in this field work for lawyers and support their tasks, or for the “errand centers” and often engage in illegal activities, causing different social issues. In order to resolve this problem, related legislation for legalization of private investigation has been proposed since late 1990s, but due to the privacy issue, conflict with other laws, difficulty in designating the agency in charge of supervising private investigation organizations, etc. have led to recurring abrogation. Despite the challenge, the discussion to legalize private investigation in Korea has recently resurfaced with the new president and her administration. Therefore, the authors in this study examined the current state of the private investigation businesses in Korea and the legalization process in addition to the points at issue.
The Current State of the Private Investigation Industry in Korea and Its Legislation Process
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130206.14
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Chang-Ho Kim
Ju-Lak Lee
The Current State of the Private Investigation Industry in Korea and Its Legislation Process
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Current Situation of Vietnam Education
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.11
In Vietnam, the workforce is in the "gold" period, it will be the implementing motivations of the strategy socio-economic development. However, with methods of education for so long which do not fit the requirements of the new era, is producing passive "people" who is good at theory but bad at practice. School violence has still occurred; activities of tutors are rampant; the situation of abuse of collection, study, exams are still heavy; negative still exists, living standard of teachers is still difficult. The author’s attempt in the paper is to present the achievements and limitations of Practical education policy of Vietnam today. Documents used by the agency's functionality Vietnam and international announced. Through analysis and synthesis authors propose methods intended to correct the weaknesses.
In Vietnam, the workforce is in the "gold" period, it will be the implementing motivations of the strategy socio-economic development. However, with methods of education for so long which do not fit the requirements of the new era, is producing passive "people" who is good at theory but bad at practice. School violence has still occurred; activities of tutors are rampant; the situation of abuse of collection, study, exams are still heavy; negative still exists, living standard of teachers is still difficult. The author’s attempt in the paper is to present the achievements and limitations of Practical education policy of Vietnam today. Documents used by the agency's functionality Vietnam and international announced. Through analysis and synthesis authors propose methods intended to correct the weaknesses.
The Current Situation of Vietnam Education
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130206.11
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Phu Hop Mai
Jun Wu Yang
The Current Situation of Vietnam Education
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.11
© Science Publishing Group
An Empirical Analysis of Transport Infrastructure Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.12
The paper investigated the impact of public sector investment in transport on economic growth, using Nigeria as a case study. The empirical model for the study was developed from the endogenous growth framework in which transport investment entered into the production function as input, using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation technique and time series properties tests conducted on variables. Data for the study covered from 1977 to 2009. The findings showed that transportation played an insignificant role in the determination of economic growth in Nigeria. An increase in public funding and complete overhauling of the transportation system in the country are suggested.
The paper investigated the impact of public sector investment in transport on economic growth, using Nigeria as a case study. The empirical model for the study was developed from the endogenous growth framework in which transport investment entered into the production function as input, using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation technique and time series properties tests conducted on variables. Data for the study covered from 1977 to 2009. The findings showed that transportation played an insignificant role in the determination of economic growth in Nigeria. An increase in public funding and complete overhauling of the transportation system in the country are suggested.
An Empirical Analysis of Transport Infrastructure Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130206.12
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Oyesiku Kayode
Onakoya, Adegbemi Babatunde
Folawewo Abiodun
An Empirical Analysis of Transport Infrastructure Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130206.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Achilles’ Heel of Police Reforms in Kenya
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.13
The genesis of policing in Kenya dates back to the pre-independence times. After independence, the constitution at that time had provisions for the establishment of a neutral police service. However that was just on paper because political leaders turned the police service into a political tool for suppressing and/or repressing political opponents, real or imagined. Thus the police impunity that was there during the colonial era was never eliminated from the service after Kenya got independence. Fifty years later, Kenya is still struggling with reforming its National Police Service which is fettered in many challenges among them corruption within its ranks, extra-judicial killings, limited and/or lack of professionalism, poor housing, lack of modern crime fighting equipments among numerous other challenges. The constitution promulgated in 2010 made demands for structural and welfare reforms to be carried out in the National Police Service. It is worth noting that the reforms anticipated in the police service are now way behind schedule. The culture of impunity in the police service has contributed to too many cases of insecurity, gross violation of human rights, mistrust by citizens and derailment of key achievements in democratic governance. It is thus evident that an overhaul of Kenya’s police service is critical. This paper addresses some of the key challenges facing the National Police Service and gives some policy recommendations.
The genesis of policing in Kenya dates back to the pre-independence times. After independence, the constitution at that time had provisions for the establishment of a neutral police service. However that was just on paper because political leaders turned the police service into a political tool for suppressing and/or repressing political opponents, real or imagined. Thus the police impunity that was there during the colonial era was never eliminated from the service after Kenya got independence. Fifty years later, Kenya is still struggling with reforming its National Police Service which is fettered in many challenges among them corruption within its ranks, extra-judicial killings, limited and/or lack of professionalism, poor housing, lack of modern crime fighting equipments among numerous other challenges. The constitution promulgated in 2010 made demands for structural and welfare reforms to be carried out in the National Police Service. It is worth noting that the reforms anticipated in the police service are now way behind schedule. The culture of impunity in the police service has contributed to too many cases of insecurity, gross violation of human rights, mistrust by citizens and derailment of key achievements in democratic governance. It is thus evident that an overhaul of Kenya’s police service is critical. This paper addresses some of the key challenges facing the National Police Service and gives some policy recommendations.
The Achilles’ Heel of Police Reforms in Kenya
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20130206.13
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Douglas Lucas Kivoi
Casty Gatakaa Mbae
The Achilles’ Heel of Police Reforms in Kenya
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20130206.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20130206.13
© Science Publishing Group
Influences of Cultural Identity on Communication
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140301.11
The situation in the region occasionally shows a climate of tension between populations with different national identities. Social facts demonstrate that in terms of media multiculturalism, differentiation and division between ethnic communities are increased. This has happened because each medium is mono-cultural, has its own identity, even a very strong identity, due to its “neighbors”, TVs and radio stations associated with cultural communities sharing the same territorial space. Under these conditions, ethnic and national communities live within a certain multicultural landscape, but these communities as an audience, follow a number of media selected according to strict ethnical criteria. Unfortunately, freedom of expression still does not ensure the coexistence of different national groups. It may even happen that freedom of expression worsens this coexistence.
The situation in the region occasionally shows a climate of tension between populations with different national identities. Social facts demonstrate that in terms of media multiculturalism, differentiation and division between ethnic communities are increased. This has happened because each medium is mono-cultural, has its own identity, even a very strong identity, due to its “neighbors”, TVs and radio stations associated with cultural communities sharing the same territorial space. Under these conditions, ethnic and national communities live within a certain multicultural landscape, but these communities as an audience, follow a number of media selected according to strict ethnical criteria. Unfortunately, freedom of expression still does not ensure the coexistence of different national groups. It may even happen that freedom of expression worsens this coexistence.
Influences of Cultural Identity on Communication
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140301.11
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Roland Lami
Influences of Cultural Identity on Communication
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4
4
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20140301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Meaning, Interpretation and Unlimited Semiosis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140301.12
This article is devoted the semiotics analysis of concepts «meaning» and «interpretation». On the basis of the analysis the conclusion becomes, that the sign can display a reality only in the course of human activity. Meaning of a sign is a way of its use and interpretation. From the point of view of the theory of interpretants are checked and described conformity, associated with other sign. Thus, the maintenance analysis becomes the cultural-caused operation which is carried out only with physically checked (perceived) products of culture, i.e. with other signs and their mutual correlations. Process unlimited semiotics shows, how signification, constantly correlating one sign with another or with a number of other signs, depicts culture elements.
This article is devoted the semiotics analysis of concepts «meaning» and «interpretation». On the basis of the analysis the conclusion becomes, that the sign can display a reality only in the course of human activity. Meaning of a sign is a way of its use and interpretation. From the point of view of the theory of interpretants are checked and described conformity, associated with other sign. Thus, the maintenance analysis becomes the cultural-caused operation which is carried out only with physically checked (perceived) products of culture, i.e. with other signs and their mutual correlations. Process unlimited semiotics shows, how signification, constantly correlating one sign with another or with a number of other signs, depicts culture elements.
Meaning, Interpretation and Unlimited Semiosis
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140301.12
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Victor Novoselov
Meaning, Interpretation and Unlimited Semiosis
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1
8
8
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20140301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Impact of Breastfeeding on Infant and Child Mortality with Varying Levels of Immunization and HIV/AIDS: Evidence from 2008/09 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140301.13
Appropriate breastfeeding is one of the cost effective measures in the broader strategy for Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Programme which was adopted by the international community in the 1990s to reduce infant and child mortality especially in developing countries such as Kenya. Although Kenya experienced great improvements towards attainment of full immunization coverage in 1990s and early 2000s, it also experienced high HIV and malaria prevalence rates in some parts of the country during the two decades. This paper used the 2008/09 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey data to analyze the impact of breastfeeding duration in the face of varying levels of immunization coverage and HIV/AIDS risk perception. A total of 6,079 births born 59 months or less preceding the survey were used in the analysis. Life table and generalized linear regression in log linear format were the main methods applied. To determine the breastfeeding effect, other broad community level contextual and socio-economic as well as individual level biological and household environmental factors were controlled for in the analysis. Births in communities with longer breastfeeding duration exceeding 13 months had about 34 per cent lower infant and child mortality when compared with their other counterparts. Longer breastfeeding duration was also found to have beneficial effect on child survival even in lower immunization and higher HIV/AIDS risk situations. Multiple births and those born to mother in widowed/divorced/separated marital status had undesired effect on child mortality. The study results underscores the need for strengthening aspects of the IMCI Programme aimed at promoting breastfeeding and immunization of children as stipulated in the Ministry of Health guidelines which are also in line with those provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Further research is also necessary to explain the mechanism and key proximate determinants through which breastfeeding and immunization act to strongly influence childhood mortality in Kenya.
Appropriate breastfeeding is one of the cost effective measures in the broader strategy for Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Programme which was adopted by the international community in the 1990s to reduce infant and child mortality especially in developing countries such as Kenya. Although Kenya experienced great improvements towards attainment of full immunization coverage in 1990s and early 2000s, it also experienced high HIV and malaria prevalence rates in some parts of the country during the two decades. This paper used the 2008/09 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey data to analyze the impact of breastfeeding duration in the face of varying levels of immunization coverage and HIV/AIDS risk perception. A total of 6,079 births born 59 months or less preceding the survey were used in the analysis. Life table and generalized linear regression in log linear format were the main methods applied. To determine the breastfeeding effect, other broad community level contextual and socio-economic as well as individual level biological and household environmental factors were controlled for in the analysis. Births in communities with longer breastfeeding duration exceeding 13 months had about 34 per cent lower infant and child mortality when compared with their other counterparts. Longer breastfeeding duration was also found to have beneficial effect on child survival even in lower immunization and higher HIV/AIDS risk situations. Multiple births and those born to mother in widowed/divorced/separated marital status had undesired effect on child mortality. The study results underscores the need for strengthening aspects of the IMCI Programme aimed at promoting breastfeeding and immunization of children as stipulated in the Ministry of Health guidelines which are also in line with those provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Further research is also necessary to explain the mechanism and key proximate determinants through which breastfeeding and immunization act to strongly influence childhood mortality in Kenya.
Impact of Breastfeeding on Infant and Child Mortality with Varying Levels of Immunization and HIV/AIDS: Evidence from 2008/09 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140301.13
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Boniface Omuga K’Oyugi
Impact of Breastfeeding on Infant and Child Mortality with Varying Levels of Immunization and HIV/AIDS: Evidence from 2008/09 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey
3
1
16
16
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20140301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Concept Territory of Lobo Architecture "Ngata Toro"
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140301.14
Lobo is an architectural masterpiece that embodies the culture and have an important role in every activity and community interaction. Lobo as the embodiment of activities and indigenous communities, is a means of self-actualization in social interaction. In each community activities, "Lobo" has a role as a center of activity, and territoriality space eclectic emphasis on linkages between the human space. This study focuses on territory space Lobo architectural "Ngata Toro" as an behavior attribute of human interaction with the environment in which the occurrence of an activity. The method used in this study to conduct a literature study and mapping of behavior based on where in the course of community activities. The result is "Lobo" as a masterpiece of architecture and indigenous communities "Ngata Toro", has an important role as a community activity node, there is a space in the hierarchy concept of space as a territory marker function activities as well as stratification and social interaction. Lobo also has a function as a public space problem solving occurs.
Lobo is an architectural masterpiece that embodies the culture and have an important role in every activity and community interaction. Lobo as the embodiment of activities and indigenous communities, is a means of self-actualization in social interaction. In each community activities, "Lobo" has a role as a center of activity, and territoriality space eclectic emphasis on linkages between the human space. This study focuses on territory space Lobo architectural "Ngata Toro" as an behavior attribute of human interaction with the environment in which the occurrence of an activity. The method used in this study to conduct a literature study and mapping of behavior based on where in the course of community activities. The result is "Lobo" as a masterpiece of architecture and indigenous communities "Ngata Toro", has an important role as a community activity node, there is a space in the hierarchy concept of space as a territory marker function activities as well as stratification and social interaction. Lobo also has a function as a public space problem solving occurs.
Concept Territory of Lobo Architecture "Ngata Toro"
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140301.14
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Fuad Zubaidi
Happy Ratna Santosa
Muhammad Faqih
Concept Territory of Lobo Architecture "Ngata Toro"
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22
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20140301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140301.14
© Science Publishing Group
Environmental Concern has to do with the Stated Purchase Behavior of Green Products at Retail
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140301.15
Does environmental concern influence declared retail purchasing of green products? Current analysis evaluates the influence of environmental concern in people´s retail buying behavior of green products. A survey with 811 consumers from Brazil was undertaken on their perception as individuals and the manner they perceive people in society. Results obtained by current analysis show that consumers do not demonstrate a direct relationship between environmental concern and declared retail purchase of green products. The above reinforces the model by Bagozzi (1981) who explains behavior has intent rather than attitude as a precedent. The same behavior may be perceived when subjects place their perception above the behavior of people in society.
Does environmental concern influence declared retail purchasing of green products? Current analysis evaluates the influence of environmental concern in people´s retail buying behavior of green products. A survey with 811 consumers from Brazil was undertaken on their perception as individuals and the manner they perceive people in society. Results obtained by current analysis show that consumers do not demonstrate a direct relationship between environmental concern and declared retail purchase of green products. The above reinforces the model by Bagozzi (1981) who explains behavior has intent rather than attitude as a precedent. The same behavior may be perceived when subjects place their perception above the behavior of people in society.
Environmental Concern has to do with the Stated Purchase Behavior of Green Products at Retail
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140301.15
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sergio Silva Braga Junior
Dirceu da Silva
Eduardo Guilherme Satolo
Marcelo Marques Magalhães
Fernando Ferrari Putti
Waleska Reali de Oliveira Braga
Environmental Concern has to do with the Stated Purchase Behavior of Green Products at Retail
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20140301.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140301.15
© Science Publishing Group
Cohabitation in Semi-Presidential Countries
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140302.11
This paper aims to discuss various forms of cohabitation in semi-presidentialism through the constitutional stipulations and intra-executive relationships between the president and the prime minister. By examining the cases of emerging semi-presidential countries, this paper suggests that “cohabitation” not be considered as the necessary outcome of a president-parliamentary divided government. The yielding or competing relations between the president and the prime minister may be variables that complicate semi-presidential types. Thus, concerning both the normative and practical aspects, this paper will analyze the intra- executive interaction in order to explore the executive-legislative stability within semi-presidentialism.
This paper aims to discuss various forms of cohabitation in semi-presidentialism through the constitutional stipulations and intra-executive relationships between the president and the prime minister. By examining the cases of emerging semi-presidential countries, this paper suggests that “cohabitation” not be considered as the necessary outcome of a president-parliamentary divided government. The yielding or competing relations between the president and the prime minister may be variables that complicate semi-presidential types. Thus, concerning both the normative and practical aspects, this paper will analyze the intra- executive interaction in order to explore the executive-legislative stability within semi-presidentialism.
Cohabitation in Semi-Presidential Countries
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140302.11
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Chun-Hao Chang
Cohabitation in Semi-Presidential Countries
3
2
43
43
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20140302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Comparing Japan and Singapore in some Aspects of English
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140302.12
Many have heard about the declining and aging Japanese population but fewer are aware of its implications on immigration. According to UN estimates, immigration has to be at 650,000 per year to counteract the negative effects. This means that most of the Japanese will be living and working alongside foreigners in the near future. English language education in Japan has not been very successful. Although the communicative approach was introduced in the 1980s, schools still use the grammar translation method and most Japanese do not have the communicative skills necessary for interacting with foreigners. Government rhetoric has also been hesitant in encouraging the learning of English. The Japanese language or national identity is often emphasised when English is promoted. The government sees English as a threat to Japanese and Japanese identity. This paper uses the case study of the Singaporean Chinese to reassure the Japanese that unlike in the Singaporean case, risks of a language and values shift due to English are relatively low.
Many have heard about the declining and aging Japanese population but fewer are aware of its implications on immigration. According to UN estimates, immigration has to be at 650,000 per year to counteract the negative effects. This means that most of the Japanese will be living and working alongside foreigners in the near future. English language education in Japan has not been very successful. Although the communicative approach was introduced in the 1980s, schools still use the grammar translation method and most Japanese do not have the communicative skills necessary for interacting with foreigners. Government rhetoric has also been hesitant in encouraging the learning of English. The Japanese language or national identity is often emphasised when English is promoted. The government sees English as a threat to Japanese and Japanese identity. This paper uses the case study of the Singaporean Chinese to reassure the Japanese that unlike in the Singaporean case, risks of a language and values shift due to English are relatively low.
Comparing Japan and Singapore in some Aspects of English
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140302.12
Social Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Liang Morita
Comparing Japan and Singapore in some Aspects of English
3
2
52
52
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ss.20140302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnomethodology as Methods of Valuation of Subjectivities in Social Research
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140302.13
This article discusses the relevance of qualitative and participatory methodologies in education, bearing in mind the principles etnopedagógicos in the construction of social research in the educational field. In circumstances of investigation the interactivity and participation are mediators in that process because it contributes to the identification and representation of subjectivation of the subjects researchers in insertions and engagement with the object of research. The identity is discussed as action and interaction of actors and IBM research. These theoretical, methodological components pertinent to symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology, prioritize the subjectivity, the interaction and participation of the subjects in the polls from a micro vision to reach a understanding macro, proposed by etnométodos within the social research in contemporary times. Bibliographic search result, intends to consider the contemporary speech driven breaking traditional paradigms that force the neutrality as added value to the production of knowledge.
This article discusses the relevance of qualitative and participatory methodologies in education, bearing in mind the principles etnopedagógicos in the construction of social research in the educational field. In circumstances of investigation the interactivity and participation are mediators in that process because it contributes to the identification and representation of subjectivation of the subjects researchers in insertions and engagement with the object of research. The identity is discussed as action and interaction of actors and IBM research. These theoretical, methodological components pertinent to symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology, prioritize the subjectivity, the interaction and participation of the subjects in the polls from a micro vision to reach a understanding macro, proposed by etnométodos within the social research in contemporary times. Bibliographic search result, intends to consider the contemporary speech driven breaking traditional paradigms that force the neutrality as added value to the production of knowledge.
Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnomethodology as Methods of Valuation of Subjectivities in Social Research
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140302.13
Social Sciences
2014-04-28
© Science Publishing Group
Wellington Amâncio da silva
Elilia Camargo Rodrigues
Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnomethodology as Methods of Valuation of Subjectivities in Social Research
3
2
58
58
2014-04-28
2014-04-28
10.11648/j.ss.20140302.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140302.13
© Science Publishing Group
Sociology of Science and the Turn to Social Constructivism
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140302.14
Knowledge about and reflection on the epistemological developments in sociology of science is an important step towards a critical analysis of the discipline, its present, and its future. The assessment of theoretical and empirical trends within the discipline has a number of beneficial consequences. Thus, spurring a discussion about the relative merits of new trends might contribute to the clarification of the epistemological positions, the methodologies used, and the communicativeness of the arguments that are made. We believe that it is important to periodically initiate discussions on the paradigmatic developments in a particular field of study. Such discussions will increase methodological awareness and reflection and will further the methodological expertise of the scholarly community. Recently, a salient turn from positivist to constructivist approaches has come to dominate the field of sociology of science. We have contextualized the development of social constructivism in sociology of science through a brief historicist foray. This approach allows us to inform the reader about the advent of social constructivism in this domain and to present in a nutshell its claims of contributions, as well as to mention the criticisms levied against it. We have extended our contextualization even further by relating these new developments to the history of humanistic paradigms and the study of cultural phenomena like the world of ideas, knowledge, and science. Our intent has been to provide a platform for reflecting over these developments and to create a system of reference points for orientation in the realm of sociology of science thought. We hope that this article will contribute to the emergent discussion on constructivism in general, on constructivism in sociology of science, as well as on the positioning of constructivist agendas across disciplines. We believe that the present discussion will increase the methodological awareness of practicing scholars and will make them reflect on their own methodological affiliations, preferences, and biases. It is our deep conviction that in such a way we can contribute to the advancement of an epistemologically sophisticated scholarly community that navigates with ease the murky waters of methodological decision-making.
Knowledge about and reflection on the epistemological developments in sociology of science is an important step towards a critical analysis of the discipline, its present, and its future. The assessment of theoretical and empirical trends within the discipline has a number of beneficial consequences. Thus, spurring a discussion about the relative merits of new trends might contribute to the clarification of the epistemological positions, the methodologies used, and the communicativeness of the arguments that are made. We believe that it is important to periodically initiate discussions on the paradigmatic developments in a particular field of study. Such discussions will increase methodological awareness and reflection and will further the methodological expertise of the scholarly community. Recently, a salient turn from positivist to constructivist approaches has come to dominate the field of sociology of science. We have contextualized the development of social constructivism in sociology of science through a brief historicist foray. This approach allows us to inform the reader about the advent of social constructivism in this domain and to present in a nutshell its claims of contributions, as well as to mention the criticisms levied against it. We have extended our contextualization even further by relating these new developments to the history of humanistic paradigms and the study of cultural phenomena like the world of ideas, knowledge, and science. Our intent has been to provide a platform for reflecting over these developments and to create a system of reference points for orientation in the realm of sociology of science thought. We hope that this article will contribute to the emergent discussion on constructivism in general, on constructivism in sociology of science, as well as on the positioning of constructivist agendas across disciplines. We believe that the present discussion will increase the methodological awareness of practicing scholars and will make them reflect on their own methodological affiliations, preferences, and biases. It is our deep conviction that in such a way we can contribute to the advancement of an epistemologically sophisticated scholarly community that navigates with ease the murky waters of methodological decision-making.
Sociology of Science and the Turn to Social Constructivism
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140302.14
Social Sciences
2014-05-08
© Science Publishing Group
Ivan Mihailov Chompalov
Lubomir Savov Popov
Sociology of Science and the Turn to Social Constructivism
3
2
66
66
2014-05-08
2014-05-08
10.11648/j.ss.20140302.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140302.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Rise of Islamic Jihad in Northern Nigeria and Its Implications on the Jos-Plateau Religious Conflicts
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140303.11
For over two decades, the regions of northern Nigeria have been experiencing various religious conflicts and government approach in curbing the menaces have often been of no positive effect. From the year 2001, the conflicts have taken a new dimension because Hausa/Fulani jihadists sporadically attack rural communities within the Jos Plateau province repeatedly killing hundreds and thousands of people without showing any remorse. The conflicts have often been described by the media and politicians as strictly an ethnic or land-ownership conflicts. Using historical analogies, this researcher argues that the course for Islamic Jihad in northern Nigeria which started since 1804 is the main reason behind Muslim and Christian conflicts in Jos.
For over two decades, the regions of northern Nigeria have been experiencing various religious conflicts and government approach in curbing the menaces have often been of no positive effect. From the year 2001, the conflicts have taken a new dimension because Hausa/Fulani jihadists sporadically attack rural communities within the Jos Plateau province repeatedly killing hundreds and thousands of people without showing any remorse. The conflicts have often been described by the media and politicians as strictly an ethnic or land-ownership conflicts. Using historical analogies, this researcher argues that the course for Islamic Jihad in northern Nigeria which started since 1804 is the main reason behind Muslim and Christian conflicts in Jos.
The Rise of Islamic Jihad in Northern Nigeria and Its Implications on the Jos-Plateau Religious Conflicts
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140303.11
Social Sciences
2014-05-22
© Science Publishing Group
Jock Matthew Agai
The Rise of Islamic Jihad in Northern Nigeria and Its Implications on the Jos-Plateau Religious Conflicts
3
3
73
73
2014-05-22
2014-05-22
10.11648/j.ss.20140303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Living Labs, Spaces for Open Innovation and Technology Transfer. An Alternative to the Solution of Social Problems in Paraguay
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140303.12
Living Labs model concentrate its effort to support actors, providing a neutral space in which stakeholders could know and co-develop innovations in real-world contexts and proposes five basic principles for the operations of the aforementioned living labs: courage, openness, realism, influence and sustainability. The objective of this paper is to propose and test a Living Lab and project management model from the actual stakeholders, following the perspective of the Stakeholder Theory and the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM). This perspective places the Research - Action model on the basis of the SSM model as an appropriate vehicle for the openness towards worldviews, problems and conflicts solving by the organizations, especially when it involves the formulation of possible cultural changes (structural, process, attitudinal) and "actions for improvement" are established. Therefore, we present the case of the Development Center for Scientific Research which brings together a multidisciplinary group of researchers and the project "Participatory approach with ethnic focus for Community Development of the Maskoy Diez Leguas ethnicity in the Central Chaco of Paraguay".
Living Labs model concentrate its effort to support actors, providing a neutral space in which stakeholders could know and co-develop innovations in real-world contexts and proposes five basic principles for the operations of the aforementioned living labs: courage, openness, realism, influence and sustainability. The objective of this paper is to propose and test a Living Lab and project management model from the actual stakeholders, following the perspective of the Stakeholder Theory and the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM). This perspective places the Research - Action model on the basis of the SSM model as an appropriate vehicle for the openness towards worldviews, problems and conflicts solving by the organizations, especially when it involves the formulation of possible cultural changes (structural, process, attitudinal) and "actions for improvement" are established. Therefore, we present the case of the Development Center for Scientific Research which brings together a multidisciplinary group of researchers and the project "Participatory approach with ethnic focus for Community Development of the Maskoy Diez Leguas ethnicity in the Central Chaco of Paraguay".
Living Labs, Spaces for Open Innovation and Technology Transfer. An Alternative to the Solution of Social Problems in Paraguay
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140303.12
Social Sciences
2014-05-28
© Science Publishing Group
Antonieta Rojas De Arias
Sergio Duarte Masi
Diego Dorigo
Francisco Arias Rojas
María Celeste Vega
Miriam Rolon
Living Labs, Spaces for Open Innovation and Technology Transfer. An Alternative to the Solution of Social Problems in Paraguay
3
3
79
79
2014-05-28
2014-05-28
10.11648/j.ss.20140303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140303.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Political Basis of the European Identity
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140303.13
The concept of European identity is understood as an attempt to consolidate the process of European integration that would provide the European Union with a more stable future. This is why, generally speaking, the concept has gained its full relevance with the entry into force of the Mastricht Treaty in 1993, establishing the European Union, thus ever growing integration. Under the concept of European identity, it is not enough to be within the borders of the EU. One can become “more” European by accepting what is considered to be European norms and values while at the same time having appreciation for the background. The European identity is expressed by trying to speak the local language, by trying to assimilate and integrate to the extent that will facilitate our everyday life in the given environment, by respecting an opportunity to be part of such an environment, etc. The official establishment of the concept of the European identity during the 1973 Copenhagen Summit at that point was a political category as a foreign policy tool. Since then, it moved from political to social category and back. For example, the veil issue has moved from being a cultural issue to become a political issue and this also has implications for the development of European identity. The politicization of European identity in international scientific circles is more of a question as a practical reality versus efforts of the Union for Americanization of European cultural space that imposes globalization to the values of culture, especially the media space.
The concept of European identity is understood as an attempt to consolidate the process of European integration that would provide the European Union with a more stable future. This is why, generally speaking, the concept has gained its full relevance with the entry into force of the Mastricht Treaty in 1993, establishing the European Union, thus ever growing integration. Under the concept of European identity, it is not enough to be within the borders of the EU. One can become “more” European by accepting what is considered to be European norms and values while at the same time having appreciation for the background. The European identity is expressed by trying to speak the local language, by trying to assimilate and integrate to the extent that will facilitate our everyday life in the given environment, by respecting an opportunity to be part of such an environment, etc. The official establishment of the concept of the European identity during the 1973 Copenhagen Summit at that point was a political category as a foreign policy tool. Since then, it moved from political to social category and back. For example, the veil issue has moved from being a cultural issue to become a political issue and this also has implications for the development of European identity. The politicization of European identity in international scientific circles is more of a question as a practical reality versus efforts of the Union for Americanization of European cultural space that imposes globalization to the values of culture, especially the media space.
The Political Basis of the European Identity
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140303.13
Social Sciences
2014-05-30
© Science Publishing Group
Liljana Siljanovska
The Political Basis of the European Identity
3
3
85
85
2014-05-30
2014-05-30
10.11648/j.ss.20140303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Media Ethics - Principles and Practices in Macedonian Journalism
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140303.14
In the era of democratization of institutions in all spheres of social living and globalization on a large scale imposed by the rapid technical-technological development and modern communication, the issue of media ethics has become all the problematic and has been connected with the moral responsibility of journalists and the application of professional standards and criteria. In the countries with young democracies and transition of systems of social establishment among which is also the Republic of Macedonia, the behavior of the media and the rules of conduct of professionals were often prescribed and imposed by others: the government, the state, the ruling political parties or the media close to them. Respecting professional standards and criteria, especially in research journalism, is often reflected in media practice with certain misfortunes for journalists, administrative barriers, bans and court prosecutions. With the new national media laws, the fundamental human right to be appropriately informed is limited and repressed, and thus there is a maximal affirmation of a new, made-up and artificially construed right without any basis arising from the relevant international legal regulative. Journalistic ethics must firstly call upon the public which the media content is intended for, upon the goodness of those who are in dire need of the announcement and the content that can deeply influence their lives, in a good or a bad way. The ethic code of journalists and other media professionals is only the second name of the rules of conduct based on which the journalistic profession is founded. These rules make sense only if they arise from a broader social context that characterizes the acceptance of a certain system of universal values.
In the era of democratization of institutions in all spheres of social living and globalization on a large scale imposed by the rapid technical-technological development and modern communication, the issue of media ethics has become all the problematic and has been connected with the moral responsibility of journalists and the application of professional standards and criteria. In the countries with young democracies and transition of systems of social establishment among which is also the Republic of Macedonia, the behavior of the media and the rules of conduct of professionals were often prescribed and imposed by others: the government, the state, the ruling political parties or the media close to them. Respecting professional standards and criteria, especially in research journalism, is often reflected in media practice with certain misfortunes for journalists, administrative barriers, bans and court prosecutions. With the new national media laws, the fundamental human right to be appropriately informed is limited and repressed, and thus there is a maximal affirmation of a new, made-up and artificially construed right without any basis arising from the relevant international legal regulative. Journalistic ethics must firstly call upon the public which the media content is intended for, upon the goodness of those who are in dire need of the announcement and the content that can deeply influence their lives, in a good or a bad way. The ethic code of journalists and other media professionals is only the second name of the rules of conduct based on which the journalistic profession is founded. These rules make sense only if they arise from a broader social context that characterizes the acceptance of a certain system of universal values.
Media Ethics - Principles and Practices in Macedonian Journalism
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140303.14
Social Sciences
2014-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Liljana Siljanovska
Media Ethics - Principles and Practices in Macedonian Journalism
3
3
91
91
2014-06-12
2014-06-12
10.11648/j.ss.20140303.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140303.14
© Science Publishing Group
Rural Household Livelihood Strategies: Options and Determinants in the Case of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140303.15
Due to sever land scarcity, high population pressure and recurrent drought, farm households in the study area widely engage in and pursue diverse activities as livelihood strategies. The carrying capacity of agriculture to attain food and livelihood security is extremely declining from time to time. Diversifying livelihood strategies at current time become a common phenomenon in the study area. The major objectives of this study are, therefore, to identify the existing livelihood strategies adopted by rural households and to assess factors that determine households’ decision to choose alternative livelihood strategies. For the purpose of this study primary data were collected from randomly selected 300 households in four woredas (districts) of the zone. Descriptive statistics was applied to characterize the sample households’ social, economic, demographic and institutional factors. The finding of the survey result indicates that rural households in the study area practice diversified livelihood strategies, in that large part of the respondents (57.7%) combine agriculture with other activities (non/off-farm). Surprisingly, some farmers were pursuing non-farm and off-farm activities as the primary livelihood strategies rather than agriculture. Multinomial logit model applied to investigate factors influencing the households’ choice of livelihood strategies. In this regard, a total of 19 explanatory variables were included in the empirical model of which 11 were significant. These variables include agro-ecology, sex, education, farm size, livestock ownership, participation in social leadership, annual cash income, fertilizer use, improved seed use, age, and training which were determining farmers’ choice of livelihood strategies. The results of this study suggest that development interventions, policies and supportive services should be designed to suit the felt needs and circumstances of different groups of farmers.
Due to sever land scarcity, high population pressure and recurrent drought, farm households in the study area widely engage in and pursue diverse activities as livelihood strategies. The carrying capacity of agriculture to attain food and livelihood security is extremely declining from time to time. Diversifying livelihood strategies at current time become a common phenomenon in the study area. The major objectives of this study are, therefore, to identify the existing livelihood strategies adopted by rural households and to assess factors that determine households’ decision to choose alternative livelihood strategies. For the purpose of this study primary data were collected from randomly selected 300 households in four woredas (districts) of the zone. Descriptive statistics was applied to characterize the sample households’ social, economic, demographic and institutional factors. The finding of the survey result indicates that rural households in the study area practice diversified livelihood strategies, in that large part of the respondents (57.7%) combine agriculture with other activities (non/off-farm). Surprisingly, some farmers were pursuing non-farm and off-farm activities as the primary livelihood strategies rather than agriculture. Multinomial logit model applied to investigate factors influencing the households’ choice of livelihood strategies. In this regard, a total of 19 explanatory variables were included in the empirical model of which 11 were significant. These variables include agro-ecology, sex, education, farm size, livestock ownership, participation in social leadership, annual cash income, fertilizer use, improved seed use, age, and training which were determining farmers’ choice of livelihood strategies. The results of this study suggest that development interventions, policies and supportive services should be designed to suit the felt needs and circumstances of different groups of farmers.
Rural Household Livelihood Strategies: Options and Determinants in the Case of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140303.15
Social Sciences
2014-06-24
© Science Publishing Group
Yishak Gecho
Gezahegn Ayele
Tesfaye Lemma
Dawit Alemu
Rural Household Livelihood Strategies: Options and Determinants in the Case of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
3
3
104
104
2014-06-24
2014-06-24
10.11648/j.ss.20140303.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140303.15
© Science Publishing Group
Religious Practices and National Development
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140304.11
Nigeria is a multi-religious society. These religions can be grouped under three principal and dominant types which are Christianity, Islam and Traditional African Religion. Religion is held with utmost passion, devotion, reference and sacredness in Nigeria, so much so that it has become a veritable tool in the hands of both political and non political leaders for the psychic and emotional manipulations of adherents. No wonder Marx sees religion as mere illusion, a way of rationalizing man’s frustrations, an opium that sedates and placates the pains of exploitation and oppression by the nuveaux riché, whereas Durkheim saw it as a social institution that serves to give meaning to man's existential predicaments. Nigeria today is one of the most religious societies in the world, but these various beliefs and teachings have not changed to any appreciable extent the lives of the adherents and the nation as a whole. What is witnessed instead is one form of religious crisis or another leading to; maiming, looting, massacre and horrendous bloodshed of innocent and unprotected citizens. Every religion in Nigeria plays the blame game, to an extent that the practice of the same teachings of love, peace, unity and brotherhood each religion claims to instruct becomes a dirge and mirage. This study is therefore set to investigate religious practices in Nigeria and the effect on the development of the society using exploratory method. Though religion could be a source of social unity and cohesion in a social setting, it was discovered that over the years in Nigeria, religion has merely led to persecution, torture, wanton bloodbath and destruction of social and economic materials.
Nigeria is a multi-religious society. These religions can be grouped under three principal and dominant types which are Christianity, Islam and Traditional African Religion. Religion is held with utmost passion, devotion, reference and sacredness in Nigeria, so much so that it has become a veritable tool in the hands of both political and non political leaders for the psychic and emotional manipulations of adherents. No wonder Marx sees religion as mere illusion, a way of rationalizing man’s frustrations, an opium that sedates and placates the pains of exploitation and oppression by the nuveaux riché, whereas Durkheim saw it as a social institution that serves to give meaning to man's existential predicaments. Nigeria today is one of the most religious societies in the world, but these various beliefs and teachings have not changed to any appreciable extent the lives of the adherents and the nation as a whole. What is witnessed instead is one form of religious crisis or another leading to; maiming, looting, massacre and horrendous bloodshed of innocent and unprotected citizens. Every religion in Nigeria plays the blame game, to an extent that the practice of the same teachings of love, peace, unity and brotherhood each religion claims to instruct becomes a dirge and mirage. This study is therefore set to investigate religious practices in Nigeria and the effect on the development of the society using exploratory method. Though religion could be a source of social unity and cohesion in a social setting, it was discovered that over the years in Nigeria, religion has merely led to persecution, torture, wanton bloodbath and destruction of social and economic materials.
Religious Practices and National Development
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140304.11
Social Sciences
2014-07-16
© Science Publishing Group
Johnson Olusegun Ajayi
Bodunde David Oluwafemi
Religious Practices and National Development
3
4
111
111
2014-07-16
2014-07-16
10.11648/j.ss.20140304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Appreciative Inquiry, a Constant in Social Work
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140304.12
The use of the appreciative inquiry favors the change in perception and in speech made by individuals when they face their troubles. Appreciative inquiry is conducted from a theoretical structure which is based in a process, several principles and related techniques. Such performance can be sensed through the historical development of social work, where we could find female authors who, from their theoretical contributions, have shaped a solid structure of inquiry whose goal is to foster individuals' capacities in order to achieve their empowerment. It is necessary to strengthen this design of inquiry initiated with techniques that can change clients' narratives and can reinforce social workers' professional role.
The use of the appreciative inquiry favors the change in perception and in speech made by individuals when they face their troubles. Appreciative inquiry is conducted from a theoretical structure which is based in a process, several principles and related techniques. Such performance can be sensed through the historical development of social work, where we could find female authors who, from their theoretical contributions, have shaped a solid structure of inquiry whose goal is to foster individuals' capacities in order to achieve their empowerment. It is necessary to strengthen this design of inquiry initiated with techniques that can change clients' narratives and can reinforce social workers' professional role.
Appreciative Inquiry, a Constant in Social Work
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140304.12
Social Sciences
2014-07-18
© Science Publishing Group
María Pilar Munuera Gómez
Carmen Alemán Bracho
Mar Hernández
Appreciative Inquiry, a Constant in Social Work
3
4
120
120
2014-07-18
2014-07-18
10.11648/j.ss.20140304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Habitus: An Attempt at a Thorough Analysis of a Controversial Concept in Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140304.13
This work focuses on the approach to and analysis of the concept of habitus, and on tracing its relationship to the concept of practice within the framework of Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘theory of practice’. Based on these determinants, we attempted a thorough approach to the concept of habitus. Within the context of epistemological clarification we considered it essential to draw attention to its genealogy and the course of its development. Bearing in mind too the large number of discussions the controversial concept of habitus has provoked in the field of social sciences, we attempted to make reference to the most important relevant critical approaches. In the article’s concluding observations, the concept’s indisputable contribution to and influence on the field of social sciences is demonstrated, as is the notion that Pierre Bourdieu’s constructed concept of habitus attempts to put an end to fundamental divisions in sociology such as: objectivism-subjectivism, individual-society, conscious-unconscious.
This work focuses on the approach to and analysis of the concept of habitus, and on tracing its relationship to the concept of practice within the framework of Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘theory of practice’. Based on these determinants, we attempted a thorough approach to the concept of habitus. Within the context of epistemological clarification we considered it essential to draw attention to its genealogy and the course of its development. Bearing in mind too the large number of discussions the controversial concept of habitus has provoked in the field of social sciences, we attempted to make reference to the most important relevant critical approaches. In the article’s concluding observations, the concept’s indisputable contribution to and influence on the field of social sciences is demonstrated, as is the notion that Pierre Bourdieu’s constructed concept of habitus attempts to put an end to fundamental divisions in sociology such as: objectivism-subjectivism, individual-society, conscious-unconscious.
Habitus: An Attempt at a Thorough Analysis of a Controversial Concept in Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140304.13
Social Sciences
2014-08-19
© Science Publishing Group
Anna Asimaki
Gerasimos Koustourakis
Habitus: An Attempt at a Thorough Analysis of a Controversial Concept in Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice
3
4
131
131
2014-08-19
2014-08-19
10.11648/j.ss.20140304.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140304.13
© Science Publishing Group
Does the Conditional Cash Transfer Program Empower Women? Evidence from Ain El-Sira, Egypt
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140304.14
Several developing economies have introduced conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs, which provide money to poor families contingent on certain behavior, usually investments in human capital, such as sending children to school or bringing them to health centers. The approach is both an alternative to more traditional social assistance programs and a demand-side complement to the supply of health and education services. Unlike most development initiatives, conditional cash transfer programs have been subject to rigorous evaluations of their effectiveness using experimental or quasi-experimental methods. Evaluation results for programs launched in Colombia, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Turkey reveal successes in addressing many of the failures in delivering social assistance, such as weak poverty targeting, disincentive effects, and limited welfare impacts. There is clear evidence of success from the first generation of programs in Colombia, Mexico, and Nicaragua in increasing enrollment rates, improving preventive health care, raising household consumption, and empowering women. Given the available data from Ain El-Sira in Egypt, this study contributes to the limited if not unavailable evidence on the impact of CCT on poor Egyptian families behavior with respect to various aspects such as female work, empowerment, violence, and family planning. This study will use the several data collection activities that were conducted in Ain El-Sira. There were a baseline survey before the implementation of the CCT program, mid-line survey (after 13 months of implementation) and monthly progress data collection for the 162 selected families.
Several developing economies have introduced conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs, which provide money to poor families contingent on certain behavior, usually investments in human capital, such as sending children to school or bringing them to health centers. The approach is both an alternative to more traditional social assistance programs and a demand-side complement to the supply of health and education services. Unlike most development initiatives, conditional cash transfer programs have been subject to rigorous evaluations of their effectiveness using experimental or quasi-experimental methods. Evaluation results for programs launched in Colombia, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Turkey reveal successes in addressing many of the failures in delivering social assistance, such as weak poverty targeting, disincentive effects, and limited welfare impacts. There is clear evidence of success from the first generation of programs in Colombia, Mexico, and Nicaragua in increasing enrollment rates, improving preventive health care, raising household consumption, and empowering women. Given the available data from Ain El-Sira in Egypt, this study contributes to the limited if not unavailable evidence on the impact of CCT on poor Egyptian families behavior with respect to various aspects such as female work, empowerment, violence, and family planning. This study will use the several data collection activities that were conducted in Ain El-Sira. There were a baseline survey before the implementation of the CCT program, mid-line survey (after 13 months of implementation) and monthly progress data collection for the 162 selected families.
Does the Conditional Cash Transfer Program Empower Women? Evidence from Ain El-Sira, Egypt
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140304.14
Social Sciences
2014-08-27
© Science Publishing Group
Hassan H. M. Zaky
Does the Conditional Cash Transfer Program Empower Women? Evidence from Ain El-Sira, Egypt
3
4
136
136
2014-08-27
2014-08-27
10.11648/j.ss.20140304.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140304.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Relationship between the Law and Public Policy: Is it a Chi-Square or Normative Shape for the Policy Makers
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140304.15
Oftentimes we consider how the law and public policy were interwoven one anothor for any fine appeal to the constituents and global public. Nonetheless, we are fairly never definite to suggest any hard picture of their relationship. It rather involves an issue of meditative process of philosophy, humanity and social justice as well as a wider of public contention from the purview of temporal and spatial evolution. The paper, in the face with this difficult conundrum, attempts to highlight some of basics despite a surfeit of work products in this field. The paper begins with the instant queries or explanation from the peer scholar practitioners, which would be some of communication with the author. Then the author elicits some of principled relationship between the two concepts.
Oftentimes we consider how the law and public policy were interwoven one anothor for any fine appeal to the constituents and global public. Nonetheless, we are fairly never definite to suggest any hard picture of their relationship. It rather involves an issue of meditative process of philosophy, humanity and social justice as well as a wider of public contention from the purview of temporal and spatial evolution. The paper, in the face with this difficult conundrum, attempts to highlight some of basics despite a surfeit of work products in this field. The paper begins with the instant queries or explanation from the peer scholar practitioners, which would be some of communication with the author. Then the author elicits some of principled relationship between the two concepts.
The Relationship between the Law and Public Policy: Is it a Chi-Square or Normative Shape for the Policy Makers
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140304.15
Social Sciences
2014-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Kiyoung Kim
The Relationship between the Law and Public Policy: Is it a Chi-Square or Normative Shape for the Policy Makers
3
4
143
143
2014-09-02
2014-09-02
10.11648/j.ss.20140304.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140304.15
© Science Publishing Group
Polymer Wastes and Management in Cities and Towns of Africa and Sustainable Environment: Nigeria and European Experiences
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19
Polymer wastes litter everywhere. The objective of the paper is to assess the quantity and effects in the cities and towns with a view to make suggestions for globule in the risks of resultant environmental degradation for sustainable environment. The plants and facilities for manufacturing were visited. 9 Research Assistants were used for data and information collection. Market women and dealers were forth coming in the quantity sold per month/year; wastes generated; challenges and means of eluding the challenges. Directors, Environment in the States visited also gave information on the enormity of plastic wastes and their impact. They offered suggestion for sustainable environment. A dump each in 30 Nigerian cities and towns were studied for ten years, 2003 - 2012. Composition, quantity and spread of plastic wastes were examined. Literature on plastic wastes and management in European countries were read. Impacts were studied and compared with European cities. 80 photographic snaps were taken of polymer wastes and sceneries of visible consequences. Maps, graphs, charts, tables and percentiles were used for data analysis and presentation. Averagely, polymer wastes constitute 28.00% of the wastes found at dumps and around streets, residential, recreational and other public places. The concentrations are highest at recreation and residential areas. They are non-degradable; and every moment, there are additions. On the average, less than 12% are recycled annually. The recycling is not absolute. A time will come when there may be no substratum for plant growth. They are hide-outs and breeding grounds for disease vectors, animals and insects; and even, hoodlums; it destroys the aesthetic value of the physical environment: atmosphere, water bodies and soil. There are neither special technologies nor policies and programmes for special collection, transportation and disposal as obtained in most of the European cities and towns. Government may have to borrow leaves from Europe and invest massively on research and development and campaign for reducing, reusing and recycling the polymer wastes. Respecting the urban physical environment for sustainable development in Nigeria and generally in Africa is recommended.
Polymer wastes litter everywhere. The objective of the paper is to assess the quantity and effects in the cities and towns with a view to make suggestions for globule in the risks of resultant environmental degradation for sustainable environment. The plants and facilities for manufacturing were visited. 9 Research Assistants were used for data and information collection. Market women and dealers were forth coming in the quantity sold per month/year; wastes generated; challenges and means of eluding the challenges. Directors, Environment in the States visited also gave information on the enormity of plastic wastes and their impact. They offered suggestion for sustainable environment. A dump each in 30 Nigerian cities and towns were studied for ten years, 2003 - 2012. Composition, quantity and spread of plastic wastes were examined. Literature on plastic wastes and management in European countries were read. Impacts were studied and compared with European cities. 80 photographic snaps were taken of polymer wastes and sceneries of visible consequences. Maps, graphs, charts, tables and percentiles were used for data analysis and presentation. Averagely, polymer wastes constitute 28.00% of the wastes found at dumps and around streets, residential, recreational and other public places. The concentrations are highest at recreation and residential areas. They are non-degradable; and every moment, there are additions. On the average, less than 12% are recycled annually. The recycling is not absolute. A time will come when there may be no substratum for plant growth. They are hide-outs and breeding grounds for disease vectors, animals and insects; and even, hoodlums; it destroys the aesthetic value of the physical environment: atmosphere, water bodies and soil. There are neither special technologies nor policies and programmes for special collection, transportation and disposal as obtained in most of the European cities and towns. Government may have to borrow leaves from Europe and invest massively on research and development and campaign for reducing, reusing and recycling the polymer wastes. Respecting the urban physical environment for sustainable development in Nigeria and generally in Africa is recommended.
Polymer Wastes and Management in Cities and Towns of Africa and Sustainable Environment: Nigeria and European Experiences
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19
Social Sciences
2014-05-22
© Science Publishing Group
Kofo Ade Aderogba
Polymer Wastes and Management in Cities and Towns of Africa and Sustainable Environment: Nigeria and European Experiences
3
4
88
88
2014-05-22
2014-05-22
10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19
© Science Publishing Group
Synaptic Spaces of Europe: A Challenge for Spatial Planning
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.15
On the background of contemporary rescaling process and of the current broad rethinking of some relevant concepts – such as “region”, “territory”, “locality”, and “space” – the case of the Baltic Sea Macro-Region, and of the related place-based EU successful «experimentalist» strategies highlights the emerging of «soft spaces» as new forms of territorial organisations. These clearly appear as a result of EU “soft” (“lateral”) territorial approach outlining a really innovative multileveled spatial pattern. By using a biological metaphor these soft spaces may be intended as «synaptic spaces» clearly claiming for a radical shift in planning approaches, by moving towards soft and synaptic planning practices involving «’soft process’ of negotiation and learning». Features of these spatial configurations drawing new continental geographies are explored by highlighting the role both of images/imaginaries and historical/geographical/cultural roots, to be used (re-interpreted) in the de-construction/re-construction of the contemporary European spatiality. In this sense, we may say that, according to Faludi «geography still matters» (and also history!). In fact, Baltic Sea cooperative networks (that is: the basis of the new EU strategy) can be seen as a return to what once was an important communication channel for thousand of years and flourishing trade in the region. The model is that of the Hanse League, based on flexible not hierarchical (mainly economic) «weak ties» – or «loose coupling» – among autonomous cities (but not exclusively), which share a transnational unbounded Hanseatic “space” (not “territory”) and which are periodically (not always) able to act as a collective actor to achieve local collective competition goods avoiding the «trap of joint decision». It remains to be seen whether such a strategy – which has proved successful in the Baltic area – will be so effectively applied to other specific spatial and cultural contexts (with their differences in challenges and potentials), such as the Danube corridor, or to the much more “explosive” Mediterranean basin.
On the background of contemporary rescaling process and of the current broad rethinking of some relevant concepts – such as “region”, “territory”, “locality”, and “space” – the case of the Baltic Sea Macro-Region, and of the related place-based EU successful «experimentalist» strategies highlights the emerging of «soft spaces» as new forms of territorial organisations. These clearly appear as a result of EU “soft” (“lateral”) territorial approach outlining a really innovative multileveled spatial pattern. By using a biological metaphor these soft spaces may be intended as «synaptic spaces» clearly claiming for a radical shift in planning approaches, by moving towards soft and synaptic planning practices involving «’soft process’ of negotiation and learning». Features of these spatial configurations drawing new continental geographies are explored by highlighting the role both of images/imaginaries and historical/geographical/cultural roots, to be used (re-interpreted) in the de-construction/re-construction of the contemporary European spatiality. In this sense, we may say that, according to Faludi «geography still matters» (and also history!). In fact, Baltic Sea cooperative networks (that is: the basis of the new EU strategy) can be seen as a return to what once was an important communication channel for thousand of years and flourishing trade in the region. The model is that of the Hanse League, based on flexible not hierarchical (mainly economic) «weak ties» – or «loose coupling» – among autonomous cities (but not exclusively), which share a transnational unbounded Hanseatic “space” (not “territory”) and which are periodically (not always) able to act as a collective actor to achieve local collective competition goods avoiding the «trap of joint decision». It remains to be seen whether such a strategy – which has proved successful in the Baltic area – will be so effectively applied to other specific spatial and cultural contexts (with their differences in challenges and potentials), such as the Danube corridor, or to the much more “explosive” Mediterranean basin.
Synaptic Spaces of Europe: A Challenge for Spatial Planning
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.15
Social Sciences
2014-05-22
© Science Publishing Group
Cecilia Scoppetta
Synaptic Spaces of Europe: A Challenge for Spatial Planning
3
4
56
56
2014-05-22
2014-05-22
10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.15
© Science Publishing Group
Territorial Cohesion and Regional Competitiveness: Defining Key-Notions in the EU's Regional Policy
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.12
By using three types of sources (official sources of the European Union, results of a questionnaire to practitioners, results of applied researches on European spatial planning), we demonstrate that no precise definitions can be given of two main notions of European spatial planning. This result is coherent with the literature on this field. This situation questions the operational interest of such notions. Some consider that a “pragmatic” view must be adopted. For them, research on that field should take into account what the notions are "doing" instead of trying to understand what "are" these notions. Nevertheless, a strictly pragmatic approach evades the issue of the choice of policies that are always normative (or “essentialist”).
By using three types of sources (official sources of the European Union, results of a questionnaire to practitioners, results of applied researches on European spatial planning), we demonstrate that no precise definitions can be given of two main notions of European spatial planning. This result is coherent with the literature on this field. This situation questions the operational interest of such notions. Some consider that a “pragmatic” view must be adopted. For them, research on that field should take into account what the notions are "doing" instead of trying to understand what "are" these notions. Nevertheless, a strictly pragmatic approach evades the issue of the choice of policies that are always normative (or “essentialist”).
Territorial Cohesion and Regional Competitiveness: Defining Key-Notions in the EU's Regional Policy
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.12
Social Sciences
2014-05-22
© Science Publishing Group
Bernard Elissalde
Frédéric Santamaria
Territorial Cohesion and Regional Competitiveness: Defining Key-Notions in the EU's Regional Policy
3
4
12
12
2014-05-22
2014-05-22
10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.12
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis on Regional Vulnerability to Rising Energy Prices: Focus on Sardinia (Italy)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.16
The paper analyzes the impact of the increasing energy costs on regional economic performances. In particular, the study focuses on the impact of energy costs on the transport system, with particular reference to the maritime transport, attributing it directly to the relevant importance of the local tourism industry. It shows the high dependence of the local economic system on the regional transport system both internally and externally, and consequently the loss of regional competitiveness as a result of rising oil prices. Moreover the work reviews the principal local policy measures about energy strategies and it highlights the low use of renewable energy sources in spite of the high regional PV potential recognised in several environmental researches.
The paper analyzes the impact of the increasing energy costs on regional economic performances. In particular, the study focuses on the impact of energy costs on the transport system, with particular reference to the maritime transport, attributing it directly to the relevant importance of the local tourism industry. It shows the high dependence of the local economic system on the regional transport system both internally and externally, and consequently the loss of regional competitiveness as a result of rising oil prices. Moreover the work reviews the principal local policy measures about energy strategies and it highlights the low use of renewable energy sources in spite of the high regional PV potential recognised in several environmental researches.
Analysis on Regional Vulnerability to Rising Energy Prices: Focus on Sardinia (Italy)
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.16
Social Sciences
2014-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Gavino Mariotti
Analysis on Regional Vulnerability to Rising Energy Prices: Focus on Sardinia (Italy)
3
4
60
60
2014-06-12
2014-06-12
10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.16
© Science Publishing Group
The Territorial Dimension of “Europe 2020”: Mapping European Regions under the Strategy to Emerge from the Crisis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.13
The Europe 2020 Strategy (EU2020S) was launched by the European Commission (EC) in November 2009. The consolidated official document of the EU2020S constitutes a Communication from the Commission published in March 2010, being finally adopted by the European Council on the 17th of June 2010 in a meeting held in Brussels. The EU2020S has as meaningful subtitle: “a strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth”. That is to say, the EU2020S, first and foremost, seeks growth and considers that this prime objective must be achieved through three priorities, also known as pillars. If the strategic document of the EU for the decade 2000-2010 was the so-called Lisbon Strategy, the intended strategic document for the decade 2010-2020 is the EU2020S. Mainly, the need of a new strategic direction of the EU is motivated by the crisis context. The EU2020S contains eight headline targets that are set for being achieved by 2020. In short, the EU2020S indicates the basic direction that the EU economy should follow and this direction is intended to be measurable by means of some indicators, that is, the headline targets. For the purpose of the SIESTA Project, devoted to grasp the regional dimension of the EU2020S, all these objectives have been considered to be indicators to be mapped, mainly at NUTS 2 level. This way, the project seeks overcoming what some specialists have called the “territorially blind” dimension of the EU2020S. This paper presents the main results of the SIESTA Project by showing the maps directly related with the targets which the EU2020S issues to measure its fulfilment. Additionally, in order to assess the overall fulfilment of the EU2020S, a composite index has also been developed. It measures the distance of regions from the eight EU2020S headline targets: a region would score 100 if it had reached all eight targets, while a region furthest away from all eight targets would score 0. This methodology was inspired by the Lisbon index of the 5th Cohesion Report.
The Europe 2020 Strategy (EU2020S) was launched by the European Commission (EC) in November 2009. The consolidated official document of the EU2020S constitutes a Communication from the Commission published in March 2010, being finally adopted by the European Council on the 17th of June 2010 in a meeting held in Brussels. The EU2020S has as meaningful subtitle: “a strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth”. That is to say, the EU2020S, first and foremost, seeks growth and considers that this prime objective must be achieved through three priorities, also known as pillars. If the strategic document of the EU for the decade 2000-2010 was the so-called Lisbon Strategy, the intended strategic document for the decade 2010-2020 is the EU2020S. Mainly, the need of a new strategic direction of the EU is motivated by the crisis context. The EU2020S contains eight headline targets that are set for being achieved by 2020. In short, the EU2020S indicates the basic direction that the EU economy should follow and this direction is intended to be measurable by means of some indicators, that is, the headline targets. For the purpose of the SIESTA Project, devoted to grasp the regional dimension of the EU2020S, all these objectives have been considered to be indicators to be mapped, mainly at NUTS 2 level. This way, the project seeks overcoming what some specialists have called the “territorially blind” dimension of the EU2020S. This paper presents the main results of the SIESTA Project by showing the maps directly related with the targets which the EU2020S issues to measure its fulfilment. Additionally, in order to assess the overall fulfilment of the EU2020S, a composite index has also been developed. It measures the distance of regions from the eight EU2020S headline targets: a region would score 100 if it had reached all eight targets, while a region furthest away from all eight targets would score 0. This methodology was inspired by the Lisbon index of the 5th Cohesion Report.
The Territorial Dimension of “Europe 2020”: Mapping European Regions under the Strategy to Emerge from the Crisis
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.13
Social Sciences
2014-05-22
© Science Publishing Group
Rubén Camilo Lois González
Valerià Paül
Juan-Manuel Trillo-Santamaría
The Territorial Dimension of “Europe 2020”: Mapping European Regions under the Strategy to Emerge from the Crisis
3
4
27
27
2014-05-22
2014-05-22
10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.13
© Science Publishing Group
Regions at Risk of Energy Poverty: The Case of Apulia. Between Potential and Limitations of the Regional Planning for the 2007-2013 Programming Cycle
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.17
At the Community level, in recent years, the issues on poverty and energy efficiency as well as the socio-economic impacts are the basis of several political debates. The development of the European territory is having to deal with different mega trends and impacts of policies, in particular the increase in energy prices and the emergence of a new energy paradigm have significant territorial impacts. In fact, some regions are more vulnerable than others because of their socio-economic, climatic and geographic conditions and transportation. However variations in energy prices can offer significant development opportunities for regions able to exploit their potential for renewable energy production and/or to introduce innovations in related industries. The main research themes of the ReRisk project (Regions at Risk of Energy Poverty) are the impacts of the new European energy policy and of prices on economic competitiveness and social cohesion in Europe. The project instead of focusing on energy infrastructure, which is mostly at the heart of studies in the field of energy, looks to a large extent on the consumption side of energy. The policy recommendations of ReRisk do not limit only on energy policy, but the energy is a cross-cutting issue at the regional level. The aim is to reduce the vulnerability of regions in the short term and improve their adaptive capacity in the medium-long term. Starting from ReRisk research, the paper analyses the case of Apulia. The region is characterized by a strong dependence on fossil fuels, by a social, infrastructural, economic and problematic situation, but at the same time it has good potential on a national scale for solar and wind power system which if valued and supported by appropriate policies could represent a significant turning point. Starting from a general description of the Italian context, by searching and combining data from official sources and the main regional plans for 2007-2013 cycle programming, the paper describes the Apulia’s context and at last summarize the results in a SWOT Analysis to evaluate intervention policies still in progress, showing their strengths, weaknesses, limitations, but also future opportunities.
At the Community level, in recent years, the issues on poverty and energy efficiency as well as the socio-economic impacts are the basis of several political debates. The development of the European territory is having to deal with different mega trends and impacts of policies, in particular the increase in energy prices and the emergence of a new energy paradigm have significant territorial impacts. In fact, some regions are more vulnerable than others because of their socio-economic, climatic and geographic conditions and transportation. However variations in energy prices can offer significant development opportunities for regions able to exploit their potential for renewable energy production and/or to introduce innovations in related industries. The main research themes of the ReRisk project (Regions at Risk of Energy Poverty) are the impacts of the new European energy policy and of prices on economic competitiveness and social cohesion in Europe. The project instead of focusing on energy infrastructure, which is mostly at the heart of studies in the field of energy, looks to a large extent on the consumption side of energy. The policy recommendations of ReRisk do not limit only on energy policy, but the energy is a cross-cutting issue at the regional level. The aim is to reduce the vulnerability of regions in the short term and improve their adaptive capacity in the medium-long term. Starting from ReRisk research, the paper analyses the case of Apulia. The region is characterized by a strong dependence on fossil fuels, by a social, infrastructural, economic and problematic situation, but at the same time it has good potential on a national scale for solar and wind power system which if valued and supported by appropriate policies could represent a significant turning point. Starting from a general description of the Italian context, by searching and combining data from official sources and the main regional plans for 2007-2013 cycle programming, the paper describes the Apulia’s context and at last summarize the results in a SWOT Analysis to evaluate intervention policies still in progress, showing their strengths, weaknesses, limitations, but also future opportunities.
Regions at Risk of Energy Poverty: The Case of Apulia. Between Potential and Limitations of the Regional Planning for the 2007-2013 Programming Cycle
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.17
Social Sciences
2014-05-22
© Science Publishing Group
Labianca Marilena
Regions at Risk of Energy Poverty: The Case of Apulia. Between Potential and Limitations of the Regional Planning for the 2007-2013 Programming Cycle
3
4
73
73
2014-05-22
2014-05-22
10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.17
© Science Publishing Group
Anthropogenic Activity and Regional Vulnerability to Change: The Case of Sardinia (Italy)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.18
The paper contributes to the debate on the relationship between economic growth and environmental limits. The analysis is conducted on a regional scale and focuses on the development of a pressure indicator which is the correlation between the performance (in Added Value terms) of each economic anthropogenic activity and its relative level of pollution. Using a comparison between the results produced by the pressure indicator and other indicators used in the literature, it is possible to work out a more coherent view of the regional relationship between climate change and economic growth.
The paper contributes to the debate on the relationship between economic growth and environmental limits. The analysis is conducted on a regional scale and focuses on the development of a pressure indicator which is the correlation between the performance (in Added Value terms) of each economic anthropogenic activity and its relative level of pollution. Using a comparison between the results produced by the pressure indicator and other indicators used in the literature, it is possible to work out a more coherent view of the regional relationship between climate change and economic growth.
Anthropogenic Activity and Regional Vulnerability to Change: The Case of Sardinia (Italy)
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.18
Social Sciences
2014-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Camerada Maria Veronica
Anthropogenic Activity and Regional Vulnerability to Change: The Case of Sardinia (Italy)
3
4
78
78
2014-06-12
2014-06-12
10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.18
© Science Publishing Group
Entrepreneurship and Territorial Behavior. How to Exercise Competitiveness in Sustainability in Europe
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.14
The paper focuses on territorial impacts of the European policy with regards to the enterprise systems in the last decade and how the effects of this policy could have irreparable modified the enterprise network relationships (socio-functional and interrelated/cohesive) in regions. This suspicion has suggested European choices include the territorial dimension in the development directions by the intra and inter-regional co-operation. The searching new forms of balanced growth for enterprise is the future objective; it could be followed by assuming a territorial polycentric cohesive organization. Important European documents, like Europe 2020 Strategy and Territorial Agenda (2011), stress this orientation. A critical review of Economic Geography literature with regards to main localisation theories of enterprise opens this contribution, in order to accompany the reader in understanding of new strategic parameters able to measure `the regional productive capability' of enterprises in the framework of European recent directions. By using innovative methodologies, the performance of enterprise systems and networks looking at these parameters, highlights European specific territorialised typologies of behaviour. Finally, some policy recommendations are suggested in this direction in order to improve the regional productivity, as well as the employment in relation with to specific economic-social-environmental parameters of cohesion and competitiveness in sustainability, looking at the regional productive capability of Small/Medium Firms (SMFs) in Europe with regards to main pillars of the 2014-2020 Strategy.
The paper focuses on territorial impacts of the European policy with regards to the enterprise systems in the last decade and how the effects of this policy could have irreparable modified the enterprise network relationships (socio-functional and interrelated/cohesive) in regions. This suspicion has suggested European choices include the territorial dimension in the development directions by the intra and inter-regional co-operation. The searching new forms of balanced growth for enterprise is the future objective; it could be followed by assuming a territorial polycentric cohesive organization. Important European documents, like Europe 2020 Strategy and Territorial Agenda (2011), stress this orientation. A critical review of Economic Geography literature with regards to main localisation theories of enterprise opens this contribution, in order to accompany the reader in understanding of new strategic parameters able to measure `the regional productive capability' of enterprises in the framework of European recent directions. By using innovative methodologies, the performance of enterprise systems and networks looking at these parameters, highlights European specific territorialised typologies of behaviour. Finally, some policy recommendations are suggested in this direction in order to improve the regional productivity, as well as the employment in relation with to specific economic-social-environmental parameters of cohesion and competitiveness in sustainability, looking at the regional productive capability of Small/Medium Firms (SMFs) in Europe with regards to main pillars of the 2014-2020 Strategy.
Entrepreneurship and Territorial Behavior. How to Exercise Competitiveness in Sustainability in Europe
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.14
Social Sciences
2014-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Maria Prezioso
Maria Coronato
Entrepreneurship and Territorial Behavior. How to Exercise Competitiveness in Sustainability in Europe
3
4
45
45
2014-06-12
2014-06-12
10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.14
© Science Publishing Group
Foreword
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.11
Foreword
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.11
Social Sciences
2014-05-22
© Science Publishing Group
Maria Prezioso
Foreword
3
4
3
3
2014-05-22
2014-05-22
10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Study of Lineage and Privacy of the Child Resulting from Gamete and Embryo Donation in Islamic Jurisprudence and Iranian Law
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140305.11
The embryo donation has been studied by many scientists and practitioners after the approval of the act of the embryo donation to infertile couples in 1382. The main question posed here is concerned with the lineage and intimacy status of this donation for the child and also “to whom does the child belong”? To answer this question this result was obtained that in Iranian law, the complete assignment of the child to the applicant couple has not been accepted. Iranian law is also silent on lineage field. But from jurisprudents point of view and regarding verses and traditions, the child’s original parents are the owners of ovule and sperm and also about the lineage of the owner of uterus, she is the child’s “consented” mother. If the child is a girl as she is served as the father’s stepdaughter, he would be confident to the child. The objective of this study was to clarify the child lineage induced by embryo donation with donors and receivers in Iranian law. To write this thesis, a library method has been used. At the end of the writing some recommendations have been proposed that are useful to solve some of the present and future problems.
The embryo donation has been studied by many scientists and practitioners after the approval of the act of the embryo donation to infertile couples in 1382. The main question posed here is concerned with the lineage and intimacy status of this donation for the child and also “to whom does the child belong”? To answer this question this result was obtained that in Iranian law, the complete assignment of the child to the applicant couple has not been accepted. Iranian law is also silent on lineage field. But from jurisprudents point of view and regarding verses and traditions, the child’s original parents are the owners of ovule and sperm and also about the lineage of the owner of uterus, she is the child’s “consented” mother. If the child is a girl as she is served as the father’s stepdaughter, he would be confident to the child. The objective of this study was to clarify the child lineage induced by embryo donation with donors and receivers in Iranian law. To write this thesis, a library method has been used. At the end of the writing some recommendations have been proposed that are useful to solve some of the present and future problems.
The Study of Lineage and Privacy of the Child Resulting from Gamete and Embryo Donation in Islamic Jurisprudence and Iranian Law
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140305.11
Social Sciences
2014-09-20
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Moradi
Ehsan Heydari Motlagh
The Study of Lineage and Privacy of the Child Resulting from Gamete and Embryo Donation in Islamic Jurisprudence and Iranian Law
3
5
152
152
2014-09-20
2014-09-20
10.11648/j.ss.20140305.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140305.11
© Science Publishing Group
Predictors of Intentions Not to Use the Female Condom among University of Botswana Students
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140305.12
This article presents an assessment of predictors of intentions not to use the female condom among University of Botswana students. The female condom seemed the right response to contraception and HIV/AIDS prevention interventions that empower women and address gender inequalities. However, the method’s worldwide acceptability has been dodged with uncertainty as a result of its low uptake despite the fact that women and girls continue to be affected and infected by HIV/AIDS more than their male counterparts. To the best knowledge of the researcher, unacceptability of this method has not been extensively researched on in Botswana thus far despite numerous concerns surrounding the nonuse of this method. A questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of University of Botswana students. A total of 1410 students were interviewed. The study targeted university students who ever had sex as their acceptability of the method could lead to broader acceptability among the general population as they poses attributes of people receptive to new technologies. The data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Bivariate analysis results indicated that intentions not to use the female condom were more pronounced among females than males. Multivariate analysis results indicated that negative prejudice towards the method (OR = 2.687, p < 0.01), lack of exposure to female condom campaigns (OR = 2.647, p < 0.01), misconceptions (OR = 2.462, p < 0.01), source of first ever information on the method (OR = 0.476, p < 0.01), believing the female condom was never adequately promoted in Botswana (OR = 2.302, p < 0.05) and believing there is no need for female condoms (OR = 4.911, p < 0.001) were principal predictors of intentions not to use the female condom. This study findings call for intensifying campaigns promoting the use of the method as a contraceptive and barrier method against HIV/AIDS among university students as their acceptability of the method could lead to broader acceptability among the general population. The government needs to focus on programming that emphasizes educating the public about this method using health care service providers as the main drivers of campaigns for the use of this method. Education will increase knowledge about this method and help curb negative information shared among the public concerning female condoms.
This article presents an assessment of predictors of intentions not to use the female condom among University of Botswana students. The female condom seemed the right response to contraception and HIV/AIDS prevention interventions that empower women and address gender inequalities. However, the method’s worldwide acceptability has been dodged with uncertainty as a result of its low uptake despite the fact that women and girls continue to be affected and infected by HIV/AIDS more than their male counterparts. To the best knowledge of the researcher, unacceptability of this method has not been extensively researched on in Botswana thus far despite numerous concerns surrounding the nonuse of this method. A questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of University of Botswana students. A total of 1410 students were interviewed. The study targeted university students who ever had sex as their acceptability of the method could lead to broader acceptability among the general population as they poses attributes of people receptive to new technologies. The data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Bivariate analysis results indicated that intentions not to use the female condom were more pronounced among females than males. Multivariate analysis results indicated that negative prejudice towards the method (OR = 2.687, p < 0.01), lack of exposure to female condom campaigns (OR = 2.647, p < 0.01), misconceptions (OR = 2.462, p < 0.01), source of first ever information on the method (OR = 0.476, p < 0.01), believing the female condom was never adequately promoted in Botswana (OR = 2.302, p < 0.05) and believing there is no need for female condoms (OR = 4.911, p < 0.001) were principal predictors of intentions not to use the female condom. This study findings call for intensifying campaigns promoting the use of the method as a contraceptive and barrier method against HIV/AIDS among university students as their acceptability of the method could lead to broader acceptability among the general population. The government needs to focus on programming that emphasizes educating the public about this method using health care service providers as the main drivers of campaigns for the use of this method. Education will increase knowledge about this method and help curb negative information shared among the public concerning female condoms.
Predictors of Intentions Not to Use the Female Condom among University of Botswana Students
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140305.12
Social Sciences
2014-10-09
© Science Publishing Group
Tsholofelo Cedric Nkobodo
Predictors of Intentions Not to Use the Female Condom among University of Botswana Students
3
5
161
161
2014-10-09
2014-10-09
10.11648/j.ss.20140305.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140305.12
© Science Publishing Group
Childhood Aggression in Ogun State, Nigeria: Fallout from Violent Movies Viewing
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140305.13
The level of aggression shown by children particularly during their formative and educational years have been found to be associated with the volume and type of aggression and violence they watch n the television. The study sample consisted of 199 students drawn from a secondary school in Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State. Video films consisting of violent scenes were shown to the participants for a period of time after which they were examined for their level of aggression after watching the films. The results showed that participants who were exposed to viewing violent movie reported higher level of aggression than those who are exposed to non-violent movies (t = 3.593, df = 197, p>0.05). The result also showed that female participants reported a higher level of verbal aggression than their male counterparts (t = 0.002 df = 197, p<0.05). The study opined that young children need to be monitored in the selection of what they watch on television because they could be easily influenced or prone to imitating any action they observe on the screens.
The level of aggression shown by children particularly during their formative and educational years have been found to be associated with the volume and type of aggression and violence they watch n the television. The study sample consisted of 199 students drawn from a secondary school in Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State. Video films consisting of violent scenes were shown to the participants for a period of time after which they were examined for their level of aggression after watching the films. The results showed that participants who were exposed to viewing violent movie reported higher level of aggression than those who are exposed to non-violent movies (t = 3.593, df = 197, p>0.05). The result also showed that female participants reported a higher level of verbal aggression than their male counterparts (t = 0.002 df = 197, p<0.05). The study opined that young children need to be monitored in the selection of what they watch on television because they could be easily influenced or prone to imitating any action they observe on the screens.
Childhood Aggression in Ogun State, Nigeria: Fallout from Violent Movies Viewing
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140305.13
Social Sciences
2014-11-06
© Science Publishing Group
James Adeniyi Adekoya
Abiodun Adekunle Ogunola
Childhood Aggression in Ogun State, Nigeria: Fallout from Violent Movies Viewing
3
5
169
169
2014-11-06
2014-11-06
10.11648/j.ss.20140305.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140305.13
© Science Publishing Group
Socio-Cultural Factors to Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: A Case Study of University of Ghana, Legon
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140305.14
The study looked at socio-cultural factors that impede women faculty career progress. A total of 142 faculties made up of 33 females and 109 males were sampled for the study using a stratified sampling strategy from the faculties, schools and institutes. Using a mixed method, the study compared male and female faculty of the University of Ghana, Legon using a proxy of roles and responsibilities both at home to find out which gender has more responsibilities in taking care of family and home. The findings in the study show the prevalence of subtle gender discrimination mechanisms that hinder women’s opportunities for career advancement and other career opportunities. The study shows that the university does not effectively create the necessary conditions to support mothers with children under two years. The invisibility of female faculty is as a result of their roles as wives and mothers, which invariably leaves them with little or no time to participate in informal networks. The study found that many women than men experience conflict regarding their ability to simultaneously play the role of wife, mother and worker. The study recommends that in order for the University of Ghana, Legon to retain those women who are already in the system, it is necessary to give them responsibilities that would increase their skills in leadership positions. Structural changes, such as "family friendly" policies in the form of flexible faculty meeting time may also be helpful so that female faculty with children can participate effectively in the university.
The study looked at socio-cultural factors that impede women faculty career progress. A total of 142 faculties made up of 33 females and 109 males were sampled for the study using a stratified sampling strategy from the faculties, schools and institutes. Using a mixed method, the study compared male and female faculty of the University of Ghana, Legon using a proxy of roles and responsibilities both at home to find out which gender has more responsibilities in taking care of family and home. The findings in the study show the prevalence of subtle gender discrimination mechanisms that hinder women’s opportunities for career advancement and other career opportunities. The study shows that the university does not effectively create the necessary conditions to support mothers with children under two years. The invisibility of female faculty is as a result of their roles as wives and mothers, which invariably leaves them with little or no time to participate in informal networks. The study found that many women than men experience conflict regarding their ability to simultaneously play the role of wife, mother and worker. The study recommends that in order for the University of Ghana, Legon to retain those women who are already in the system, it is necessary to give them responsibilities that would increase their skills in leadership positions. Structural changes, such as "family friendly" policies in the form of flexible faculty meeting time may also be helpful so that female faculty with children can participate effectively in the university.
Socio-Cultural Factors to Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: A Case Study of University of Ghana, Legon
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140305.14
Social Sciences
2014-11-11
© Science Publishing Group
Hannah Benedicta Taylor-Abdulai
Lipsey Samuel Appiah-Kwapong
Grace Sintim-Adasi
Emelia Sarpong
Akosua Darkwa
Socio-Cultural Factors to Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: A Case Study of University of Ghana, Legon
3
5
176
176
2014-11-11
2014-11-11
10.11648/j.ss.20140305.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140305.14
© Science Publishing Group
Women in Bangladesh Civil Service: Stumbling Blocks towards the Way of Participation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140305.15
Bangladesh is considered as a developing country, half of the total population comprises women. Their socioeconomic condition is poor. The position of women in the family is very complex regarding different aspects like tradition, security, and equality of men-women, social dignity and for multifaceted stress. Here participation of men and women social development activities is not equal. Many activities of women are not counted as productive work. Consequently, socioeconomic development cannot be achieved in the real sense without the strong participation of women at the decision making activities in society. According to practice of our society, Women are leg behind culturally, socially and economically. All kinds of conveniences and chances are needed to be delivered to ensure active participation of women in all spheres of life. The government is the largest employer in Bangladesh. Therefore, women’s inclusion in different cadre service is very noteworthy and needs superior attention from for the appointment of women in Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS). The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has already taken some policy measures to ensure justifiable participation of women in the civil service arena. A quota system was introduced by GOB to increase participation of women in the government service sector. Yet the presentation of women in government services has not got a reasonable level. Hence, detecting the stumbling blocks of women's participation in the BCS and take necessary steps to remove the stumbling blocks is the main purpose of my research. An effort has been made in this paper to evaluate the prevalent employment status of women in BCS cadres with a focus on the stumbling blocks faced by the women civil servants which discourage participate them in the BCS.
Bangladesh is considered as a developing country, half of the total population comprises women. Their socioeconomic condition is poor. The position of women in the family is very complex regarding different aspects like tradition, security, and equality of men-women, social dignity and for multifaceted stress. Here participation of men and women social development activities is not equal. Many activities of women are not counted as productive work. Consequently, socioeconomic development cannot be achieved in the real sense without the strong participation of women at the decision making activities in society. According to practice of our society, Women are leg behind culturally, socially and economically. All kinds of conveniences and chances are needed to be delivered to ensure active participation of women in all spheres of life. The government is the largest employer in Bangladesh. Therefore, women’s inclusion in different cadre service is very noteworthy and needs superior attention from for the appointment of women in Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS). The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has already taken some policy measures to ensure justifiable participation of women in the civil service arena. A quota system was introduced by GOB to increase participation of women in the government service sector. Yet the presentation of women in government services has not got a reasonable level. Hence, detecting the stumbling blocks of women's participation in the BCS and take necessary steps to remove the stumbling blocks is the main purpose of my research. An effort has been made in this paper to evaluate the prevalent employment status of women in BCS cadres with a focus on the stumbling blocks faced by the women civil servants which discourage participate them in the BCS.
Women in Bangladesh Civil Service: Stumbling Blocks towards the Way of Participation
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140305.15
Social Sciences
2014-11-14
© Science Publishing Group
Jannatul Ferdous
Women in Bangladesh Civil Service: Stumbling Blocks towards the Way of Participation
3
5
182
182
2014-11-14
2014-11-14
10.11648/j.ss.20140305.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140305.15
© Science Publishing Group
Empowering Marginalized People by Maximizing Reflective Intelligence: A Pragmatist Problem Solving Approach
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140306.12
This paper considers how to catalyze marginalized people’s thinking by instilling habits to maximize their use of reflective intelligence. Authors explain intelligence from the viewpoint of American pragmatism and present tools that can empower Iranian single mothers in their daily lives. The case of a single mother who participated in an empowerment project in Iran suggests that reflective intelligence is a dynamic process that can be strengthened by using pedagogical tools. The authors present a model of the intelligent method for further evaluation and application in empowerment-oriented social work practice among poor and marginalized groups.
This paper considers how to catalyze marginalized people’s thinking by instilling habits to maximize their use of reflective intelligence. Authors explain intelligence from the viewpoint of American pragmatism and present tools that can empower Iranian single mothers in their daily lives. The case of a single mother who participated in an empowerment project in Iran suggests that reflective intelligence is a dynamic process that can be strengthened by using pedagogical tools. The authors present a model of the intelligent method for further evaluation and application in empowerment-oriented social work practice among poor and marginalized groups.
Empowering Marginalized People by Maximizing Reflective Intelligence: A Pragmatist Problem Solving Approach
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140306.12
Social Sciences
2014-11-25
© Science Publishing Group
Alireza Moula
Hamideh Addelyan Rasi
Empowering Marginalized People by Maximizing Reflective Intelligence: A Pragmatist Problem Solving Approach
3
6
198
198
2014-11-25
2014-11-25
10.11648/j.ss.20140306.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140306.12
© Science Publishing Group
Influence of Climate Variability on Mosquitoes Bite in Orlu Area of Imo state Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140306.11
Climate change is expected to exacerbate the already serious challenges to human health, food security and economic development, especially in African continent where people are already struggling to meet the challenges posed by existing climate variability. Climate, more especially temperature has a strong and direct influence on development, reproduction and survival of tropic insects such as ‘mosquitoes’. Insect population growth potentials are mainly temperature driven, so a rise in temperature may either increase or decrease insect development, likewise rainfall. This paper highlights the rate of mosquitoes bite as evidence by malaria incidence in the study area, which is attributed to the influence of local climate invariability. The study employed the use of 20 years (1991-2010) climate (rainfall and temperature) data of Orlu from Nigerian Meteorological Agency with 20 years data also on malaria cases in Orlu collected from the health centers in the area. Results of the study show variability in the climate of the area, and further reveal that more than 50% of malaria incidence is caused by temperature increase alone in the area. However, suggestions were made on how to avoid mosquitoes bite and other impacts of climate variability.
Climate change is expected to exacerbate the already serious challenges to human health, food security and economic development, especially in African continent where people are already struggling to meet the challenges posed by existing climate variability. Climate, more especially temperature has a strong and direct influence on development, reproduction and survival of tropic insects such as ‘mosquitoes’. Insect population growth potentials are mainly temperature driven, so a rise in temperature may either increase or decrease insect development, likewise rainfall. This paper highlights the rate of mosquitoes bite as evidence by malaria incidence in the study area, which is attributed to the influence of local climate invariability. The study employed the use of 20 years (1991-2010) climate (rainfall and temperature) data of Orlu from Nigerian Meteorological Agency with 20 years data also on malaria cases in Orlu collected from the health centers in the area. Results of the study show variability in the climate of the area, and further reveal that more than 50% of malaria incidence is caused by temperature increase alone in the area. However, suggestions were made on how to avoid mosquitoes bite and other impacts of climate variability.
Influence of Climate Variability on Mosquitoes Bite in Orlu Area of Imo state Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140306.11
Social Sciences
2014-11-25
© Science Publishing Group
Fidelis Chinazor Okorie
Cyprain Ezedike
Influence of Climate Variability on Mosquitoes Bite in Orlu Area of Imo state Nigeria
3
6
188
188
2014-11-25
2014-11-25
10.11648/j.ss.20140306.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140306.11
© Science Publishing Group
Corporate Social Responsibility of Telecom Industries in Bangladesh: Rhetoric vs. Realities
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140306.13
This empirical study examines the current CSR practices of Telecom organizations in Bangladesh such as Grameenphone Ltd, Banglalink, and Teletalk Bangladesh Ltd. It documents the common people’s perception and evaluation about the CSR practices of telecom industries in Bangladesh. By focusing on the current boom of mobile operators and their ever increasing subscribers in Bangladesh, this paper further analyzes what has currently been practiced as part of CSR activities and what ordinary people think and evaluate these practices. Such analysis will reveal the rhetoric vs. realities of CSR practices of the booming telecom industries in Bangladesh with millions of subscribers and billion-dollar revenue earnings each year. Although CSR practices have been considered as part of a major business ethics globally, this paper documents a very glaring picture of such practices in Bangladesh. Many common people just believe that CSR practices are just cosmetic, rhetoric, and in paper only without any substantial impact in real life. This paper highlights some expectations of the common people from the telecom organizations in Bangladesh, thereby suggesting some propositions for further strengthening their CSR activities. Methodologically, this study has incorporated views from different stakeholders and beneficiaries of telecom industries in Bangladesh. A mixed method, using both qualitative and quantitative techniques has been adopted to have desirable outcomes. This study suggests that a real sharing of revenue earned from telecom industries through CSR activities may contribute towards a more livable, sustainable and equitable society.
This empirical study examines the current CSR practices of Telecom organizations in Bangladesh such as Grameenphone Ltd, Banglalink, and Teletalk Bangladesh Ltd. It documents the common people’s perception and evaluation about the CSR practices of telecom industries in Bangladesh. By focusing on the current boom of mobile operators and their ever increasing subscribers in Bangladesh, this paper further analyzes what has currently been practiced as part of CSR activities and what ordinary people think and evaluate these practices. Such analysis will reveal the rhetoric vs. realities of CSR practices of the booming telecom industries in Bangladesh with millions of subscribers and billion-dollar revenue earnings each year. Although CSR practices have been considered as part of a major business ethics globally, this paper documents a very glaring picture of such practices in Bangladesh. Many common people just believe that CSR practices are just cosmetic, rhetoric, and in paper only without any substantial impact in real life. This paper highlights some expectations of the common people from the telecom organizations in Bangladesh, thereby suggesting some propositions for further strengthening their CSR activities. Methodologically, this study has incorporated views from different stakeholders and beneficiaries of telecom industries in Bangladesh. A mixed method, using both qualitative and quantitative techniques has been adopted to have desirable outcomes. This study suggests that a real sharing of revenue earned from telecom industries through CSR activities may contribute towards a more livable, sustainable and equitable society.
Corporate Social Responsibility of Telecom Industries in Bangladesh: Rhetoric vs. Realities
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140306.13
Social Sciences
2014-12-10
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Fouad Hossain Sarker
Corporate Social Responsibility of Telecom Industries in Bangladesh: Rhetoric vs. Realities
3
6
207
207
2014-12-10
2014-12-10
10.11648/j.ss.20140306.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140306.13
© Science Publishing Group
Educational Intervention to Sensitize Future Retirees and Work Colleagues about Retirement from Work
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140306.14
A two-phase comprehensive evaluation study for the purpose of evaluating lessons learned by and expectations of future retirees and their work colleagues by means of an educational sensitization strategy towards an understanding of retirement, by Aguilera et al., (2013). 20 employees (11 pre-retirees and nine colleagues) from a Mexican hospital participated in 2013. Date was gathered with the SQA-E form. The analysis implied an initial and final naturalist criterion evaluation. None, limited, clear and practical previous knowledge was found as well as personal, learning, political-economical and procedural interests. After the conference, theoretical, practical, and practical-theoretical knowledge was obtained and political-economical, economical-political, personal, preventive, contextual, physical health and no expectations were created. Understanding and empathy by work colleagues were achieved as well as the need to become prepared, plan and have political-economic awareness in all participants. Sensitizing the general public to understand retirement is recommended.
A two-phase comprehensive evaluation study for the purpose of evaluating lessons learned by and expectations of future retirees and their work colleagues by means of an educational sensitization strategy towards an understanding of retirement, by Aguilera et al., (2013). 20 employees (11 pre-retirees and nine colleagues) from a Mexican hospital participated in 2013. Date was gathered with the SQA-E form. The analysis implied an initial and final naturalist criterion evaluation. None, limited, clear and practical previous knowledge was found as well as personal, learning, political-economical and procedural interests. After the conference, theoretical, practical, and practical-theoretical knowledge was obtained and political-economical, economical-political, personal, preventive, contextual, physical health and no expectations were created. Understanding and empathy by work colleagues were achieved as well as the need to become prepared, plan and have political-economic awareness in all participants. Sensitizing the general public to understand retirement is recommended.
Educational Intervention to Sensitize Future Retirees and Work Colleagues about Retirement from Work
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20140306.14
Social Sciences
2014-10-20
© Science Publishing Group
Marie Angels Aguilera-Velasco
Joseph Jesus Perez-Solis
White Elizabeth Pozos-Radillo
Educational Intervention to Sensitize Future Retirees and Work Colleagues about Retirement from Work
3
6
216
216
2014-10-20
2014-10-20
10.11648/j.ss.20140306.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20140306.14
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Political Campaigns through Facebook on Indonesian 2014 Presidential Election
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030601.11
From the beginning to the present, media have the main function as the tools of information dissemination. From an economic point of view, media are used to advertise any products and services up to the dissemination of information about a company's success in the formation of a positive image. In terms of politics in the history of media as a propaganda tool, media are used as a tool to seek support by making political advertising. The emergence of new media into Indonesia in the 1990s developed rapidly from any updates and responses from the public. The phenomenon of the rise of the internet users in Indonesia was marked by the rise of social media communities that have an account. Facebook is a social medium that is still preferred by the people of Indonesia. Therefore, in terms of politics, the current use of Facebook as a political ad or campaign is an effective form of campaign activities to attract support. This report will discuss the influence of political advertising via facebook conducted by the President and Vice President candidates in the 2014 election between Jokowi-Jusuf Kalla and Prabowo-Hatta to Facebook users and examine what they did on Facebook. This study used direct monitoring posts from each of the two Candidates through their fan pages. Future researches are suggested to conduct interviews to the operators of each camp for a better and thorough investigation.
From the beginning to the present, media have the main function as the tools of information dissemination. From an economic point of view, media are used to advertise any products and services up to the dissemination of information about a company's success in the formation of a positive image. In terms of politics in the history of media as a propaganda tool, media are used as a tool to seek support by making political advertising. The emergence of new media into Indonesia in the 1990s developed rapidly from any updates and responses from the public. The phenomenon of the rise of the internet users in Indonesia was marked by the rise of social media communities that have an account. Facebook is a social medium that is still preferred by the people of Indonesia. Therefore, in terms of politics, the current use of Facebook as a political ad or campaign is an effective form of campaign activities to attract support. This report will discuss the influence of political advertising via facebook conducted by the President and Vice President candidates in the 2014 election between Jokowi-Jusuf Kalla and Prabowo-Hatta to Facebook users and examine what they did on Facebook. This study used direct monitoring posts from each of the two Candidates through their fan pages. Future researches are suggested to conduct interviews to the operators of each camp for a better and thorough investigation.
Analysis of Political Campaigns through Facebook on Indonesian 2014 Presidential Election
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030601.11
Social Sciences
2014-11-24
© Science Publishing Group
Diska Asri Anggraini
Mochammad Hasyim Habibil Mustofa
Yogi Imam Sadewo
Analysis of Political Campaigns through Facebook on Indonesian 2014 Presidential Election
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9
9
2014-11-24
2014-11-24
10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030601.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030601.11
© Science Publishing Group
Is China’S Claim of Title Over Taiwan Justified
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150401.11
From history Taiwan has had very close relations with China, with several Chinese regimes having control of the Taiwan. Moreover, the region has also been ruled by other countries among them Japan and the Dutch. In the recent years there have been trends to recognize Taiwan as a state but Chinese government has often claimed it owns the title over Taiwan and that the government of Taiwan is just like any other regional government of other parts of china. The question has been is china a government in exile for Taiwan? Can Taiwan claim to be an independent state? This paper looks at these questions by dissecting the Taiwan dilemma on the basis of the Montevideo convention on the rights and duties of states 1933.
From history Taiwan has had very close relations with China, with several Chinese regimes having control of the Taiwan. Moreover, the region has also been ruled by other countries among them Japan and the Dutch. In the recent years there have been trends to recognize Taiwan as a state but Chinese government has often claimed it owns the title over Taiwan and that the government of Taiwan is just like any other regional government of other parts of china. The question has been is china a government in exile for Taiwan? Can Taiwan claim to be an independent state? This paper looks at these questions by dissecting the Taiwan dilemma on the basis of the Montevideo convention on the rights and duties of states 1933.
Is China’S Claim of Title Over Taiwan Justified
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150401.11
Social Sciences
2015-02-09
© Science Publishing Group
Churchill Otieno Saoke
Is China’S Claim of Title Over Taiwan Justified
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1
4
4
2015-02-09
2015-02-09
10.11648/j.ss.20150401.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150401.11
© Science Publishing Group
Controlling and Curb of Development: The Case of National Management of Indonesia Mineral Resources
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150401.12
Management control and curb is basically required in securing the success of development and public administration, where integral coordination, integration and synchronization between central and regional governments is necessarily required. Control and curb need to be expanded to sub-regional, regional and international across-country by the existence of global development and require familiarization as well as exemplary in this respect human resources. For successful implementation of control and curb, national management system as a supporting element in decision making is required. In the case of mineral (general mining) development management, the intensive top-down and bottom-up coordination and cooperation between central as well as regional (local) government, private and community is necessarily required toward achieving its added value as high as possible supporting the national income. Especially, tough control and curb in the internal administration in terms of releasing mining permit standard and procedure up to supervision of the mining operation and mining reclamation and mining closure in line with the prevailing law and regulation. The method is performed in this study is based on descriptive and analysis with explanation of examples and cases.
Management control and curb is basically required in securing the success of development and public administration, where integral coordination, integration and synchronization between central and regional governments is necessarily required. Control and curb need to be expanded to sub-regional, regional and international across-country by the existence of global development and require familiarization as well as exemplary in this respect human resources. For successful implementation of control and curb, national management system as a supporting element in decision making is required. In the case of mineral (general mining) development management, the intensive top-down and bottom-up coordination and cooperation between central as well as regional (local) government, private and community is necessarily required toward achieving its added value as high as possible supporting the national income. Especially, tough control and curb in the internal administration in terms of releasing mining permit standard and procedure up to supervision of the mining operation and mining reclamation and mining closure in line with the prevailing law and regulation. The method is performed in this study is based on descriptive and analysis with explanation of examples and cases.
Controlling and Curb of Development: The Case of National Management of Indonesia Mineral Resources
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150401.12
Social Sciences
2015-02-13
© Science Publishing Group
Ukar Wijaya Soelistijo
Marwan Zam Mili
Controlling and Curb of Development: The Case of National Management of Indonesia Mineral Resources
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1
22
22
2015-02-13
2015-02-13
10.11648/j.ss.20150401.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150401.12
© Science Publishing Group
Cultural Identity in Intercultural Communication
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150402.11
Culture is a nation's deepest historical accumulation and a country's most distinctive spiritual banner. Overall cultural strength and competitiveness of the country, an important symbol of national rejuvenation, is an important part of overall national strength. Through two-thousand-year history of East-West exchanges between various cultures, various ideological beliefs intertwined, and various ideological trends were agitated. China is able to really improve and stengthen the cultural soft power only by good solutions to the problem of cultural identity in global communication and the firm establishment of core values.
Culture is a nation's deepest historical accumulation and a country's most distinctive spiritual banner. Overall cultural strength and competitiveness of the country, an important symbol of national rejuvenation, is an important part of overall national strength. Through two-thousand-year history of East-West exchanges between various cultures, various ideological beliefs intertwined, and various ideological trends were agitated. China is able to really improve and stengthen the cultural soft power only by good solutions to the problem of cultural identity in global communication and the firm establishment of core values.
Cultural Identity in Intercultural Communication
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150402.11
Social Sciences
2015-03-03
© Science Publishing Group
Yabo Li
Cultural Identity in Intercultural Communication
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2
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26
2015-03-03
2015-03-03
10.11648/j.ss.20150402.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150402.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Rights of Land-Locked States Under the International Law: The Role of Bilateral/Multilateral Agreements
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150402.12
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 provided rights for land-locked states on the sea. More importantly, the convention provided them with the right of access to and from the seas and freedom of transit. However, the law makes such rights subject to the agreements to be made by land-locked and transit states. This, in turn, depends on the prevailing relations between the concerned states. If they are not in a smooth relation, the transit states may not be willing to negotiate and thereby put impediments on the land-locked states’ free transit. The political will and commitment of transit states highly conditioned the rights of land-locked states. The denial of free transit, in turn, affects the rights of land-locked states on the different maritime regimes. Land-locked states have no absolute right of access to and from the seas and freedom of transit. Hence, the study concludes that to give practical effect to those rights, negotiating bilateral and multilateral agreements with the transit states has a crucial and irreplaceable role.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 provided rights for land-locked states on the sea. More importantly, the convention provided them with the right of access to and from the seas and freedom of transit. However, the law makes such rights subject to the agreements to be made by land-locked and transit states. This, in turn, depends on the prevailing relations between the concerned states. If they are not in a smooth relation, the transit states may not be willing to negotiate and thereby put impediments on the land-locked states’ free transit. The political will and commitment of transit states highly conditioned the rights of land-locked states. The denial of free transit, in turn, affects the rights of land-locked states on the different maritime regimes. Land-locked states have no absolute right of access to and from the seas and freedom of transit. Hence, the study concludes that to give practical effect to those rights, negotiating bilateral and multilateral agreements with the transit states has a crucial and irreplaceable role.
The Rights of Land-Locked States Under the International Law: The Role of Bilateral/Multilateral Agreements
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150402.12
Social Sciences
2015-03-19
© Science Publishing Group
Endalcachew Bayeh
The Rights of Land-Locked States Under the International Law: The Role of Bilateral/Multilateral Agreements
4
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30
30
2015-03-19
2015-03-19
10.11648/j.ss.20150402.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150402.12
© Science Publishing Group
Performance Evaluation of Public Media in Dealing with Social Disorders
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040201.12
The present article is the result of research which was conducted in 2012 to assess the media consumption of couples in Grogan, Iran and cases that satellite and television are role-model for families and the impact which media consumption has on couples’ tendency to infidelity. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 400 men and women who mostly were in the first 5 years of their shared life. The research was a survey one and multi-stage sampling was used. Results showed that 84 percent of couples watch television between 1 and 6 hours and 16 percent of couples watch it between 7 to 9 hours a day. 86.2 percent of the respondents have stated that from very low to quite a lot they like the ideas that satellite and television broadcast and benchmark them. According to their own statement their life style and their behavior mostly were influenced. Overall, 63.8 percent of respondents had a positive view towards the satellite which represents the success of satellite in gaining the trust of the majority of the audiences. The findings on measuring the tendency to infidelity suggest that more than 20 percent of couples agreed infidelity items and more than 40 percent were indifferent, only 36.2 percent of respondents disagreed. Finally, the assessment of relationship between media consumption and tendency to infidelity revealed that there is a direct relationship between these two variables, means the couples who were exposed to media consumption had more tendency toward infidelity.
The present article is the result of research which was conducted in 2012 to assess the media consumption of couples in Grogan, Iran and cases that satellite and television are role-model for families and the impact which media consumption has on couples’ tendency to infidelity. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 400 men and women who mostly were in the first 5 years of their shared life. The research was a survey one and multi-stage sampling was used. Results showed that 84 percent of couples watch television between 1 and 6 hours and 16 percent of couples watch it between 7 to 9 hours a day. 86.2 percent of the respondents have stated that from very low to quite a lot they like the ideas that satellite and television broadcast and benchmark them. According to their own statement their life style and their behavior mostly were influenced. Overall, 63.8 percent of respondents had a positive view towards the satellite which represents the success of satellite in gaining the trust of the majority of the audiences. The findings on measuring the tendency to infidelity suggest that more than 20 percent of couples agreed infidelity items and more than 40 percent were indifferent, only 36.2 percent of respondents disagreed. Finally, the assessment of relationship between media consumption and tendency to infidelity revealed that there is a direct relationship between these two variables, means the couples who were exposed to media consumption had more tendency toward infidelity.
Performance Evaluation of Public Media in Dealing with Social Disorders
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040201.12
Social Sciences
2014-11-05
© Science Publishing Group
Fereshte Soltani
Performance Evaluation of Public Media in Dealing with Social Disorders
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2
9
9
2014-11-05
2014-11-05
10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Performance Evaluation of Interactive Effects of Music and Poetry with Social Conditions of Iran
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040201.11
This study is a documentary study which investigates the relationship between music and Iran social conditions according to Marx-Weber theory through reviewing the history of music from pre-Islamic to the present time. It investigates the reasons for which rap music is welcomed in Iran, with the aim of analyzing that whether rap in Iran is an outcome of social conditions and community needs or just is a variety seeking and ground breaking type against the general rules of music. Comparative study of 8 historical period showed that music has always been influenced by the social conditions but this effect was not one-sided and it has influenced social conditions contravention, acceleration or fulfillment of a historical event in many historical periods, for example, dissemination of liberal ideas in constitutional revolution, the formation of a soft resistance in the revolution of 1978 and motivating young people to participate in the war during the Iran-Iraq, was through music.Therefore, the results of this study, regarding the relationship between culture and society, corroborated Marx-Weber theory and showed that the relationship between music and social conditions is not unilateral and passive, but the relationship is mutual and reciprocal. To answer the question on the reason for the formation of rap music in Iran, results showed that rap has a critical foundation and originally it was firmed to criticize the social and political conditions. Iranian rap lyrics are mainly critical and made according to the needs of society with the aim of challenging the general rules.This article suggests that authorities should pay much attention on the message of rap music; criticisms and objections expressed in this language.
This study is a documentary study which investigates the relationship between music and Iran social conditions according to Marx-Weber theory through reviewing the history of music from pre-Islamic to the present time. It investigates the reasons for which rap music is welcomed in Iran, with the aim of analyzing that whether rap in Iran is an outcome of social conditions and community needs or just is a variety seeking and ground breaking type against the general rules of music. Comparative study of 8 historical period showed that music has always been influenced by the social conditions but this effect was not one-sided and it has influenced social conditions contravention, acceleration or fulfillment of a historical event in many historical periods, for example, dissemination of liberal ideas in constitutional revolution, the formation of a soft resistance in the revolution of 1978 and motivating young people to participate in the war during the Iran-Iraq, was through music.Therefore, the results of this study, regarding the relationship between culture and society, corroborated Marx-Weber theory and showed that the relationship between music and social conditions is not unilateral and passive, but the relationship is mutual and reciprocal. To answer the question on the reason for the formation of rap music in Iran, results showed that rap has a critical foundation and originally it was firmed to criticize the social and political conditions. Iranian rap lyrics are mainly critical and made according to the needs of society with the aim of challenging the general rules.This article suggests that authorities should pay much attention on the message of rap music; criticisms and objections expressed in this language.
Performance Evaluation of Interactive Effects of Music and Poetry with Social Conditions of Iran
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040201.11
Social Sciences
2014-11-03
© Science Publishing Group
Fereshte Soltani
Majid Akhshabi
Performance Evaluation of Interactive Effects of Music and Poetry with Social Conditions of Iran
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5
5
2014-11-03
2014-11-03
10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Social Responsibility of Corporate Managers towards the Quality of Products-Services
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040202.11
The environment of corporate is rapidly changing and the presence of international trade and multinational corporate with global supply chains intensify such changes. Many corporate have increasingly become aware of the direct economic value of corporate social responsibility and can have a positive impact on the society and their environment by integrating it as a strategic investment with the main business strategy and their management activities, and not only produce profits for today, but also establish their future position. In the current study, different definitions of corporate social responsibility are first addressed then, various perspectives in the field of social responsibility are investigated and the importance of social responsibility is explained. In addition to the enumeration of its benefits in trade and business, its role in improving the quality of products / services is discussed.
The environment of corporate is rapidly changing and the presence of international trade and multinational corporate with global supply chains intensify such changes. Many corporate have increasingly become aware of the direct economic value of corporate social responsibility and can have a positive impact on the society and their environment by integrating it as a strategic investment with the main business strategy and their management activities, and not only produce profits for today, but also establish their future position. In the current study, different definitions of corporate social responsibility are first addressed then, various perspectives in the field of social responsibility are investigated and the importance of social responsibility is explained. In addition to the enumeration of its benefits in trade and business, its role in improving the quality of products / services is discussed.
Social Responsibility of Corporate Managers towards the Quality of Products-Services
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040202.11
Social Sciences
2015-02-11
© Science Publishing Group
Fereidun Azma
Reza Norouzi
Fereshte Soltani
Social Responsibility of Corporate Managers towards the Quality of Products-Services
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8
8
2015-02-11
2015-02-11
10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040202.11
© Science Publishing Group
Performance Assessment of Social Responsibility Issues Considering ISO 26000
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040202.12
Business and organizations do not operate in a vacuum. Their relationship to the society and environment in which they operate is a critical factor in their ability to continue to operate effectively. It is also increasingly being used as a measure of their overall performance. Standard of Social Responsibility (SSR) provides guidance on how businesses and organizations can operate in a socially responsible way. This means acting in an ethical and transparent way that contributes to the health and welfare of society. Organizations around the world, and their stakeholders, are becoming increasingly aware of the need for and benefits of socially responsible behavior. The objective of social responsibility is to contribute to sustainable development.
Business and organizations do not operate in a vacuum. Their relationship to the society and environment in which they operate is a critical factor in their ability to continue to operate effectively. It is also increasingly being used as a measure of their overall performance. Standard of Social Responsibility (SSR) provides guidance on how businesses and organizations can operate in a socially responsible way. This means acting in an ethical and transparent way that contributes to the health and welfare of society. Organizations around the world, and their stakeholders, are becoming increasingly aware of the need for and benefits of socially responsible behavior. The objective of social responsibility is to contribute to sustainable development.
Performance Assessment of Social Responsibility Issues Considering ISO 26000
doi:10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040202.12
Social Sciences
2015-02-11
© Science Publishing Group
Fereshte Soltani
S. Mahdi S. Kolbadi
Performance Assessment of Social Responsibility Issues Considering ISO 26000
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13
13
2015-02-11
2015-02-11
10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.s.2015040202.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Comparative Study of the Structure of Theories in the Natural and in the Social Sciences: Old Conundrums and New Challenges
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.11
The paper proposes methodological bases for comparison of the structure of theories in the Natural, Life, Social, and Human Sciences. The idea is that in order to study this problem, the ontological and epistemological peculiarities of these four major classes of disciplines should be considered. The analysis of the nature of the object and the concept of science is a prerequisite for stating the problem of comparison correctly. The nature of the object and the concept of science in the Natural Sciences are fostering Rationalistic world view and a Mertonian approach to the structure of theory, while in the Human Sciences there are grounds for developing an interpretative orientation, and a metaphoric use of the term. Social scientists appear to be deeply divided about which way to go. This methodological "tragedy" is due to the dual nature of the objects of their science. While large-scale social phenomena, such as social institutions or social classes, may behave similarly to the “natural objects” and therefore lend themselves to a more rationalistic theoretical treatment, small-scale phenomena (small groups, neighborhood communities, individuals) require a different kind of approach to gain adequate understanding, namely the detailed analysis and interpretation of meaning construction and modification.
The paper proposes methodological bases for comparison of the structure of theories in the Natural, Life, Social, and Human Sciences. The idea is that in order to study this problem, the ontological and epistemological peculiarities of these four major classes of disciplines should be considered. The analysis of the nature of the object and the concept of science is a prerequisite for stating the problem of comparison correctly. The nature of the object and the concept of science in the Natural Sciences are fostering Rationalistic world view and a Mertonian approach to the structure of theory, while in the Human Sciences there are grounds for developing an interpretative orientation, and a metaphoric use of the term. Social scientists appear to be deeply divided about which way to go. This methodological "tragedy" is due to the dual nature of the objects of their science. While large-scale social phenomena, such as social institutions or social classes, may behave similarly to the “natural objects” and therefore lend themselves to a more rationalistic theoretical treatment, small-scale phenomena (small groups, neighborhood communities, individuals) require a different kind of approach to gain adequate understanding, namely the detailed analysis and interpretation of meaning construction and modification.
The Comparative Study of the Structure of Theories in the Natural and in the Social Sciences: Old Conundrums and New Challenges
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150403.11
Social Sciences
2015-04-23
© Science Publishing Group
Lubomir Savov Popov
Ivan Mihailov Chompalov
The Comparative Study of the Structure of Theories in the Natural and in the Social Sciences: Old Conundrums and New Challenges
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3
36
36
2015-04-23
2015-04-23
10.11648/j.ss.20150403.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Ontological Problems of Reference
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.12
This article analyzes the different interpretations of the concept of "meaning" and "reference" in the theory of sign systems. Based on the analysis concludes that the theory of reference by Hilary Putnam, the theory of "language games" by L.Wittgenstein and semiotics by C. S. Peirce, despite the methodological differences, in general, similar to interpret the concept of meaning and reference, seeking to overcome them "mentalist "element. The value is interpreted as a sign of the way of its use and interpretation.
This article analyzes the different interpretations of the concept of "meaning" and "reference" in the theory of sign systems. Based on the analysis concludes that the theory of reference by Hilary Putnam, the theory of "language games" by L.Wittgenstein and semiotics by C. S. Peirce, despite the methodological differences, in general, similar to interpret the concept of meaning and reference, seeking to overcome them "mentalist "element. The value is interpreted as a sign of the way of its use and interpretation.
The Ontological Problems of Reference
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150403.12
Social Sciences
2015-04-28
© Science Publishing Group
Victor Novoselov
The Ontological Problems of Reference
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3
41
41
2015-04-28
2015-04-28
10.11648/j.ss.20150403.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.12
© Science Publishing Group
Implementation of Nature Tourism Use Regulations in Order to Development of Tourism Governance in Bunaken National Park
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.13
Utilization of nature tourism in Bunaken National Park (BNP) with some uniqueness in it and has lasted a long time tend to uncontrolled activities because there are provisions of nature tourism use regulationsthat have not been fully implemented. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of nature tourism use regulations within development of tourism governance in BNP. Implementation of nature tourism use regulations by analyzing the contents of the text regulations to see the adequacy of the content, the implementation of the regulations by implementing and target groups, and the mechanism of stakeholder relations in the implementation ofregulations. The research conducted at BNP from July to October 2014. The data was collected through observation, interviews, and literature studies. Data and information were then analyzed using content analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results adequacy of the contents and functions, nature tourism use regulations namely nature tourismconsession and the type and rates of non-tax revenues (use of environmental services nature tourism) met the requirements for regulating and controlling the behavior of stakeholders. But the implementation is not received a positive response from the implementing rules and target group. Mechanism of stakeholder relations in the implementation of nature tourismuse regulations needs to be managed so that it does not lead to a sharper conflict but can create complementary and cooperative relations.
Utilization of nature tourism in Bunaken National Park (BNP) with some uniqueness in it and has lasted a long time tend to uncontrolled activities because there are provisions of nature tourism use regulationsthat have not been fully implemented. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of nature tourism use regulations within development of tourism governance in BNP. Implementation of nature tourism use regulations by analyzing the contents of the text regulations to see the adequacy of the content, the implementation of the regulations by implementing and target groups, and the mechanism of stakeholder relations in the implementation ofregulations. The research conducted at BNP from July to October 2014. The data was collected through observation, interviews, and literature studies. Data and information were then analyzed using content analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results adequacy of the contents and functions, nature tourism use regulations namely nature tourismconsession and the type and rates of non-tax revenues (use of environmental services nature tourism) met the requirements for regulating and controlling the behavior of stakeholders. But the implementation is not received a positive response from the implementing rules and target group. Mechanism of stakeholder relations in the implementation of nature tourismuse regulations needs to be managed so that it does not lead to a sharper conflict but can create complementary and cooperative relations.
Implementation of Nature Tourism Use Regulations in Order to Development of Tourism Governance in Bunaken National Park
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150403.13
Social Sciences
2015-05-13
© Science Publishing Group
Heri Santoso
Endang Koestati Sri Harini Muntasib
Hariadi Kartodihardjo
Rinekso Soekmadi
Implementation of Nature Tourism Use Regulations in Order to Development of Tourism Governance in Bunaken National Park
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52
52
2015-05-13
2015-05-13
10.11648/j.ss.20150403.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.13
© Science Publishing Group
Research on the Chinese Government Purchase of Public Services: Operation Mode, Restraining Factors and Improving Measures
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.14
In order to promote the administrative reform, the China new State Council makes a major deployment on the further transformation of government functions and improves the public services. It clearly required the local government should introduce more social forces in the field of public services and increase the efforts of the government purchases of public service. Based on expounding the related concepts and modes of the government purchases of public services, this paper summarized the practice project of the Chinese local government purchases of public services t in recent years, and analyzed the main factors restricting the Chinese government purchases of public services. In the end, it puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to improve the government purchases of public services, including perfecting the system construction of the government’s purchases of services, strengthening the construction of the platform, regulating the procedures and processes, establishing the supervision and evaluation mechanism of the government’s purchases of services and so on.
In order to promote the administrative reform, the China new State Council makes a major deployment on the further transformation of government functions and improves the public services. It clearly required the local government should introduce more social forces in the field of public services and increase the efforts of the government purchases of public service. Based on expounding the related concepts and modes of the government purchases of public services, this paper summarized the practice project of the Chinese local government purchases of public services t in recent years, and analyzed the main factors restricting the Chinese government purchases of public services. In the end, it puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to improve the government purchases of public services, including perfecting the system construction of the government’s purchases of services, strengthening the construction of the platform, regulating the procedures and processes, establishing the supervision and evaluation mechanism of the government’s purchases of services and so on.
Research on the Chinese Government Purchase of Public Services: Operation Mode, Restraining Factors and Improving Measures
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150403.14
Social Sciences
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Shaogang Liao
Qiangqiang Zeng
Yun Zhang
Research on the Chinese Government Purchase of Public Services: Operation Mode, Restraining Factors and Improving Measures
4
3
60
60
2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.ss.20150403.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.14
© Science Publishing Group
Comparing Similar Local Political Systems Empirically
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.15
Empirical comparisons of political systems can hardly avoid shortcomings. This is also true in comparing local political systems. The quantitative research on the basis of mass data nowadays is most fashionable. As the scientist is confronted with a multitude of municipal authorities a selection by chance seems to be appropriate. However, the local political systems vary very much. Nowadays designs for case studies take into consideration that polities and politics of global players among the municipal authorities are different from those in smaller towns. In 1973 Dahl already stated that there is a positive correlation between size and democracy. In Germany the new institutional arrangements at the local level were expected to bring about more participation by the citizens. This is more likely in smaller towns than it is in larger cities. However, the planning of empirical case studies on large, middle-sized and small municipalities should be aware that other variables have to be considered besides the number of inhabitants. If such variables are taken care of the dilemma of too many variables occurs. As empirical comparisons come to the fore, the question arises, why there is so little progress in strategies of comparative analysis by case studies. Scholars of political science have chosen different ways without reaching a consensus about the one suitable solution, which variables a researcher has to take into consideration when he or she is answering specific questions. This paper will discuss this problem against the background of scholarly knowledge about the local level of the political system in Germany.
Empirical comparisons of political systems can hardly avoid shortcomings. This is also true in comparing local political systems. The quantitative research on the basis of mass data nowadays is most fashionable. As the scientist is confronted with a multitude of municipal authorities a selection by chance seems to be appropriate. However, the local political systems vary very much. Nowadays designs for case studies take into consideration that polities and politics of global players among the municipal authorities are different from those in smaller towns. In 1973 Dahl already stated that there is a positive correlation between size and democracy. In Germany the new institutional arrangements at the local level were expected to bring about more participation by the citizens. This is more likely in smaller towns than it is in larger cities. However, the planning of empirical case studies on large, middle-sized and small municipalities should be aware that other variables have to be considered besides the number of inhabitants. If such variables are taken care of the dilemma of too many variables occurs. As empirical comparisons come to the fore, the question arises, why there is so little progress in strategies of comparative analysis by case studies. Scholars of political science have chosen different ways without reaching a consensus about the one suitable solution, which variables a researcher has to take into consideration when he or she is answering specific questions. This paper will discuss this problem against the background of scholarly knowledge about the local level of the political system in Germany.
Comparing Similar Local Political Systems Empirically
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150403.15
Social Sciences
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Hiltrud Nassmacher
Comparing Similar Local Political Systems Empirically
4
3
67
67
2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.ss.20150403.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.15
© Science Publishing Group
Tackling HIV/AIDS as a Contemporary Social Problem in Sub-Saharan Africa: ‘A Sociological Critique of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) as a Preventive Measure’
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.16
Background: In view of all the recorded devastation it is causing to society and human life, HIV/AIDS appears to be in possession of all the characteristics of a contemporary social problem facing the world today, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa. Voluntary Medical Male circumcision (VMMC) in Africa and in many other parts of the world is being heralded as the new “fix” to HIV/AIDS pandemic – which has been termed as “prevention technology.” The aim of this paper is to critique the widely held belief and argument that male circumcision is or can be used as a preventive measure against HIV infection in Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the world. Methods: This article uses the available and abundant empirical data from various epidemiological studies on the subject of male circumcision status and HIV prevention, and national demographic health surveys from a few Sub-Saharan African Countries. Outcome: Empirical evidence from Africa and other parts of the world has clearly indicated that male circumcision has never been and cannot be a preventive measure against heterosexually HIV infection. In fact, empirical data have pointed to the contrary. The relation between male circumcision status and HIV infection has not been in the expected direction, that- male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection. Conclusion: The paper concludes that abundant empirical data on male circumcision status and HIV infection do not support the widely held view and argument that male circumcision reduces heterosexual HIV infection.
Background: In view of all the recorded devastation it is causing to society and human life, HIV/AIDS appears to be in possession of all the characteristics of a contemporary social problem facing the world today, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa. Voluntary Medical Male circumcision (VMMC) in Africa and in many other parts of the world is being heralded as the new “fix” to HIV/AIDS pandemic – which has been termed as “prevention technology.” The aim of this paper is to critique the widely held belief and argument that male circumcision is or can be used as a preventive measure against HIV infection in Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the world. Methods: This article uses the available and abundant empirical data from various epidemiological studies on the subject of male circumcision status and HIV prevention, and national demographic health surveys from a few Sub-Saharan African Countries. Outcome: Empirical evidence from Africa and other parts of the world has clearly indicated that male circumcision has never been and cannot be a preventive measure against heterosexually HIV infection. In fact, empirical data have pointed to the contrary. The relation between male circumcision status and HIV infection has not been in the expected direction, that- male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection. Conclusion: The paper concludes that abundant empirical data on male circumcision status and HIV infection do not support the widely held view and argument that male circumcision reduces heterosexual HIV infection.
Tackling HIV/AIDS as a Contemporary Social Problem in Sub-Saharan Africa: ‘A Sociological Critique of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) as a Preventive Measure’
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150403.16
Social Sciences
2015-06-10
© Science Publishing Group
Eliphas Machacha
Tackling HIV/AIDS as a Contemporary Social Problem in Sub-Saharan Africa: ‘A Sociological Critique of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) as a Preventive Measure’
4
3
76
76
2015-06-10
2015-06-10
10.11648/j.ss.20150403.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150403.16
© Science Publishing Group
Consumers’ Perceptions on Packaging of Processed Food Products in Dodoma Municipality, Tanzania
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.11
Packaging performs important functions of containing, promoting and facilitating the storage and use of products, and could be treated as one of the most important factors influencing consumer’s purchase decision. However, packaging of processed food by small scale entrepreneurs is often insufficient to enhance competitiveness in the market. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess consumers’ perceptions on packaging attributes and (ii) to examine the influence of packaging related attributes on purchase decision of processed cereal products. The study enrolled 300 randomly selected consumers of food processed by women groups in Dodoma Municipality in 2014. A four-point Likert scale was used to rate food packaging attributes and the factors influencing purchase decision. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences program version 16. Results show that consumers acknowledge the benefits of packaging particularly in terms of product protection (mean score 3.4), hygiene (3.3), product information (3.1) and branding (3.1). These functions are considered important along with specific characteristics of packaging materials which include durability (3.0), good shape for grip (3.0), attractiveness (2.8), easy to open and close after use (2.6) and recyclability and degradability (1.8). On the other hand, the factors influencing buying decision span from the perceived value of the product to nutritional content and taste, product information and safety related attributes and appearance of the packaging materials. In conclusion, packaging affects preferences of food products and significantly influences purchase decision of the products. The findings from this study underscore the importance of packaging and packaging design for fulfilling the many functions related to logistics and marketing of food products. The main implication drawn from the study is that entrepreneurs need to be cognisant of consumers' specific packaging preferences for which they can use as a strategic marketing tool.
Packaging performs important functions of containing, promoting and facilitating the storage and use of products, and could be treated as one of the most important factors influencing consumer’s purchase decision. However, packaging of processed food by small scale entrepreneurs is often insufficient to enhance competitiveness in the market. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess consumers’ perceptions on packaging attributes and (ii) to examine the influence of packaging related attributes on purchase decision of processed cereal products. The study enrolled 300 randomly selected consumers of food processed by women groups in Dodoma Municipality in 2014. A four-point Likert scale was used to rate food packaging attributes and the factors influencing purchase decision. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences program version 16. Results show that consumers acknowledge the benefits of packaging particularly in terms of product protection (mean score 3.4), hygiene (3.3), product information (3.1) and branding (3.1). These functions are considered important along with specific characteristics of packaging materials which include durability (3.0), good shape for grip (3.0), attractiveness (2.8), easy to open and close after use (2.6) and recyclability and degradability (1.8). On the other hand, the factors influencing buying decision span from the perceived value of the product to nutritional content and taste, product information and safety related attributes and appearance of the packaging materials. In conclusion, packaging affects preferences of food products and significantly influences purchase decision of the products. The findings from this study underscore the importance of packaging and packaging design for fulfilling the many functions related to logistics and marketing of food products. The main implication drawn from the study is that entrepreneurs need to be cognisant of consumers' specific packaging preferences for which they can use as a strategic marketing tool.
Consumers’ Perceptions on Packaging of Processed Food Products in Dodoma Municipality, Tanzania
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150404.11
Social Sciences
2015-06-23
© Science Publishing Group
Sarah Mmari
John Safari
James Lwelamira
Consumers’ Perceptions on Packaging of Processed Food Products in Dodoma Municipality, Tanzania
4
4
81
81
2015-06-23
2015-06-23
10.11648/j.ss.20150404.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.11
© Science Publishing Group
Fragmentation of International Legal System Established for the Governance of the Oceans
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.13
The paper presented below is intended to reveal the institutional and substantive inconsistencies within the international legal system instituted for the governance of the oceans –UNCLOS-, from a literature review of various theoretical approaches related to fragmentation of international law. So, what is contained in the document it was initially oriented to the context of the reader by presenting the theoretical guidelines necessary for the understanding of the legal system in question, and then directed towards the realization of a critical analysis of the operation of such a legal system.
The paper presented below is intended to reveal the institutional and substantive inconsistencies within the international legal system instituted for the governance of the oceans –UNCLOS-, from a literature review of various theoretical approaches related to fragmentation of international law. So, what is contained in the document it was initially oriented to the context of the reader by presenting the theoretical guidelines necessary for the understanding of the legal system in question, and then directed towards the realization of a critical analysis of the operation of such a legal system.
Fragmentation of International Legal System Established for the Governance of the Oceans
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150404.13
Social Sciences
2015-07-25
© Science Publishing Group
Jorge Sánchez
Paola Tafur
Fragmentation of International Legal System Established for the Governance of the Oceans
4
4
89
89
2015-07-25
2015-07-25
10.11648/j.ss.20150404.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.13
© Science Publishing Group
The Participation of Women in Politics Has Become Major Challenge for Gender Equality in Albania After the "90 of the Twentieth Century
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.12
The purpose of this paper is to expose the importance of women's participation and Albanian women in the political sphere. The paper is focused specifically in the role played by women in political life and how are they involved in this sector. Policy has been a totally male field, where political positions are held by men, even in the most part, only those running for such positions. Girls and women are considered as "very fragile, clean and too naive to be tainted by dirty politics". The role of Albanian girls and women in politics is more supportive for a male candidate whom she has relatives. Girls and women leaders have attacked many social opinions. Even successful girls and women seem to prey on agency rumors. More importantly girls and women are more attacked, slandered more, and more prejudiced. Mentality and opinion tends not to attribute its success to their abilities, but always seek to find what they say behind this success. It looks like the girls and women who are able to get ahead are vıewed by social tsunami survivor, always viewed with a skeptical eye type, which fails to recognize that women are just as capable as the men. When girls and women emerge d from their traditional positions they became the center of attention to be attacked by others.
The purpose of this paper is to expose the importance of women's participation and Albanian women in the political sphere. The paper is focused specifically in the role played by women in political life and how are they involved in this sector. Policy has been a totally male field, where political positions are held by men, even in the most part, only those running for such positions. Girls and women are considered as "very fragile, clean and too naive to be tainted by dirty politics". The role of Albanian girls and women in politics is more supportive for a male candidate whom she has relatives. Girls and women leaders have attacked many social opinions. Even successful girls and women seem to prey on agency rumors. More importantly girls and women are more attacked, slandered more, and more prejudiced. Mentality and opinion tends not to attribute its success to their abilities, but always seek to find what they say behind this success. It looks like the girls and women who are able to get ahead are vıewed by social tsunami survivor, always viewed with a skeptical eye type, which fails to recognize that women are just as capable as the men. When girls and women emerge d from their traditional positions they became the center of attention to be attacked by others.
The Participation of Women in Politics Has Become Major Challenge for Gender Equality in Albania After the "90 of the Twentieth Century
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150404.12
Social Sciences
2015-06-25
© Science Publishing Group
Manjola Xhaferri
The Participation of Women in Politics Has Become Major Challenge for Gender Equality in Albania After the "90 of the Twentieth Century
4
4
85
85
2015-06-25
2015-06-25
10.11648/j.ss.20150404.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Place of Customary and Religious Laws and Practices in Ethiopia: A Critical Review of the Four Modern Constitutions
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.14
The objective of this paper is to examine the place of customary and religious laws and practices in the Ethiopian constitutions. To this end, the study made comparison as to the place of those elements in the four constitutions, thereby implying the changes and continuities. As a result, the study shows that the 1995 FDRE constitution better incorporated the customary and religious laws and practices as compared to other constitutions. The 1987 PDRE constitution is also relatively good compared to the 1931 and 1955 Imperial constitutions in terms of recognizing those elements in a way that can ensure equality of all sections of the society.
The objective of this paper is to examine the place of customary and religious laws and practices in the Ethiopian constitutions. To this end, the study made comparison as to the place of those elements in the four constitutions, thereby implying the changes and continuities. As a result, the study shows that the 1995 FDRE constitution better incorporated the customary and religious laws and practices as compared to other constitutions. The 1987 PDRE constitution is also relatively good compared to the 1931 and 1955 Imperial constitutions in terms of recognizing those elements in a way that can ensure equality of all sections of the society.
The Place of Customary and Religious Laws and Practices in Ethiopia: A Critical Review of the Four Modern Constitutions
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150404.14
Social Sciences
2015-08-06
© Science Publishing Group
Endalcachew Bayeh
The Place of Customary and Religious Laws and Practices in Ethiopia: A Critical Review of the Four Modern Constitutions
4
4
93
93
2015-08-06
2015-08-06
10.11648/j.ss.20150404.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.14
© Science Publishing Group
Ethnic Federalism: A Means for Managing or a Triggering Factor for Ethnic Conflicts in Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.15
Being one of the most diverse nations in the world, Ethiopia is not an exception to be free from ethnic conflicts due to its weak political structures and mal governance. The existing ethnic federal arrangement of EPRDF is devised with the aim to accommodate the interests of distinct ethnic groups in Ethiopia. Meanwhile, it is still subject to criticisms. Hence, this study questions whether the contemporary ethnic federalism in Ethiopia enables to manage ethnic conflicts or exacerbates them due to its theoretical and empirical applicability. The study is entirely based on secondary sources of data that were interpreted using a mix of interpretivism and constructivism to guide the qualitative method of research. The findings of the study revealed that ethnic federal model of Ethiopia, which solely or majorly formed on the basis of ethno-linguistic lines in most, but not all situations exacerbate and/or generate and transform ethnic conflicts from national into lower structural levels. Thus, a mixed federal system that guarantees ethnic groups self-governance with high inducements for integration and inter-ethnic collaboration is a suggestive solution to move federalism forward in Ethiopia.
Being one of the most diverse nations in the world, Ethiopia is not an exception to be free from ethnic conflicts due to its weak political structures and mal governance. The existing ethnic federal arrangement of EPRDF is devised with the aim to accommodate the interests of distinct ethnic groups in Ethiopia. Meanwhile, it is still subject to criticisms. Hence, this study questions whether the contemporary ethnic federalism in Ethiopia enables to manage ethnic conflicts or exacerbates them due to its theoretical and empirical applicability. The study is entirely based on secondary sources of data that were interpreted using a mix of interpretivism and constructivism to guide the qualitative method of research. The findings of the study revealed that ethnic federal model of Ethiopia, which solely or majorly formed on the basis of ethno-linguistic lines in most, but not all situations exacerbate and/or generate and transform ethnic conflicts from national into lower structural levels. Thus, a mixed federal system that guarantees ethnic groups self-governance with high inducements for integration and inter-ethnic collaboration is a suggestive solution to move federalism forward in Ethiopia.
Ethnic Federalism: A Means for Managing or a Triggering Factor for Ethnic Conflicts in Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150404.15
Social Sciences
2015-08-06
© Science Publishing Group
Muhabie Mekonnen Mengistu
Ethnic Federalism: A Means for Managing or a Triggering Factor for Ethnic Conflicts in Ethiopia
4
4
105
105
2015-08-06
2015-08-06
10.11648/j.ss.20150404.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.15
© Science Publishing Group
The Historical Development of Bankruptcy Law Both in the World in General and Ethiopia in Particular: in Comparison and Contrast
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.16
This essay paper is to analytically discuss the brief historical evolution of bankruptcy Law both in the world more generally and in Ethiopia specifically. In tracing the historical evolution of bankruptcy law, it is believed that it is possible to reach at its optimum understanding of jurisprudential concepts, legislations enacted, the reactions of the society towards the law, and prevailing practices associated with its ups and downs with justifications. As such, the paper is aimed at disclosing the common/shared and different features of historical evolution of bankruptcy law in the world and Ethiopia.For this, this comparative observance of the law is essential in identifying the basic lacunas both in the jurisprudence and practice of bankruptcy law.For this, the scope of this paper is limited to discuss core similarities and differences of historical evolution of bankruptcy law both in the world in general and Ethiopian in Particular. Finally, the paper winds upthe analytical discussion pinpointing rewarding solutions for the existent problems in this subject matter of law
This essay paper is to analytically discuss the brief historical evolution of bankruptcy Law both in the world more generally and in Ethiopia specifically. In tracing the historical evolution of bankruptcy law, it is believed that it is possible to reach at its optimum understanding of jurisprudential concepts, legislations enacted, the reactions of the society towards the law, and prevailing practices associated with its ups and downs with justifications. As such, the paper is aimed at disclosing the common/shared and different features of historical evolution of bankruptcy law in the world and Ethiopia.For this, this comparative observance of the law is essential in identifying the basic lacunas both in the jurisprudence and practice of bankruptcy law.For this, the scope of this paper is limited to discuss core similarities and differences of historical evolution of bankruptcy law both in the world in general and Ethiopian in Particular. Finally, the paper winds upthe analytical discussion pinpointing rewarding solutions for the existent problems in this subject matter of law
The Historical Development of Bankruptcy Law Both in the World in General and Ethiopia in Particular: in Comparison and Contrast
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150404.16
Social Sciences
2015-08-14
© Science Publishing Group
Alemnew Gebeyehu Dessie
The Historical Development of Bankruptcy Law Both in the World in General and Ethiopia in Particular: in Comparison and Contrast
4
4
109
109
2015-08-14
2015-08-14
10.11648/j.ss.20150404.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150404.16
© Science Publishing Group
Women and Rural Development in Nigeria: Some Critical Issues for Policy Consideration
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150405.11
This paper examines the broad idea of gender and development with specific focus on some critical issues and challenges confronting the involvement of rural women in development activities in Nigeria. The paper addresses this issue through some theoretical and empirical review of literatures. Major impacts of women in rural development in Nigeria have been discussed and situated at historical perspectives through analysis of policies and programmes of government. Although women have served as critical agents of rural economic transformation, such role has been limited in scope, mostly shaped by the dictates of local patriarchy and religious beliefs. Their impacts have been felt indirectly in subsistent agriculture, and directly at the domestic domain. A number of challenges affecting their active involvement in rural development have been discussed to include the prevalence of cultural and institutional barriers as well as limited access to critical infrastructures in the rural areas. Policy recommendations focus on practical, legislative, legal and administrative actions that are particularly targeted at addressing those barriers.
This paper examines the broad idea of gender and development with specific focus on some critical issues and challenges confronting the involvement of rural women in development activities in Nigeria. The paper addresses this issue through some theoretical and empirical review of literatures. Major impacts of women in rural development in Nigeria have been discussed and situated at historical perspectives through analysis of policies and programmes of government. Although women have served as critical agents of rural economic transformation, such role has been limited in scope, mostly shaped by the dictates of local patriarchy and religious beliefs. Their impacts have been felt indirectly in subsistent agriculture, and directly at the domestic domain. A number of challenges affecting their active involvement in rural development have been discussed to include the prevalence of cultural and institutional barriers as well as limited access to critical infrastructures in the rural areas. Policy recommendations focus on practical, legislative, legal and administrative actions that are particularly targeted at addressing those barriers.
Women and Rural Development in Nigeria: Some Critical Issues for Policy Consideration
doi:10.11648/j.ss.20150405.11
Social Sciences
2015-09-08
© Science Publishing Group
Nseabasi S. Akpan
Women and Rural Development in Nigeria: Some Critical Issues for Policy Consideration
4
5
118
118
2015-09-08
2015-09-08
10.11648/j.ss.20150405.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=202&doi=10.11648/j.ss.20150405.11
© Science Publishing Group