Science Publishing Group: Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Table of Contents
<i> Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (AFF) </i> publishes original research papers on all aspects of animal and pastoral science relevant to temperate and subtropical regions. Subject matter includes soil science, fertilizers, insect pests, plant pathology, weeds, forage crops, management systems, ecosystem management, forest management, tree breeding, silviculture, forest ecology, andscape ecology, fish palaeontology, molecular biology, economic and policy aspects of fisheries and so on. It aims to promote rapid communication and dialogue among the researchers, scientists, engineers and policy makers working in the areas of agriculture, forestry and fisheries.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/aff Science Publishing Group: Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Table of Contents
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Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
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Biological parameters and abundance of the razor clam, (Solen brevis), from the Bushehr area of the Persian Gulf
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Biological parameters were estimated for the razor clam (Solen brevis) sampled from the intertidal zone around Bushehr, Iran. Monthly and periodic quadrat sampling along random transects were conducted from October 2008 to September 2009 to estimate abundance and growth parameters. The estimated abundance of S. brevis ranged from 1.50 (August) to 4.20 (October) clams per 0.25 m2 (mean 3.25, SD 1.1), while the estimated growth parameters for L and K were 120 mm and 0.7, respectively. The mean total length ranged from 80.8 mm ( 10.2) in November to 97.6 mm ( 14.2) in July. Natural mortality (M) and maximum age (Tmax) were estimated at 0.26 per year and 4.6 years, respectively. Expansion of the shrimp culture industry along with petroleum exploration activities are believed to be the major factors responsible for the decrease in population size for S. brevis along the coast of Bushehr.
Biological parameters were estimated for the razor clam (Solen brevis) sampled from the intertidal zone around Bushehr, Iran. Monthly and periodic quadrat sampling along random transects were conducted from October 2008 to September 2009 to estimate abundance and growth parameters. The estimated abundance of S. brevis ranged from 1.50 (August) to 4.20 (October) clams per 0.25 m2 (mean 3.25, SD 1.1), while the estimated growth parameters for L and K were 120 mm and 0.7, respectively. The mean total length ranged from 80.8 mm ( 10.2) in November to 97.6 mm ( 14.2) in July. Natural mortality (M) and maximum age (Tmax) were estimated at 0.26 per year and 4.6 years, respectively. Expansion of the shrimp culture industry along with petroleum exploration activities are believed to be the major factors responsible for the decrease in population size for S. brevis along the coast of Bushehr.
Biological parameters and abundance of the razor clam, (Solen brevis), from the Bushehr area of the Persian Gulf
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20120101.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Nassir Niamaimandi
Biological parameters and abundance of the razor clam, (Solen brevis), from the Bushehr area of the Persian Gulf
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© Science Publishing Group
Ergonomic Design: Experimental Studies of Multi-Task Vehicle
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The design of off-road vehicles is complicated. Particularly when the driving, is accompanied with another task, simultaneously (e.g. plowing). Such a complex environment may lead to human error and end up with an accident. In Aus-tralia, 20-25 percent of vehicle accidents’ casualties are from off-road accidents. The literature suggests three combined and important aspects, in vehicle design: vision control, anthropometrical fitting and biomechanical considerations. No study is found which supports an off-road vehicle design from all three aspects together. In addition, the extensive use of computer aided design (CAD) in the vehicles’ design stages, produce only qualitative results. This study presents a pioneering expe-rimental ergonomic research, of an off-road cabin design. The research inquires the three aspects,combined, generating quantitative results. These results produce a better fitted design to the operator and his operational needs, which help the engineer to design a cabinthat may lead to less strenuous sitting postures and fatigue.
The design of off-road vehicles is complicated. Particularly when the driving, is accompanied with another task, simultaneously (e.g. plowing). Such a complex environment may lead to human error and end up with an accident. In Aus-tralia, 20-25 percent of vehicle accidents’ casualties are from off-road accidents. The literature suggests three combined and important aspects, in vehicle design: vision control, anthropometrical fitting and biomechanical considerations. No study is found which supports an off-road vehicle design from all three aspects together. In addition, the extensive use of computer aided design (CAD) in the vehicles’ design stages, produce only qualitative results. This study presents a pioneering expe-rimental ergonomic research, of an off-road cabin design. The research inquires the three aspects,combined, generating quantitative results. These results produce a better fitted design to the operator and his operational needs, which help the engineer to design a cabinthat may lead to less strenuous sitting postures and fatigue.
Ergonomic Design: Experimental Studies of Multi-Task Vehicle
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130201.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Eyal Byran
Issachar Gilad
Rivka Oxman
Ergonomic Design: Experimental Studies of Multi-Task Vehicle
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Nutrient and Pre-Infested Brinjal, Solanum Melongena by Whitefly and Aphid on Population Dynamics of Whitefly, Bemisia Tabaci
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This study investigated the consequence of nutrient concentration levels and pre-infestation of brinjal (Solanum melongena) plant (by whitefly and aphids) on population of whitefly (Aleyrodidae; Hemiptera) over two cropping periods. Both factors, nutrient levels and pre-infestation by pests could also change plant-pest relationship especially with herbi-vorous insect pests. Variation in nutrient levels applied to the plants could influence different physiological performance of the plants which subsequently affected whitefly population. Populations of whitefly were higher following increasing levels of nutrients in non-pre-infested (control) plants. Lower whitefly populations were observed on whitefly pre-infested brinjal plants compared to aphid pre-infested and control plants. Pre-infested plants were suspected to induce productions of sec-ondary metabolites as a chemical defense system thus lowering the number of whiteflies on them. Considering other man-agement technique in controlling whiteflies on brinjal such as optimum nutrient supplement as plant growth progress and good pest care during seedling stage was proposed.
This study investigated the consequence of nutrient concentration levels and pre-infestation of brinjal (Solanum melongena) plant (by whitefly and aphids) on population of whitefly (Aleyrodidae; Hemiptera) over two cropping periods. Both factors, nutrient levels and pre-infestation by pests could also change plant-pest relationship especially with herbi-vorous insect pests. Variation in nutrient levels applied to the plants could influence different physiological performance of the plants which subsequently affected whitefly population. Populations of whitefly were higher following increasing levels of nutrients in non-pre-infested (control) plants. Lower whitefly populations were observed on whitefly pre-infested brinjal plants compared to aphid pre-infested and control plants. Pre-infested plants were suspected to induce productions of sec-ondary metabolites as a chemical defense system thus lowering the number of whiteflies on them. Considering other man-agement technique in controlling whiteflies on brinjal such as optimum nutrient supplement as plant growth progress and good pest care during seedling stage was proposed.
Effect of Nutrient and Pre-Infested Brinjal, Solanum Melongena by Whitefly and Aphid on Population Dynamics of Whitefly, Bemisia Tabaci
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130201.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohd Rasdi Zaini
Che Salmah Md Rawi
Abu Hassan
Effect of Nutrient and Pre-Infested Brinjal, Solanum Melongena by Whitefly and Aphid on Population Dynamics of Whitefly, Bemisia Tabaci
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© Science Publishing Group
Global Agricultural Policies: Reforms and Future Agriculture
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130201.15
Globally, Agriculture it seems is back on the development agenda, seen as a key to spurring growth and reduction poverty, and as a key route to meeting the Millennium Development Goals. Continent -wide policy can safeguard each country’s independence. The main focus of this paper is to analyse global agricultural policies and critically appraisal of their policies and arrive the best policies. The study is based on meta-analysis. The status of global agricultural policies in general and selected continent wise policies in particular is analysed. It also suggests the best future global agricultural policies. World as a whole the pressures on agriculture to produce much less than indicated projections for the period to 2050 because of deceleration population growth. The basic changes in Europe models concerning the transformation from supply driven models of traditional agriculture to the concept of modern agriculture focusing on demand-driven types of market agriculture. The North American Model; United States, Mexico, and Canada have each made significant changes to their agricultural policies over the past several years particularly in the area of income supports. The Latin America continent was confronted with a new twist to the Green Revolution model, with the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops and run by transnational corporations. In Africa, agriculture is runs by the significance of aid provided by donors. The successful Asian State Green revolution model focuses more on seed and technologies to increase production. The most common policy response taken by the emerging economies – and also worldwide – has been to reduce or suspend import tariffs on food products. The year 2011 highlighted after many years of neglect, agriculture and food security are back on the development and political agendas. The study suggests to focus future policies on agriculture as a global agenda and global efforts.
Globally, Agriculture it seems is back on the development agenda, seen as a key to spurring growth and reduction poverty, and as a key route to meeting the Millennium Development Goals. Continent -wide policy can safeguard each country’s independence. The main focus of this paper is to analyse global agricultural policies and critically appraisal of their policies and arrive the best policies. The study is based on meta-analysis. The status of global agricultural policies in general and selected continent wise policies in particular is analysed. It also suggests the best future global agricultural policies. World as a whole the pressures on agriculture to produce much less than indicated projections for the period to 2050 because of deceleration population growth. The basic changes in Europe models concerning the transformation from supply driven models of traditional agriculture to the concept of modern agriculture focusing on demand-driven types of market agriculture. The North American Model; United States, Mexico, and Canada have each made significant changes to their agricultural policies over the past several years particularly in the area of income supports. The Latin America continent was confronted with a new twist to the Green Revolution model, with the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops and run by transnational corporations. In Africa, agriculture is runs by the significance of aid provided by donors. The successful Asian State Green revolution model focuses more on seed and technologies to increase production. The most common policy response taken by the emerging economies – and also worldwide – has been to reduce or suspend import tariffs on food products. The year 2011 highlighted after many years of neglect, agriculture and food security are back on the development and political agendas. The study suggests to focus future policies on agriculture as a global agenda and global efforts.
Global Agricultural Policies: Reforms and Future Agriculture
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130201.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
M. B. Dastagiri
MNV Prasad Gajula
PA Lakshmi Prasanna
T. K. Immanuelraj
Global Agricultural Policies: Reforms and Future Agriculture
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© Science Publishing Group
Study of Somatic Embryogenesis in Leaf Explants of Sapindus Emarginatus Vahl
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130201.14
Plant regeneration through Somatic embryogenesis has several advantages over other routes to in vitro plant production and appears that most promising area of research for large scale production and rapid plant propagation. Sapindus emarginatus vahl commonly known as soap nut tree wherein the nut shell contains saponin, which acts like soap when comes in contact with water. It has very high economic and medicinal values in saponin industry and is also being used for important medicinal properties. The present study is aimed on somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of Sapindus emarginatus Vahl employing auxin such as 2, 4-D along with cytokinin BAP/Kn. The present protocol is the first ever reported of its kind and is unique in itself as the latex poses a threat for tissue culture.
Plant regeneration through Somatic embryogenesis has several advantages over other routes to in vitro plant production and appears that most promising area of research for large scale production and rapid plant propagation. Sapindus emarginatus vahl commonly known as soap nut tree wherein the nut shell contains saponin, which acts like soap when comes in contact with water. It has very high economic and medicinal values in saponin industry and is also being used for important medicinal properties. The present study is aimed on somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of Sapindus emarginatus Vahl employing auxin such as 2, 4-D along with cytokinin BAP/Kn. The present protocol is the first ever reported of its kind and is unique in itself as the latex poses a threat for tissue culture.
Study of Somatic Embryogenesis in Leaf Explants of Sapindus Emarginatus Vahl
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130201.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Srinivas Devaraju
K. Jaganmohan Reddy
Study of Somatic Embryogenesis in Leaf Explants of Sapindus Emarginatus Vahl
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© Science Publishing Group
Physical Properties of Wood in Selected Lessor Known Tree Species in Botswana
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A study was carried out to evaluate physical properties of wood of four indigenous tree species. Samples were obtained at random from the logs at a timber and wood processing yard. Acacia burkea and S. Africana possess heartwood that is distinctly different in colour from the sapwood. Acacia burkeashowed very dark colour in the heartwood while that of Spirostachys africana was dark greyish brown in colour. Wood of P. africanum and Terminelia serecia displayed no distinctly different colours between the sapwood and the heartwood. Density also varied in different woods with the highest density values recorded at 0.97 g cm3 in the A. burkeaand the lowest was 0.70 g cm3 in P. africanum. There were significant differences in densities between wood of all these species. The highest change in dimensions was recorded in the tangent side of all woods except for A. burkea. The highest dimensional changes were recorded at 9.02± 4.02 percentin the tangent side of P. africanum. The lowest dimensional changes were recorded at 0.41±0.08 percent in the longitudinal section of the P. africanumwood. Overall the lowest changes were recorded in the longitudinal side of wood.
A study was carried out to evaluate physical properties of wood of four indigenous tree species. Samples were obtained at random from the logs at a timber and wood processing yard. Acacia burkea and S. Africana possess heartwood that is distinctly different in colour from the sapwood. Acacia burkeashowed very dark colour in the heartwood while that of Spirostachys africana was dark greyish brown in colour. Wood of P. africanum and Terminelia serecia displayed no distinctly different colours between the sapwood and the heartwood. Density also varied in different woods with the highest density values recorded at 0.97 g cm3 in the A. burkeaand the lowest was 0.70 g cm3 in P. africanum. There were significant differences in densities between wood of all these species. The highest change in dimensions was recorded in the tangent side of all woods except for A. burkea. The highest dimensional changes were recorded at 9.02± 4.02 percentin the tangent side of P. africanum. The lowest dimensional changes were recorded at 0.41±0.08 percent in the longitudinal section of the P. africanumwood. Overall the lowest changes were recorded in the longitudinal side of wood.
Physical Properties of Wood in Selected Lessor Known Tree Species in Botswana
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130202.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ronnie Mmolotsi
Kealeboga Kejekgabo
Physical Properties of Wood in Selected Lessor Known Tree Species in Botswana
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© Science Publishing Group
Algorithms for Control of Genetic-Breeding Improvement of Economically Valuable Traits of Self-Pollinated Plants
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The new approaches to solving problems of selection parent’s pairs (varieties) for crossing and forecast of eco-genetic portrait of the future new variety. Paper supplements the two previous publications on the formalization of the quantitative theory of eco-genetic processes [1,2].
The new approaches to solving problems of selection parent’s pairs (varieties) for crossing and forecast of eco-genetic portrait of the future new variety. Paper supplements the two previous publications on the formalization of the quantitative theory of eco-genetic processes [1,2].
Algorithms for Control of Genetic-Breeding Improvement of Economically Valuable Traits of Self-Pollinated Plants
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130202.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mikhailenko I. M.
Dragavtsev V. A.
Algorithms for Control of Genetic-Breeding Improvement of Economically Valuable Traits of Self-Pollinated Plants
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Interrelationship and Association of Characters in Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora Var. Robusta)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130202.16
Commercial coffee is obtained from the processed beans of two species of the genus Coffea namely C. arabica and C. canephora, the former yielding arabica coffee and the latter yielding robusta coffee. Most of the agronomic characters of crop plants are controlled by polygenes and hence they show different levels of interrelationships. Analysis of correlation between such characters and further study of relative contribution of each character towards the genetic potential of the species provide valuable tools to identify the lead characters among them so that further improvement programmes could be based on such characters. The present study of the agronomically important polygenic characters of robusta coffee, utilizing the robusta coffee germplasm maintained in the Regional Coffee Research Station, Chundale, Wayanad, Kerala, India by the Central Coffee Research Institute of India has shown that girth of primary branches, weight of 100 dry fruits and percentage of A grade beans have got significant positive correlation with the maximum number of other characters. Factor analysis revealed that bush spread showed the maximum factor loading followed by length of primary branches and girth of primary branches. This shows the strength of the association of these characters with others and their importance in robusta breeding programmes.
Commercial coffee is obtained from the processed beans of two species of the genus Coffea namely C. arabica and C. canephora, the former yielding arabica coffee and the latter yielding robusta coffee. Most of the agronomic characters of crop plants are controlled by polygenes and hence they show different levels of interrelationships. Analysis of correlation between such characters and further study of relative contribution of each character towards the genetic potential of the species provide valuable tools to identify the lead characters among them so that further improvement programmes could be based on such characters. The present study of the agronomically important polygenic characters of robusta coffee, utilizing the robusta coffee germplasm maintained in the Regional Coffee Research Station, Chundale, Wayanad, Kerala, India by the Central Coffee Research Institute of India has shown that girth of primary branches, weight of 100 dry fruits and percentage of A grade beans have got significant positive correlation with the maximum number of other characters. Factor analysis revealed that bush spread showed the maximum factor loading followed by length of primary branches and girth of primary branches. This shows the strength of the association of these characters with others and their importance in robusta breeding programmes.
Interrelationship and Association of Characters in Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora Var. Robusta)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130202.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
V. B. Sureshkumar
K. R. Nikhila
K. V. Mohanan
N. S. Prakash
Interrelationship and Association of Characters in Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora Var. Robusta)
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© Science Publishing Group
Amphibians and Reptiles in the New Edition of the Animals’ Red Data Book of Armenia
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Being a mountainous country with distinct altitudinal zonality, Armenia retains high diversity and endemism of plant and animal species. New edition of the Red Data Book represents an important official document and a guide towards the efficient conservation of Armenia’s unique fauna which demands for the large-scale work on the improvement of legislative background, implementation of population monitoring, early detection of imminent threats, and development of the regional strategy of genetic resources conservation. The goal of this article is to present Amphibians and Reptiles included in the new edition of Red Data Book of Armenia.
Being a mountainous country with distinct altitudinal zonality, Armenia retains high diversity and endemism of plant and animal species. New edition of the Red Data Book represents an important official document and a guide towards the efficient conservation of Armenia’s unique fauna which demands for the large-scale work on the improvement of legislative background, implementation of population monitoring, early detection of imminent threats, and development of the regional strategy of genetic resources conservation. The goal of this article is to present Amphibians and Reptiles included in the new edition of Red Data Book of Armenia.
Amphibians and Reptiles in the New Edition of the Animals’ Red Data Book of Armenia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130202.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Aram Aghasyan
Levon Aghasyan
Eduard Yeghiasaryan
Silva Amiryan
Amphibians and Reptiles in the New Edition of the Animals’ Red Data Book of Armenia
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© Science Publishing Group
Histo-Cytological Study of the Graft union of the Chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill)/Oak (Quercus Vulcanica Boiss)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130202.18
Graft compatibility is a complex mechanism with a wide range of different physiological, biochemical, and anatomical interactions. In the present paper, features of the graft union on the combination of the European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) on an oak (Quercus vulcanica Boiss.) rootstock based on whip grafting was investigated. The trial was conducted in the greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, in western Turkey during 2006-7. The grafts were made with scion from chestnut genotype N-3-4 on an oak rootstock. Cross and longitudinal sections of the graft union for examination were taken 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 210 days after grafting, and fixed in 70% ethanol. Microscopic observation of the anatomical and histo-cytological structure of the graft union area revealed that new cambium, xylem, and phloem tissues were formed in the samples 120 days after grafting. The results showed that, graft compatibility exists between chestnut and oaks. Callus formation and differentiation of vascular tissues started 150 days after grafting.
Graft compatibility is a complex mechanism with a wide range of different physiological, biochemical, and anatomical interactions. In the present paper, features of the graft union on the combination of the European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) on an oak (Quercus vulcanica Boiss.) rootstock based on whip grafting was investigated. The trial was conducted in the greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, in western Turkey during 2006-7. The grafts were made with scion from chestnut genotype N-3-4 on an oak rootstock. Cross and longitudinal sections of the graft union for examination were taken 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 210 days after grafting, and fixed in 70% ethanol. Microscopic observation of the anatomical and histo-cytological structure of the graft union area revealed that new cambium, xylem, and phloem tissues were formed in the samples 120 days after grafting. The results showed that, graft compatibility exists between chestnut and oaks. Callus formation and differentiation of vascular tissues started 150 days after grafting.
Histo-Cytological Study of the Graft union of the Chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill)/Oak (Quercus Vulcanica Boiss)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130202.18
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Selime ADA
Engin ERTAN
Histo-Cytological Study of the Graft union of the Chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill)/Oak (Quercus Vulcanica Boiss)
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© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Hydro-Priming and Pre-Germinating Rice Seed on the Yield and Terminal Moisture Stress Mitigation of Rain-Fed Lowland Rice
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130202.15
Terminal moisture stress is one of the major problems constraining rain-fed lowland rice production in north-western Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted in 2010 and 2011 at Fogera plains to study the effect of hydro-priming and pre-germinating rice seed on the yield and response of the crop to terminal moisture stress. A factorial combination of eight seed treatments and three sowing times were studied in RCB design with three replications. Data on crop phenology, shoot biomass, leaf area, number of productive and unproductive tillers, filled and unfilled spikeletes, plant height, biomass yield, thousand seed weight, and grain yield were collected and analyzed. The results revealed that planting pre-germinated seeds as well as seeds soaked and dried for 24 hrs at the local (farmers’) sowing time resulted in significantly earlier seedling emergence, heading, and maturity. Higher numbers of productive tillers, filled spikeletes, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, grain yield, biomass yield, and harvest index were recorded in response to planting pre-germinated seeds followed by seeds soaked and dried for 24 hrs at farmers’ sowing time. The present study concluded that planting pre-germinated seeds or hydro-primed seeds soaked and dried for 24 hrs could be practiced as the first and second best alternatives for rice production on Fogera plains in northwestern Ethiopia.
Terminal moisture stress is one of the major problems constraining rain-fed lowland rice production in north-western Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted in 2010 and 2011 at Fogera plains to study the effect of hydro-priming and pre-germinating rice seed on the yield and response of the crop to terminal moisture stress. A factorial combination of eight seed treatments and three sowing times were studied in RCB design with three replications. Data on crop phenology, shoot biomass, leaf area, number of productive and unproductive tillers, filled and unfilled spikeletes, plant height, biomass yield, thousand seed weight, and grain yield were collected and analyzed. The results revealed that planting pre-germinated seeds as well as seeds soaked and dried for 24 hrs at the local (farmers’) sowing time resulted in significantly earlier seedling emergence, heading, and maturity. Higher numbers of productive tillers, filled spikeletes, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, grain yield, biomass yield, and harvest index were recorded in response to planting pre-germinated seeds followed by seeds soaked and dried for 24 hrs at farmers’ sowing time. The present study concluded that planting pre-germinated seeds or hydro-primed seeds soaked and dried for 24 hrs could be practiced as the first and second best alternatives for rice production on Fogera plains in northwestern Ethiopia.
Effect of Hydro-Priming and Pre-Germinating Rice Seed on the Yield and Terminal Moisture Stress Mitigation of Rain-Fed Lowland Rice
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130202.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Tilahun-Tadesse F.
Nigussie-Dechassa R.
Wondimu Bayu
Setegn Gebeyehu
Effect of Hydro-Priming and Pre-Germinating Rice Seed on the Yield and Terminal Moisture Stress Mitigation of Rain-Fed Lowland Rice
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Empirical Findings on the Forest Law and Policy in Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130202.11
Forest and forest resources are one of the important factors for the conservation and development of the environment and environmental resources in Bangladesh.It is observed that these natural resources of our country are not properly utilized but it is often exploited due to over population, unwise use of natural resources etc. To cope with these problems, some important legal foundations have already been passed for effective role in the development of forest and forest resources of Bangladesh.The study finds that most of the forest laws and policies are originated from the rule of British colonial authorities. In this regard, some significant amendments of the laws are made after the partition of the Indian subcontinent and a few are also amended after the independence of Bangladesh. In 1990s, some important integrated Acts such as the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995 and its Rules, 1997 and the Environment Court, 2000 etc., are passed for the development and conservation of the environment of Bangladesh which enormously carried out for the protection of the forest and forest resources in Bangladesh. There are some limitations such as lack of enforcement, non-coordination, corruptions, outdated laws, insufficient penal provisions etc., which makes hindrance to the implementation of the forest laws and policies in Bangladesh. It is suggested that the policy implications framed in this study should strictly be emphasized for the implementation as to bringing about sustainable forest environment and development of Bangladesh.
Forest and forest resources are one of the important factors for the conservation and development of the environment and environmental resources in Bangladesh.It is observed that these natural resources of our country are not properly utilized but it is often exploited due to over population, unwise use of natural resources etc. To cope with these problems, some important legal foundations have already been passed for effective role in the development of forest and forest resources of Bangladesh.The study finds that most of the forest laws and policies are originated from the rule of British colonial authorities. In this regard, some significant amendments of the laws are made after the partition of the Indian subcontinent and a few are also amended after the independence of Bangladesh. In 1990s, some important integrated Acts such as the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995 and its Rules, 1997 and the Environment Court, 2000 etc., are passed for the development and conservation of the environment of Bangladesh which enormously carried out for the protection of the forest and forest resources in Bangladesh. There are some limitations such as lack of enforcement, non-coordination, corruptions, outdated laws, insufficient penal provisions etc., which makes hindrance to the implementation of the forest laws and policies in Bangladesh. It is suggested that the policy implications framed in this study should strictly be emphasized for the implementation as to bringing about sustainable forest environment and development of Bangladesh.
Empirical Findings on the Forest Law and Policy in Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130202.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Noor Mohammad
Empirical Findings on the Forest Law and Policy in Bangladesh
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130202.11
© Science Publishing Group
Diversity of Aerial Yam /Dioscorea bulbifera (L.)/ Accessions in Ethiopia Based on Agronomic Traits
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130202.12
The experiment was conducted at Jimma Agricultural Research Centre during 2007 cropping season. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the genetic diversity of aerial yam using agronomic traits so as to characterize and cluster with in collected aerial yam genotypes. Forty-seven aerial yam genotypes were sampled from the collection. Relatively high broad sense heritability was observed for Vine dry weight (53.14), tuber diameter (42.54), tuber length (42.04) and vine length (39.69) indicating the existence of possibility for selection of genotypes for high fresh tuber yield. The clustering of genotypes based on 11 quantitative traits revealed the existence of five distinct groups. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between genotypes under cluster II and V and I (D2 =1844) IV and V (D2 =1702) hence, the genotypes grouped in these clusters could be used for crossing if high fresh tuber yield genotypes are planned in breeding program.
The experiment was conducted at Jimma Agricultural Research Centre during 2007 cropping season. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the genetic diversity of aerial yam using agronomic traits so as to characterize and cluster with in collected aerial yam genotypes. Forty-seven aerial yam genotypes were sampled from the collection. Relatively high broad sense heritability was observed for Vine dry weight (53.14), tuber diameter (42.54), tuber length (42.04) and vine length (39.69) indicating the existence of possibility for selection of genotypes for high fresh tuber yield. The clustering of genotypes based on 11 quantitative traits revealed the existence of five distinct groups. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between genotypes under cluster II and V and I (D2 =1844) IV and V (D2 =1702) hence, the genotypes grouped in these clusters could be used for crossing if high fresh tuber yield genotypes are planned in breeding program.
Diversity of Aerial Yam /Dioscorea bulbifera (L.)/ Accessions in Ethiopia Based on Agronomic Traits
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130202.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Tewodros Mulualem Beyene
Diversity of Aerial Yam /Dioscorea bulbifera (L.)/ Accessions in Ethiopia Based on Agronomic Traits
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71
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130202.12
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Woody Plants Used by Pandam, Namu and Kayarda Communities in Tropical Woody Savanna, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130203.15
Most rural communities are opposed to forest reservation by the government not only because it denies them of the right of land ownership but because of the essential services these forests provide for the populace. In most cases there is usually total ban on any form of extraction from such forests without taking cognizance of the effects on those who live around these forests. The reason is because Government is not well informed of the rate of reliance of rural dwellers on the forests surrounding them. This research was conducted to ascertain the level of dependencies of three rural communities on Pandam Wildlife Park in Plateau State, Nigeria. Woody plants used by Pandam, Namu and Kayarda communities were investigated. A transect (10 x 1000) was laid across the park. Woody plants from 10cmdbh were marked. 12 people knowledgeable in plants and their uses were selected. They were made toidentify marked trees, their uses and parts used. Data were descriptively analyzed. Results show that 99% of identified plants have medicinal uses, 5 are used for food, 5 for economic purposes, 1 as first aid, 11 have multiple uses, 3 are under harvest pressure. Parts used are leave (37.10%),bark (30.65%). There is need for conservation especially those species (15) with multiple uses.
Most rural communities are opposed to forest reservation by the government not only because it denies them of the right of land ownership but because of the essential services these forests provide for the populace. In most cases there is usually total ban on any form of extraction from such forests without taking cognizance of the effects on those who live around these forests. The reason is because Government is not well informed of the rate of reliance of rural dwellers on the forests surrounding them. This research was conducted to ascertain the level of dependencies of three rural communities on Pandam Wildlife Park in Plateau State, Nigeria. Woody plants used by Pandam, Namu and Kayarda communities were investigated. A transect (10 x 1000) was laid across the park. Woody plants from 10cmdbh were marked. 12 people knowledgeable in plants and their uses were selected. They were made toidentify marked trees, their uses and parts used. Data were descriptively analyzed. Results show that 99% of identified plants have medicinal uses, 5 are used for food, 5 for economic purposes, 1 as first aid, 11 have multiple uses, 3 are under harvest pressure. Parts used are leave (37.10%),bark (30.65%). There is need for conservation especially those species (15) with multiple uses.
Evaluation of Woody Plants Used by Pandam, Namu and Kayarda Communities in Tropical Woody Savanna, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130203.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Unanaonwi, OkpoEsio
Amonum Joseph Igba
Evaluation of Woody Plants Used by Pandam, Namu and Kayarda Communities in Tropical Woody Savanna, Nigeria
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155
155
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20130203.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130203.15
© Science Publishing Group
A Study on the Effect of Salinity Stress on the Growth and Yield of Some Native RiceCultivars of Kerala State of India
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130203.14
Rice is the most importantcereal cropamong many ofthe low and middle income countries of the world. Natural phenomena and human activities have led to the loss of rice fields at an alarming speed. Utilization of marginal and critical habitats for cultivation is the only way to sustain the net cropping area available for the crop. Many of such areas are threatened by salinity stress. Screening of rice cultivars for salt tolerance and their conservation, improvement and utilization are the only solutions. Seven native rice cultivars of Kerala state of India have been screened presently for their performance under salt stress. Five of them were collected from a traditional saline habitat and two from non-saline areas. It has been observed that majority of the cultivars collected from the saline habitat and Veliyan, one cultivar collected from a non-saline area performed well under moderate salt stress. In all the cases, early flowering was induced by salt stress.
Rice is the most importantcereal cropamong many ofthe low and middle income countries of the world. Natural phenomena and human activities have led to the loss of rice fields at an alarming speed. Utilization of marginal and critical habitats for cultivation is the only way to sustain the net cropping area available for the crop. Many of such areas are threatened by salinity stress. Screening of rice cultivars for salt tolerance and their conservation, improvement and utilization are the only solutions. Seven native rice cultivars of Kerala state of India have been screened presently for their performance under salt stress. Five of them were collected from a traditional saline habitat and two from non-saline areas. It has been observed that majority of the cultivars collected from the saline habitat and Veliyan, one cultivar collected from a non-saline area performed well under moderate salt stress. In all the cases, early flowering was induced by salt stress.
A Study on the Effect of Salinity Stress on the Growth and Yield of Some Native RiceCultivars of Kerala State of India
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130203.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
E. Abhilash Joseph
K. V. Mohanan
A Study on the Effect of Salinity Stress on the Growth and Yield of Some Native RiceCultivars of Kerala State of India
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150
150
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20130203.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130203.14
© Science Publishing Group
Biomobilization of Heavy Metals from the Sediments Affect the Bacterial Population of Al-Ghadir River (Lebanon)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130203.11
Although there is no doubt about the importance of the bacterial activity on the solubilisation and the distribution of heavy metals in aquatic sediments, hydromorphic soils and ground waters; little is known about the involvement of bacterial dissolution in periodically anaerobic environments like that found in dredged sediments and little is known about the processes and the environmental factors controlling this process.The aim of this paper was to study the effect of the autochthonous bacterial activity on the biodegradation of organic matter and the mobilization of heavy metals in the sediments of Al-Ghadir river (Mount Lebanon). Sediments were incubated under standard anaerobic conditions and enriched with glucose to stimulate and accelerate microbial metabolism. The evolution of carbon metabolism (Organic matter evolved, carbon consumed and organic acids produced) and metals released in batch reactors were followed over time. Under the adopted conditions, analysis of the chemical parameters indicated that the incubated sediments showed a significant release of organic carbon corresponding to bacterial development. Mineral analysis showed an important solubilisation of Fe2+ and Mn2+ indicating the presence of Fe- and Mn-reducing bacteria in sediments. Pb, Cd and Cr solubilisation profiles were observed and appeared concomitant to the solubilisation profiles of Fe and Mn indicating that the redox cycle has been well installed and that Pb, Cd and Cr were associated to Fe and Mn oxides. The production of Cu appeared in parallel to the mineralization of the organic matter in the sediment indicating that Cu was associated to this fraction. Zn appeared associated to the sulphide fraction than to the Fe and Mn oxides fraction. Microbiological and genetic analysis showed a decrease and the disappearance of some bacterial strains due to the shift in the culture conditions and the toxicity of the released heavy metals but at the same time the development and the growth of many other populations which showed to be tolerant to the same conditions
Although there is no doubt about the importance of the bacterial activity on the solubilisation and the distribution of heavy metals in aquatic sediments, hydromorphic soils and ground waters; little is known about the involvement of bacterial dissolution in periodically anaerobic environments like that found in dredged sediments and little is known about the processes and the environmental factors controlling this process.The aim of this paper was to study the effect of the autochthonous bacterial activity on the biodegradation of organic matter and the mobilization of heavy metals in the sediments of Al-Ghadir river (Mount Lebanon). Sediments were incubated under standard anaerobic conditions and enriched with glucose to stimulate and accelerate microbial metabolism. The evolution of carbon metabolism (Organic matter evolved, carbon consumed and organic acids produced) and metals released in batch reactors were followed over time. Under the adopted conditions, analysis of the chemical parameters indicated that the incubated sediments showed a significant release of organic carbon corresponding to bacterial development. Mineral analysis showed an important solubilisation of Fe2+ and Mn2+ indicating the presence of Fe- and Mn-reducing bacteria in sediments. Pb, Cd and Cr solubilisation profiles were observed and appeared concomitant to the solubilisation profiles of Fe and Mn indicating that the redox cycle has been well installed and that Pb, Cd and Cr were associated to Fe and Mn oxides. The production of Cu appeared in parallel to the mineralization of the organic matter in the sediment indicating that Cu was associated to this fraction. Zn appeared associated to the sulphide fraction than to the Fe and Mn oxides fraction. Microbiological and genetic analysis showed a decrease and the disappearance of some bacterial strains due to the shift in the culture conditions and the toxicity of the released heavy metals but at the same time the development and the growth of many other populations which showed to be tolerant to the same conditions
Biomobilization of Heavy Metals from the Sediments Affect the Bacterial Population of Al-Ghadir River (Lebanon)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130203.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Amale Mcheik
Mohamad Fakih1
Noureddine Bousserrhine
Joumana Toufaily
Evelyne Garnier-Zarli
Taysir Hamieh
Biomobilization of Heavy Metals from the Sediments Affect the Bacterial Population of Al-Ghadir River (Lebanon)
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Wheat Crop Response to Liming Materials and N and P Fertilizers in Acidic Soils of Tsegede Highlands, Northern Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130203.12
A greenhouse experiment was carried out on acidic soils collected from the Tsegede highlands of northern Ethiopia, where wheat production is severely constrained by soil acidity, to evaluate wheat crop response to the applications of liming materials (Wukro lime and Sheba lime) and N and P fertilizers. Three lime sources (without lime, Wukro lime and Sheba lime) and four N and P fertilizers (without N and P, recommended N, recommended P and recommended N + recommended P) were arranged in a factorial experiment using randomized complete block design with four replications. The results indicated that yield and yield attributes of wheat showed significant (P ≤ 0.01) response to the main effects of lime and fertilizer applications. Similarly, fertilizer by lime interaction effect was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different in grain yield, total biomass and N and P uptakes. The soils which received only recommended N + recommended P fertilizers (NP), Wukro lime and Sheba lime showed significant grain yield increment by about 78, 76 and 96% over the control, respectively. However, the applications of NP + Wukro lime and NP + Sheba lime augmented grain yield by 239 and 233%, respectively, over the control plot. Likewise, N uptakes were enhanced by about 66, 80 and 81% and P uptakes by 93, 91 and 93% in the soils which received only NP, Wukro lime and Sheba lime over the control while the application of NP + Wukro lime and NP + Sheba lime increased N uptakes by 241 and 237% and P uptakes by 451 and 471% over the control, in that order. The highest agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency were also recorded in the soils treated with Wukro and Sheba limes along with only recommended P and NP fertilizers, respectively. Hence, a combined application of adjusted lime rate and NP fertilizers are recommended to achieve sustainable wheat crop production on acidic soils of the Tsegede highlands.
A greenhouse experiment was carried out on acidic soils collected from the Tsegede highlands of northern Ethiopia, where wheat production is severely constrained by soil acidity, to evaluate wheat crop response to the applications of liming materials (Wukro lime and Sheba lime) and N and P fertilizers. Three lime sources (without lime, Wukro lime and Sheba lime) and four N and P fertilizers (without N and P, recommended N, recommended P and recommended N + recommended P) were arranged in a factorial experiment using randomized complete block design with four replications. The results indicated that yield and yield attributes of wheat showed significant (P ≤ 0.01) response to the main effects of lime and fertilizer applications. Similarly, fertilizer by lime interaction effect was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different in grain yield, total biomass and N and P uptakes. The soils which received only recommended N + recommended P fertilizers (NP), Wukro lime and Sheba lime showed significant grain yield increment by about 78, 76 and 96% over the control, respectively. However, the applications of NP + Wukro lime and NP + Sheba lime augmented grain yield by 239 and 233%, respectively, over the control plot. Likewise, N uptakes were enhanced by about 66, 80 and 81% and P uptakes by 93, 91 and 93% in the soils which received only NP, Wukro lime and Sheba lime over the control while the application of NP + Wukro lime and NP + Sheba lime increased N uptakes by 241 and 237% and P uptakes by 451 and 471% over the control, in that order. The highest agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency were also recorded in the soils treated with Wukro and Sheba limes along with only recommended P and NP fertilizers, respectively. Hence, a combined application of adjusted lime rate and NP fertilizers are recommended to achieve sustainable wheat crop production on acidic soils of the Tsegede highlands.
Wheat Crop Response to Liming Materials and N and P Fertilizers in Acidic Soils of Tsegede Highlands, Northern Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130203.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Abreha Kidanemariam
Heluf Gebrekidan
Tekalign Mamo
Kindie Tesfaye
Wheat Crop Response to Liming Materials and N and P Fertilizers in Acidic Soils of Tsegede Highlands, Northern Ethiopia
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20130203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Predictive Modeling of Pelagic Fish Catch using Seasonal ARIMA Models
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130203.13
Fish catch prediction is an important problem in the fisheries sector and has a long history of research. The main goal of this paper is to create a model and make predictions using fish catch data of two fish species. Among the most effective and prominent approaches for analyzing time series data is the methods introduced by Box and Jenkins. In this study we applied the Box-Jenkins methodology to build Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model for monthly catches of two fish species for a period of five years (2007 – 2011). The seasonal ARIMA (1, 1, 0)(0, 0, 1)12 and SARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 0, 1)12 models were found fit and confirmed by the Ljung-Box test and these models were used to forecast 5 months upcoming catches of Trichiurus lepturus (Ikan Selayor) and Amblygaster leiogaster (Tambun Beluru) fish species. The result will help decision makers to establish priorities in terms of fisheries management.
Fish catch prediction is an important problem in the fisheries sector and has a long history of research. The main goal of this paper is to create a model and make predictions using fish catch data of two fish species. Among the most effective and prominent approaches for analyzing time series data is the methods introduced by Box and Jenkins. In this study we applied the Box-Jenkins methodology to build Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model for monthly catches of two fish species for a period of five years (2007 – 2011). The seasonal ARIMA (1, 1, 0)(0, 0, 1)12 and SARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 0, 1)12 models were found fit and confirmed by the Ljung-Box test and these models were used to forecast 5 months upcoming catches of Trichiurus lepturus (Ikan Selayor) and Amblygaster leiogaster (Tambun Beluru) fish species. The result will help decision makers to establish priorities in terms of fisheries management.
Predictive Modeling of Pelagic Fish Catch using Seasonal ARIMA Models
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130203.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hadiza Yakubu Bako
Mohd Saifullah Rusiman
Ibrahim Lawal Kane
Hazel Monica Matias-Peralta
Predictive Modeling of Pelagic Fish Catch using Seasonal ARIMA Models
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20130203.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130203.13
© Science Publishing Group
Landform Classification for Digital Soil Mapping in the Chongwe-Rufunsa Area, Zambia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130204.11
This paper presents results of a landform classification of a section of the Chongwe-Rufunsa area, Zambia. The objective of the study was to separate the landscape into landform classes that indicate or suggest marked differences with respect to soil properties and agricultural suitability. Terrain attributes derived from a digital elevation model were overlaid using cell statistics to generate a landform map with five classes. The generated landform map had an overall classification accuracy of 73.51%. The landform map provided a base for benchmark soil sampling for ongoing research on digital soil mapping.
This paper presents results of a landform classification of a section of the Chongwe-Rufunsa area, Zambia. The objective of the study was to separate the landscape into landform classes that indicate or suggest marked differences with respect to soil properties and agricultural suitability. Terrain attributes derived from a digital elevation model were overlaid using cell statistics to generate a landform map with five classes. The generated landform map had an overall classification accuracy of 73.51%. The landform map provided a base for benchmark soil sampling for ongoing research on digital soil mapping.
Landform Classification for Digital Soil Mapping in the Chongwe-Rufunsa Area, Zambia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130204.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Lydia Mumbi Chabala
Augustine Mulolwa
Obed Lungu
Landform Classification for Digital Soil Mapping in the Chongwe-Rufunsa Area, Zambia
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160
160
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20130204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130204.11
© Science Publishing Group
Economics of Homestead Forestry and Their Management Activities at Fatickchari Upazila of Chittagong District, Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130204.12
An exploratory study was carried out to identify the homestead tree resources, their utilization pattern, economic return of major fruit and timber tree species, their management activities for sustainable production as well as constraints of homestead plantation in Fatickchari upazila of Chittagong district, Bangladesh over the period of six months by using multistage random sampling design of 96 households categorized into marginal (>0.02-0.08 ha), small (0.08-0.14 ha), medium (>0.14-0.20 ha) and large (>0.20 ha) based on homestead areas. Sample households were selected randomly taking three from each category in each ward. Total number of tree species was increased with the increase in homestead areas. In case of socio-economic aspects of the respondents, it was found that tree variety (%) has a gradual increasing trend with increase of education level. However, relative tree density (%) was found to have increasing trend with education up to higher secondary level and after that there was a slight decreasing trend. People involve in agriculture have got higher tree density (31%) compared to other occupations such as; service (28%), business (24%) and daily labour (17%). The investment analysis revealed that longer time investment on fruit and timber tree species is profitable. Lack of technical knowledge of growing trees, unavailability of space and good quality seed/seedlings were the major constraints of homestead forestry production. This study may be useful baseline information to forest policy makers in Bangladesh.
An exploratory study was carried out to identify the homestead tree resources, their utilization pattern, economic return of major fruit and timber tree species, their management activities for sustainable production as well as constraints of homestead plantation in Fatickchari upazila of Chittagong district, Bangladesh over the period of six months by using multistage random sampling design of 96 households categorized into marginal (>0.02-0.08 ha), small (0.08-0.14 ha), medium (>0.14-0.20 ha) and large (>0.20 ha) based on homestead areas. Sample households were selected randomly taking three from each category in each ward. Total number of tree species was increased with the increase in homestead areas. In case of socio-economic aspects of the respondents, it was found that tree variety (%) has a gradual increasing trend with increase of education level. However, relative tree density (%) was found to have increasing trend with education up to higher secondary level and after that there was a slight decreasing trend. People involve in agriculture have got higher tree density (31%) compared to other occupations such as; service (28%), business (24%) and daily labour (17%). The investment analysis revealed that longer time investment on fruit and timber tree species is profitable. Lack of technical knowledge of growing trees, unavailability of space and good quality seed/seedlings were the major constraints of homestead forestry production. This study may be useful baseline information to forest policy makers in Bangladesh.
Economics of Homestead Forestry and Their Management Activities at Fatickchari Upazila of Chittagong District, Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130204.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Muhammad Abul Foysal
Md. Lokman Hossain
Ashik Rubaiyat
Md. Byzid Hasan
Economics of Homestead Forestry and Their Management Activities at Fatickchari Upazila of Chittagong District, Bangladesh
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176
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130204.12
© Science Publishing Group
Characterization of Soil Nutrient Management and Post-harvest Handling Practices for Onion Production in the Central Rift Valley Region of Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130205.12
Onion is an important cash crop for smallholder farmers in the Central Rift Valley Region of Ethiopia. A survey was conducted during the off-season of 2011 to document nutrient management and post-harvest handling practices in onion production in four districts (Adama, Merti, Dugda Bora and Adamitulu-Jiddokombolcha) in the region. Data were collected from 128 farmers using a standard questionnaire and focus group discussions. The results revealed that all of the sampled smallholder onion growing farmers used Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea whilst only 10.9% and 5.5% used farmyard manure (FYM) and compost, respectively. The growers on average used 298.8 kg ha-1 Urea and 299.21 kg DAP ha-1. Only small amounts of farmyard manure (1.71 t ha-1) and compost (1.56 t ha-1) were applied by the onion growers. The data also showed that farmers did not practise curing and storing of onion bulbs, and sold the produce on the field during harvest at farm-gate prices. In conclusion, the results of the study revealed that farmers in the region produce onions with application of higher rates of inorganic mineral NP fertilizers than the rates commonly recommended by the research system. The results also showed that the farmers did not subject harvested onion bulbs to any post-harvest management practices for enhancing shelf-life and marketability of the crop.
Onion is an important cash crop for smallholder farmers in the Central Rift Valley Region of Ethiopia. A survey was conducted during the off-season of 2011 to document nutrient management and post-harvest handling practices in onion production in four districts (Adama, Merti, Dugda Bora and Adamitulu-Jiddokombolcha) in the region. Data were collected from 128 farmers using a standard questionnaire and focus group discussions. The results revealed that all of the sampled smallholder onion growing farmers used Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea whilst only 10.9% and 5.5% used farmyard manure (FYM) and compost, respectively. The growers on average used 298.8 kg ha-1 Urea and 299.21 kg DAP ha-1. Only small amounts of farmyard manure (1.71 t ha-1) and compost (1.56 t ha-1) were applied by the onion growers. The data also showed that farmers did not practise curing and storing of onion bulbs, and sold the produce on the field during harvest at farm-gate prices. In conclusion, the results of the study revealed that farmers in the region produce onions with application of higher rates of inorganic mineral NP fertilizers than the rates commonly recommended by the research system. The results also showed that the farmers did not subject harvested onion bulbs to any post-harvest management practices for enhancing shelf-life and marketability of the crop.
Characterization of Soil Nutrient Management and Post-harvest Handling Practices for Onion Production in the Central Rift Valley Region of Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130205.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Negasi Tekeste A.
Nigussie Dechassa R.
Kebede Woldetsadik
Lemma Dessalegne
Abuhay Takele
Characterization of Soil Nutrient Management and Post-harvest Handling Practices for Onion Production in the Central Rift Valley Region of Ethiopia
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20130205.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130205.12
© Science Publishing Group
Impacts of Land Use on Selected Physicochemical Properties of Soils of Abobo Area, Western Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130205.11
Assessing land use-induced changes in soil properties are essential for addressing issues of agro-ecosystem transformation and sustainable land productivity. In view of this, a study was conducted to assess the impact of land use/land cover on the physicochemical properties of soils of Abobo area, western Ethiopia. Three adjacent land use types, namely forest, grazing and cultivated lands each falling under four land mapping units (1Ac, 1Bc, 2Cc and 3Cl) were considered for the study. A total of 40 random soil samples (0-20 cm depth) were collected to make three composite samples for each land use type across the land mapping units and analyzed for selected soil physical and chemical properties. The results of the study, on one hand, revealed that soil OM, total N, CEC, PBS and available micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) contents of the cultivated land was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than the adjacent forest land. For instance, soil OM, total N, CEC, PBS, exchangeable Mg and available micronutrients (Mn, Zn and Cu) contents of cultivated land was significantly lower than the adjacent forest land by 32.98, 33.33, 16.16, 17.81, 21.88, 29.47, 40.05 and 53.92%, respectively. On the other hand, the results of the study revealed that exchangeable cations (Mg, K and Na), PBS and available micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) contents of the gazing land was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than the adjacent forest land. However, significant differences were not observed between the forests and grazing lands in soil OM, total N, CEC and available P. From the present study, it could be concluded that the soil quality and health were maintained relatively under the forest, whereas the influence on most parameters were negative on the soils of the cultivated land, indicating the need for employing integrated soil fertility management in sustainable manner to optimize and maintain the favorable soil physicochemical properties.
Assessing land use-induced changes in soil properties are essential for addressing issues of agro-ecosystem transformation and sustainable land productivity. In view of this, a study was conducted to assess the impact of land use/land cover on the physicochemical properties of soils of Abobo area, western Ethiopia. Three adjacent land use types, namely forest, grazing and cultivated lands each falling under four land mapping units (1Ac, 1Bc, 2Cc and 3Cl) were considered for the study. A total of 40 random soil samples (0-20 cm depth) were collected to make three composite samples for each land use type across the land mapping units and analyzed for selected soil physical and chemical properties. The results of the study, on one hand, revealed that soil OM, total N, CEC, PBS and available micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) contents of the cultivated land was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than the adjacent forest land. For instance, soil OM, total N, CEC, PBS, exchangeable Mg and available micronutrients (Mn, Zn and Cu) contents of cultivated land was significantly lower than the adjacent forest land by 32.98, 33.33, 16.16, 17.81, 21.88, 29.47, 40.05 and 53.92%, respectively. On the other hand, the results of the study revealed that exchangeable cations (Mg, K and Na), PBS and available micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) contents of the gazing land was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than the adjacent forest land. However, significant differences were not observed between the forests and grazing lands in soil OM, total N, CEC and available P. From the present study, it could be concluded that the soil quality and health were maintained relatively under the forest, whereas the influence on most parameters were negative on the soils of the cultivated land, indicating the need for employing integrated soil fertility management in sustainable manner to optimize and maintain the favorable soil physicochemical properties.
Impacts of Land Use on Selected Physicochemical Properties of Soils of Abobo Area, Western Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130205.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Teshome Yitbarek
Heluf Gebrekidan
Kibebew Kibret
Shelem Beyene
Impacts of Land Use on Selected Physicochemical Properties of Soils of Abobo Area, Western Ethiopia
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tagetes minuta and Carica papaya as Stored Maize Grain Protectants against Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130205.13
Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) is an important storage pest of maize grain in several parts of Africa including Zimbabwe. Although synthetic pesticides are effective at controlling the pest, environmental and health hazards of these chemicals are of increasing concern. The study assessed efficacy of botanical leaf powders of Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tagetes minuta and Carica papaya in controlling S. zeamais using rates of 5 g, 10 g and 20 g per 200 g of open pollinated maize grain (variety ZM421). The trial was laid in a completely randomised design (CRD), with 12 treatments replicated three times. The grain was put in a freezer at -4oC for a fortnight, before the botanicals were added, to kill any prior sources of weevil inoculum and eggs which might be already pre-existing in the grain. 200 g maize grain was infested with 200 three week old unsexed pure culture weevils in 750 ml jars. After 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days, weevils were sieved and their mortality determined. Percentage grain weight loss was assessed after 35 days post pests introduction. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in number of weevil mortality and grain weight loss among treatments and their application rates. The findings showed that conventional chemical control was most effective than all botanicals used. E. tereticornis was the most effective of all the botanical pesticides at an application rate of 20 g as evidenced by high weevil mortality and less grain weight loss. It was concluded that botanicals have storage pesticidal properties to suppress S. zeamais in maize grain and could be used as an alternative control option to synthetic pesticides.
Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) is an important storage pest of maize grain in several parts of Africa including Zimbabwe. Although synthetic pesticides are effective at controlling the pest, environmental and health hazards of these chemicals are of increasing concern. The study assessed efficacy of botanical leaf powders of Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tagetes minuta and Carica papaya in controlling S. zeamais using rates of 5 g, 10 g and 20 g per 200 g of open pollinated maize grain (variety ZM421). The trial was laid in a completely randomised design (CRD), with 12 treatments replicated three times. The grain was put in a freezer at -4oC for a fortnight, before the botanicals were added, to kill any prior sources of weevil inoculum and eggs which might be already pre-existing in the grain. 200 g maize grain was infested with 200 three week old unsexed pure culture weevils in 750 ml jars. After 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days, weevils were sieved and their mortality determined. Percentage grain weight loss was assessed after 35 days post pests introduction. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in number of weevil mortality and grain weight loss among treatments and their application rates. The findings showed that conventional chemical control was most effective than all botanicals used. E. tereticornis was the most effective of all the botanical pesticides at an application rate of 20 g as evidenced by high weevil mortality and less grain weight loss. It was concluded that botanicals have storage pesticidal properties to suppress S. zeamais in maize grain and could be used as an alternative control option to synthetic pesticides.
Evaluation of Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tagetes minuta and Carica papaya as Stored Maize Grain Protectants against Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130205.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Simbarashe Muzemu
James Chitamba
Benny Mutetwa
Evaluation of Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tagetes minuta and Carica papaya as Stored Maize Grain Protectants against Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
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© Science Publishing Group
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Forest Soil in Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130206.15
Most studies on soil characteristics had centered on suitability for agricultural production. Once a soil does not support crop production, it is referred to as poor, unproductive, and finally abandoned. Such soil could be very useful for forest crop plantation. This study was designed to investigate characteristics and describe the forest soil in Ombi, southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Soil samples were collected randomly from three locations around the engineering department of Nasarawa State Polytechnic Lafia, at depth of 0-30cm. Samples (1kg each) were taken in plastics bags to the laboratory for studies. Physical and chemical properties were analyzed according to standard procedures. Results show that sand had the highest % in soil of the area (74.96). Bulk densities were within the same range (1.68; 1.77 and 1.78g/cm3) for sand, silt and clay respectively. Sand had the highest porosity (37.7%) while clay had the least (31.6%). Aggregate stability was least for sand (9.74%) and highest for clay (56.82%). Soil reaction was neutral (7.05); nitrogen and CEC were 1.6 and 12.3 Cmol kg -1 among others, while organic carbon was 4.82g/kg-1. The soil is described as light and falls under sandy loam. Forest plantation establishment will be worthwhile.
Most studies on soil characteristics had centered on suitability for agricultural production. Once a soil does not support crop production, it is referred to as poor, unproductive, and finally abandoned. Such soil could be very useful for forest crop plantation. This study was designed to investigate characteristics and describe the forest soil in Ombi, southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Soil samples were collected randomly from three locations around the engineering department of Nasarawa State Polytechnic Lafia, at depth of 0-30cm. Samples (1kg each) were taken in plastics bags to the laboratory for studies. Physical and chemical properties were analyzed according to standard procedures. Results show that sand had the highest % in soil of the area (74.96). Bulk densities were within the same range (1.68; 1.77 and 1.78g/cm3) for sand, silt and clay respectively. Sand had the highest porosity (37.7%) while clay had the least (31.6%). Aggregate stability was least for sand (9.74%) and highest for clay (56.82%). Soil reaction was neutral (7.05); nitrogen and CEC were 1.6 and 12.3 Cmol kg -1 among others, while organic carbon was 4.82g/kg-1. The soil is described as light and falls under sandy loam. Forest plantation establishment will be worthwhile.
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Forest Soil in Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130206.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Chinevu, Christian Nnaemeka
Unanaonwi, Okpo Esio
Amonum, Joseph Igba
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Forest Soil in Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130206.15
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Vernalization on Seed Production of Onion
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130206.12
An experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during the period from October 2010 to April 2011. The present study was aimed at determining the effect of vernalization on the yield of onion seed. The experiment consisted three levels of Vernalization (viz., vernalization of mother bulbs at 50C ± 1 and 100C ± 1 and no vernalization). Bulbs of 20±1g size of local cultivar Taherpuri were used as planting material and were vernalized at the duration of 14 days in freezing. Yield and quality of onion seeds significantly influenced by vernalization. Bulbs were vernalized in a refrigerator at a calibrated temperature of 5 ± 10C and 10 ± 10C. Plant produced from the bulbs vernalized at 5±1o C temperature prior to planting gave maximum leaves at 15, 30 and 45 DAP (19.91, 26.47 and 30.84 leaves per plant, respectively). Maximum seeds (189.05g) per umbel were produced by the plants that were vernalized in 5±10C. The highest seed yield per plot (915.89g) was found from the cold treatment at 5±10C. Early plant emergence was noticed for longer vernalization treatment. Cold treatment of mother bulbs influenced the plant to produce maximum number of leaves.
An experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during the period from October 2010 to April 2011. The present study was aimed at determining the effect of vernalization on the yield of onion seed. The experiment consisted three levels of Vernalization (viz., vernalization of mother bulbs at 50C ± 1 and 100C ± 1 and no vernalization). Bulbs of 20±1g size of local cultivar Taherpuri were used as planting material and were vernalized at the duration of 14 days in freezing. Yield and quality of onion seeds significantly influenced by vernalization. Bulbs were vernalized in a refrigerator at a calibrated temperature of 5 ± 10C and 10 ± 10C. Plant produced from the bulbs vernalized at 5±1o C temperature prior to planting gave maximum leaves at 15, 30 and 45 DAP (19.91, 26.47 and 30.84 leaves per plant, respectively). Maximum seeds (189.05g) per umbel were produced by the plants that were vernalized in 5±10C. The highest seed yield per plot (915.89g) was found from the cold treatment at 5±10C. Early plant emergence was noticed for longer vernalization treatment. Cold treatment of mother bulbs influenced the plant to produce maximum number of leaves.
Effect of Vernalization on Seed Production of Onion
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130206.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Esmat Jahan Ami
Md Torikul Islam
AM Farooque
Effect of Vernalization on Seed Production of Onion
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Hydro and Osmo-Priming on Seed Vigor of Pea (Pisum sativum L)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130206.14
Study was conducted to determine the effects of osmo-priming on germination of pea seeds (Pisum sativum L). Experiment was arranged under completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. This study was conducted in germination cabinet at Gaziantep University Vocational School of Higher Education in Nurdagi during February-May 2013. Seeds were primed in various osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol-6000 (-0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 MPa) and distilled water (2.5 μs/cm) at 20 0C for 24 hours and there was also a control treatment. In this study, 3 pea cultivars (Utrillo, Carina and Rondo) were used and germination tests were carried out in dark conditions in a germination cabinet held at 20 0C and 50% relative humidity for 8 days. The beneficial and harmful effects of priming depend on the organism physiology and aim of this study Hydro and Osmo-Priming effects on germination in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds. Seedling length, germination percentage, vigor index values varied between treatments 1.32-5.85cm, 48.33-86.39% and 73.54-543.89, respectively. Results showed that Carina cultivar is more resistant to osmotic stress than other pea cultivars (Rondo and Utrillo).
Study was conducted to determine the effects of osmo-priming on germination of pea seeds (Pisum sativum L). Experiment was arranged under completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. This study was conducted in germination cabinet at Gaziantep University Vocational School of Higher Education in Nurdagi during February-May 2013. Seeds were primed in various osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol-6000 (-0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 MPa) and distilled water (2.5 μs/cm) at 20 0C for 24 hours and there was also a control treatment. In this study, 3 pea cultivars (Utrillo, Carina and Rondo) were used and germination tests were carried out in dark conditions in a germination cabinet held at 20 0C and 50% relative humidity for 8 days. The beneficial and harmful effects of priming depend on the organism physiology and aim of this study Hydro and Osmo-Priming effects on germination in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds. Seedling length, germination percentage, vigor index values varied between treatments 1.32-5.85cm, 48.33-86.39% and 73.54-543.89, respectively. Results showed that Carina cultivar is more resistant to osmotic stress than other pea cultivars (Rondo and Utrillo).
Effects of Hydro and Osmo-Priming on Seed Vigor of Pea (Pisum sativum L)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130206.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Alihan COKKIZGIN
Effects of Hydro and Osmo-Priming on Seed Vigor of Pea (Pisum sativum L)
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20130206.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130206.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Influence of an Entrepreneurial Value Chain on Performance of Smallholder Dairy Farmers
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130206.13
Smallholder activity is the backbone of the agricultural sector and plays an important role in Kenya’s economy. As the Republic of Kenya (R. oK.), donors and development agencies concert their efforts to grow the agricultural sector in Kenya, most of the interventions are designed to adopt the value chain approach and appreciate that the beginning of the value chain is an integral part of its success, the smallholders. There has been a deliberate focus by United States Agency for International Development (USAID), to develop the dairy value chain and the agency has designed an entrepreneurial value chain concept to improve the performance of smallholders. This study attempted to understand whether entrepreneurial value chain drivers, namely, access to incentives (finance), training and access to production resource had influenced the performance of smallholders within the dairy value chain .The USAID entrepreneurial value chain projects have a total of 70 smallholder dairy farmers who formed the sampling frame for this study. The researcher used purposive sampling to identify a sample size of 50 smallholder dairy farmers based in Eldoret. A semi-structured questionnaire was the main instrument used to collect primary data from a total of 49 out of 50 respondents; this is a 98% response rate. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20, to test the relationships in the conceptual framework. Data was presented in narratives and tables. The study established that training had to a greater extent improved the performance of smallholders; this was followed by access to incentives and then production resources. In respect to what aspects of their production increased, the smallholders indicated that a larger impact was reflected on improved quantity of milk followed by increased revenue, increased herd and lastly increased milk quality. The recommendations drawn from the study were in two categories, further research and best practice. Further research is recommend to establish whether the entrepreneurial value chain drivers have an impact on other value chain actors higher up the dairy chain. This finding would be used to identify which entrepreneurial drivers can be introduced across the chain and assist in developing a sustainable diary value chain. There is also need for further research to determine whether the entrepreneurial value chain would improve performance of smallholders in other agricultural value chains. As for best practice, the study revealed empirical evidence on the positive implication of entrepreneurial driving opportunities on smallholder performance, hence justification for a widespread adoption of entrepreneurial value chains as interventions that support smallholders especially within the dairy value chain.
Smallholder activity is the backbone of the agricultural sector and plays an important role in Kenya’s economy. As the Republic of Kenya (R. oK.), donors and development agencies concert their efforts to grow the agricultural sector in Kenya, most of the interventions are designed to adopt the value chain approach and appreciate that the beginning of the value chain is an integral part of its success, the smallholders. There has been a deliberate focus by United States Agency for International Development (USAID), to develop the dairy value chain and the agency has designed an entrepreneurial value chain concept to improve the performance of smallholders. This study attempted to understand whether entrepreneurial value chain drivers, namely, access to incentives (finance), training and access to production resource had influenced the performance of smallholders within the dairy value chain .The USAID entrepreneurial value chain projects have a total of 70 smallholder dairy farmers who formed the sampling frame for this study. The researcher used purposive sampling to identify a sample size of 50 smallholder dairy farmers based in Eldoret. A semi-structured questionnaire was the main instrument used to collect primary data from a total of 49 out of 50 respondents; this is a 98% response rate. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20, to test the relationships in the conceptual framework. Data was presented in narratives and tables. The study established that training had to a greater extent improved the performance of smallholders; this was followed by access to incentives and then production resources. In respect to what aspects of their production increased, the smallholders indicated that a larger impact was reflected on improved quantity of milk followed by increased revenue, increased herd and lastly increased milk quality. The recommendations drawn from the study were in two categories, further research and best practice. Further research is recommend to establish whether the entrepreneurial value chain drivers have an impact on other value chain actors higher up the dairy chain. This finding would be used to identify which entrepreneurial drivers can be introduced across the chain and assist in developing a sustainable diary value chain. There is also need for further research to determine whether the entrepreneurial value chain would improve performance of smallholders in other agricultural value chains. As for best practice, the study revealed empirical evidence on the positive implication of entrepreneurial driving opportunities on smallholder performance, hence justification for a widespread adoption of entrepreneurial value chains as interventions that support smallholders especially within the dairy value chain.
The Influence of an Entrepreneurial Value Chain on Performance of Smallholder Dairy Farmers
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130206.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Donde Titianne
The Influence of an Entrepreneurial Value Chain on Performance of Smallholder Dairy Farmers
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Acacia (Samanea Saman (JACK) MERR) Pods as Feeds for Broilers
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130206.16
This study was conducted to determine the performance of broilers fed with 0% to 35% Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pod meal in the formulated rations in terms of gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, dressing percentage, per cent liver weight and profit above feed cost. Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pods were dried for 3-5 days, ground then mixed with the other feed ingredients to produce isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations. Commercial mash served as the control. Based from the results of the study, Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pod meal at 0% to 35% of the formulated rations produced comparable gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, dressing percentage, liver weight and profit above feed cost of birds. Results also revealed that the performance of birds fed with the formulated rations were comparable to the performance of birds fed with commercial ration. Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pod meal could therefore substitute corn in broiler rations.
This study was conducted to determine the performance of broilers fed with 0% to 35% Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pod meal in the formulated rations in terms of gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, dressing percentage, per cent liver weight and profit above feed cost. Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pods were dried for 3-5 days, ground then mixed with the other feed ingredients to produce isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations. Commercial mash served as the control. Based from the results of the study, Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pod meal at 0% to 35% of the formulated rations produced comparable gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, dressing percentage, liver weight and profit above feed cost of birds. Results also revealed that the performance of birds fed with the formulated rations were comparable to the performance of birds fed with commercial ration. Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pod meal could therefore substitute corn in broiler rations.
Acacia (Samanea Saman (JACK) MERR) Pods as Feeds for Broilers
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130206.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Barcelo Patricia M.
Libong Juanito E.
Coloma Evalyn T.
Acacia (Samanea Saman (JACK) MERR) Pods as Feeds for Broilers
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© Science Publishing Group
Weed Interference in the Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Plantations of Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130206.17
Field experiments involving sprawling and erect cultivars of sugarcane and 12 weed competition periods were conducted in randomized complete block design in four replications for two cropping seasons at three sugarcane plantations of Ethiopia. Sugarcane was either kept free of weeds or weeds were allowed to grow for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks after planting (WAP). The sprawling sugarcane cultivars (‘B41227’ and ‘N14’) suppressed weed growth more and gave higher cane yield than the erect cultivar ‘NCo334’. The cane yield loss in unweeded plots compared to weed free plots ranged from 69.7% for sprawling cultivar ‘B41227’ at Methara to 83.5% at Wonji-Shoa for the erect cultivar ‘NCo334’. The beginning and end of critical periods of weed interference on 5% acceptable cane yield loss levels ranged from about 2.5 to 14 WAP for the erect cultivar and from 3 to 13.5 WAP for the sprawling cultivars implying the need to use herbicides or other weed control methods in sugarcane plantations of Ethiopia during these periods to keep cane yield loss levels below 5%.
Field experiments involving sprawling and erect cultivars of sugarcane and 12 weed competition periods were conducted in randomized complete block design in four replications for two cropping seasons at three sugarcane plantations of Ethiopia. Sugarcane was either kept free of weeds or weeds were allowed to grow for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks after planting (WAP). The sprawling sugarcane cultivars (‘B41227’ and ‘N14’) suppressed weed growth more and gave higher cane yield than the erect cultivar ‘NCo334’. The cane yield loss in unweeded plots compared to weed free plots ranged from 69.7% for sprawling cultivar ‘B41227’ at Methara to 83.5% at Wonji-Shoa for the erect cultivar ‘NCo334’. The beginning and end of critical periods of weed interference on 5% acceptable cane yield loss levels ranged from about 2.5 to 14 WAP for the erect cultivar and from 3 to 13.5 WAP for the sprawling cultivars implying the need to use herbicides or other weed control methods in sugarcane plantations of Ethiopia during these periods to keep cane yield loss levels below 5%.
Weed Interference in the Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Plantations of Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130206.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Firehun Yirefu
Tamado Tana
Abera Tafesse
Yohannes Zekarias
Weed Interference in the Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Plantations of Ethiopia
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© Science Publishing Group
Agroecological Zoning and Land Suitability Assessment for Maize (Zea mays L.) Development in Buton Regency, Indonesia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130206.11
From a regional planning perspective, information on agroecological zones, land characteristics and its suitability for a certain land use type is needed for more efficient land management decisions. The main aim of this paper is to assess land characteristics and to evaluate land suitability for maize cultivation on a regional basis. This research was conducted from August 2012 to February 2013 on 10 locations (sub-districts), in the main land of Buton Island, Indonesia, namely: Batauga, Sampolawa, Lapandewa, Wabula, Pasarwajo, Wolowa, Siontapina, South Lasalimu, Lasalimu, and Kapontori. Three main stages were undertaken in this study: survey, mapping, and evaluation, to assess land suitability for maize development. Land suitability map for maize was developed in GIS, based on such parameters as climate (air temperature, air humidity, and rainfall), soils (texture, pH, C-organics, clay CEC, drainage, and erosion condition), and physiography (topography, landform, and altitude). Land suitability classes were grouped into very suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3), currently not suitable (N1), and permanently not suitable (N2). The results show that due to severe limiting factors, suitable land (class S3) covers only a total area of 509.60 ha, or only 0.64% of the total potential area for development (74,664 ha). This was mainly located in Sampolawa sub-district 405.34 ha (0.54%) and Kapontori 104.26 ha (0.14%). Other locations in general, fall into permanently not suitable class (N2) with a total area of 61,113.08 (81.85%), where the largest area was found in Pasarwajo 12,616.68 (16.90%); and currently not suitable class (N1) covers only 13,042.01 ha (17.47%), where the largest area was in South Lasalimu 6,5459.23 ha (8.32%). This research may be useful as references for efficient spatial decision making in the allocation of maize in the region.
From a regional planning perspective, information on agroecological zones, land characteristics and its suitability for a certain land use type is needed for more efficient land management decisions. The main aim of this paper is to assess land characteristics and to evaluate land suitability for maize cultivation on a regional basis. This research was conducted from August 2012 to February 2013 on 10 locations (sub-districts), in the main land of Buton Island, Indonesia, namely: Batauga, Sampolawa, Lapandewa, Wabula, Pasarwajo, Wolowa, Siontapina, South Lasalimu, Lasalimu, and Kapontori. Three main stages were undertaken in this study: survey, mapping, and evaluation, to assess land suitability for maize development. Land suitability map for maize was developed in GIS, based on such parameters as climate (air temperature, air humidity, and rainfall), soils (texture, pH, C-organics, clay CEC, drainage, and erosion condition), and physiography (topography, landform, and altitude). Land suitability classes were grouped into very suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3), currently not suitable (N1), and permanently not suitable (N2). The results show that due to severe limiting factors, suitable land (class S3) covers only a total area of 509.60 ha, or only 0.64% of the total potential area for development (74,664 ha). This was mainly located in Sampolawa sub-district 405.34 ha (0.54%) and Kapontori 104.26 ha (0.14%). Other locations in general, fall into permanently not suitable class (N2) with a total area of 61,113.08 (81.85%), where the largest area was found in Pasarwajo 12,616.68 (16.90%); and currently not suitable class (N1) covers only 13,042.01 ha (17.47%), where the largest area was in South Lasalimu 6,5459.23 ha (8.32%). This research may be useful as references for efficient spatial decision making in the allocation of maize in the region.
Agroecological Zoning and Land Suitability Assessment for Maize (Zea mays L.) Development in Buton Regency, Indonesia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20130206.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Aminuddin Mane Kandari
Sumbangan Baja
Ambo Ala
Kaimuddin
Agroecological Zoning and Land Suitability Assessment for Maize (Zea mays L.) Development in Buton Regency, Indonesia
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20130206.11
© Science Publishing Group
Substitution of Wheat Bran by Cassava Flour in the Diet: Effect on the Growth of Chickens
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.12
Chicken diet cost represents up to 70 % of the production charges. Inputs, which are mostly imported products such as lysine, methionine, wheat bran are the cause of the expensive cost of foods. Wheat bran is not available in Côte d’Ivoire and could be efficiently substituted by cassava. Cassava is affordable and available all year round. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of the substitution of wheat bran by cassava flour on the growth of chickens. After administering ad libitum during 8 weeks the different food categories (starting and growing food), results showed that protein, fat, ash and calcium contents improved more with the addition of cassava for both starting and growing periods. The energy value of cassava-based feed was higher than that of foods containing wheat bran: 12 155 kJ / kg against 11 428 kJ / kg for the starting food and 12 586 kJ / kg against 11 577 kJ / kg for growth, respectively. Throughout the rearing period, the growth of chicken fed with the cassava-based diet was much higher than that of the chicken fed with the control diet. In the growing food, palmitic acid was the dominant saturated fatty acids with the cassava-based diet exhibiting higher values of saturated fatty acids. The content of unsaturated fatty acids from cassava (48.6 %) was slightly higher than the control diet (47.6 %). Except magnesium, macro-element concentrations were higher in the cassava-based diet than those of food control. Micronutrients such as manganese and zinc had a high value in cassava-based diet than the control diet. Hydrogen cyanide which is in the fresh pulp at 100 mg / kg, decreased at 1.8 mg / kg of dry matter in the start food and at 1.9 mg / kg of dry matter in the growth food. The substitution of wheat by cassava improves feed nutritional profile, also reduces the production cost, food industry will benefit from this up to 13, 36 % in start-up period and up to 13, 25 % in growing period.
Chicken diet cost represents up to 70 % of the production charges. Inputs, which are mostly imported products such as lysine, methionine, wheat bran are the cause of the expensive cost of foods. Wheat bran is not available in Côte d’Ivoire and could be efficiently substituted by cassava. Cassava is affordable and available all year round. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of the substitution of wheat bran by cassava flour on the growth of chickens. After administering ad libitum during 8 weeks the different food categories (starting and growing food), results showed that protein, fat, ash and calcium contents improved more with the addition of cassava for both starting and growing periods. The energy value of cassava-based feed was higher than that of foods containing wheat bran: 12 155 kJ / kg against 11 428 kJ / kg for the starting food and 12 586 kJ / kg against 11 577 kJ / kg for growth, respectively. Throughout the rearing period, the growth of chicken fed with the cassava-based diet was much higher than that of the chicken fed with the control diet. In the growing food, palmitic acid was the dominant saturated fatty acids with the cassava-based diet exhibiting higher values of saturated fatty acids. The content of unsaturated fatty acids from cassava (48.6 %) was slightly higher than the control diet (47.6 %). Except magnesium, macro-element concentrations were higher in the cassava-based diet than those of food control. Micronutrients such as manganese and zinc had a high value in cassava-based diet than the control diet. Hydrogen cyanide which is in the fresh pulp at 100 mg / kg, decreased at 1.8 mg / kg of dry matter in the start food and at 1.9 mg / kg of dry matter in the growth food. The substitution of wheat by cassava improves feed nutritional profile, also reduces the production cost, food industry will benefit from this up to 13, 36 % in start-up period and up to 13, 25 % in growing period.
Substitution of Wheat Bran by Cassava Flour in the Diet: Effect on the Growth of Chickens
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140301.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Beugré Grah Avit Maxwell
Gbogouri Grodji Albarin
Kimsé Moussa
Gnakri Dago
Substitution of Wheat Bran by Cassava Flour in the Diet: Effect on the Growth of Chickens
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12
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20140301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.12
© Science Publishing Group
A Comparative Study on Growth Performance and Survival Rate of Clarias Gariepinus Burchell, 1822 and Heterobranchus longifilis Valenciesnnes, 1840 under Water Recirculation System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.16
The growth performance and survival rate of Clarias gariepinus burchell, 1822 and Heterobranchus longifilis valenciesnnes, 1840 under water recirculation system were examined. The post fingerlings of the two species were stocked at 486 fish/m3/tank and fed coppens® feed for sixteen weeks. Fish body weights were determined bi-weekly using electronic weighing balance. Final mean weight of 170.49a ± 14.39g (C. gariepinus) and 42.78b ± 1.57g (H. longifilis) were obtained. H. longifilis had a better survival rate (86.21%) compared to C. gariepinus (66.94%). The performance index (PI) showed that C. gariepinus (PI=101.90b) performed better than H. longifilis (PI=30.50a). The water quality variables were similar in the culture tanks. The results of the present experiment showed that post fingerlings of the two species of clariid catfish have different growth performance, survival and feed utilization efficiency under water recirculation system with C. gariepinus having better growth performance and yield than H. longifilis.Therefore, the culture of Clarias gariepinus clariid catfish under water recirculation system is recommended for better yield and profitability.
The growth performance and survival rate of Clarias gariepinus burchell, 1822 and Heterobranchus longifilis valenciesnnes, 1840 under water recirculation system were examined. The post fingerlings of the two species were stocked at 486 fish/m3/tank and fed coppens® feed for sixteen weeks. Fish body weights were determined bi-weekly using electronic weighing balance. Final mean weight of 170.49a ± 14.39g (C. gariepinus) and 42.78b ± 1.57g (H. longifilis) were obtained. H. longifilis had a better survival rate (86.21%) compared to C. gariepinus (66.94%). The performance index (PI) showed that C. gariepinus (PI=101.90b) performed better than H. longifilis (PI=30.50a). The water quality variables were similar in the culture tanks. The results of the present experiment showed that post fingerlings of the two species of clariid catfish have different growth performance, survival and feed utilization efficiency under water recirculation system with C. gariepinus having better growth performance and yield than H. longifilis.Therefore, the culture of Clarias gariepinus clariid catfish under water recirculation system is recommended for better yield and profitability.
A Comparative Study on Growth Performance and Survival Rate of Clarias Gariepinus Burchell, 1822 and Heterobranchus longifilis Valenciesnnes, 1840 under Water Recirculation System
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140301.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Adams Femi Yakubu
Nkemakolam Akajiaku Nwogu
Ebenezer Dayo Olaji
Olufemi Oluseun Ajiboye
James Ocheme Apochi
Temitope Esther Adams
Esther Eriromurun Obule
Mercy Eke
A Comparative Study on Growth Performance and Survival Rate of Clarias Gariepinus Burchell, 1822 and Heterobranchus longifilis Valenciesnnes, 1840 under Water Recirculation System
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20140301.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.16
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Productivity and Technical Efficiency of Cassava Production in Ardo-Kola and Gassol Local Government Areas of Taraba State, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.11
This study analyzed the productivity and technical efficiency of cassava production in Ardo-Kola and Gassol Local Government Areas of Taraba State. Data were collected from 115 respondents using a structured questionnaire covering 2010/2011 farming season. Inferential statistics were employed in the analysis of data collected. Maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) for all parameters of the stochastic frontier production function and the inefficiency model for the cassava farmers in the study area was employed in the analysis. The study reveals that, farm size is the most important factor of production having an elasticity coefficient of 0.492 indicating that, output of cassava production is inelastic. Indicating that, an increase of 5% in farm size used in production of cassava, all things being equal; there would be a corresponding increase in the total output by 4.92%. Similarly, herbicide has an elasticity coefficient of 0.315 and was statistically significant at 5 %. This implies that, an increase in the quantity of herbicide would increase the output by 3.15 percent. Hired labour has an elasticity efficiency of 0.783 and is positively related to the total output of cassava. A 5 percent increase in hired labour will bring about an increase in the level of output. Despites challenges faced by cassava farmers in the study area, the study concludes that, farmers involved in cassava production have more than average technical efficiency and this means there is opportunity to increase cassava production in the study area. Similarly, the cassava production was profitable in the area. The research recommended public private partnership (PPP) to sensitize and educate farmers to enable them benefit from the new innovations and technology that abound in the agricultural sector.
This study analyzed the productivity and technical efficiency of cassava production in Ardo-Kola and Gassol Local Government Areas of Taraba State. Data were collected from 115 respondents using a structured questionnaire covering 2010/2011 farming season. Inferential statistics were employed in the analysis of data collected. Maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) for all parameters of the stochastic frontier production function and the inefficiency model for the cassava farmers in the study area was employed in the analysis. The study reveals that, farm size is the most important factor of production having an elasticity coefficient of 0.492 indicating that, output of cassava production is inelastic. Indicating that, an increase of 5% in farm size used in production of cassava, all things being equal; there would be a corresponding increase in the total output by 4.92%. Similarly, herbicide has an elasticity coefficient of 0.315 and was statistically significant at 5 %. This implies that, an increase in the quantity of herbicide would increase the output by 3.15 percent. Hired labour has an elasticity efficiency of 0.783 and is positively related to the total output of cassava. A 5 percent increase in hired labour will bring about an increase in the level of output. Despites challenges faced by cassava farmers in the study area, the study concludes that, farmers involved in cassava production have more than average technical efficiency and this means there is opportunity to increase cassava production in the study area. Similarly, the cassava production was profitable in the area. The research recommended public private partnership (PPP) to sensitize and educate farmers to enable them benefit from the new innovations and technology that abound in the agricultural sector.
Analysis of Productivity and Technical Efficiency of Cassava Production in Ardo-Kola and Gassol Local Government Areas of Taraba State, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140301.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
A. A. GIREI
B. DIRE
R. M. YUGUDA
M. SALIHU
Analysis of Productivity and Technical Efficiency of Cassava Production in Ardo-Kola and Gassol Local Government Areas of Taraba State, Nigeria
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5
5
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20140301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Farmers’ Perception on Agricultural Technologies a Case of Some Improved Crop Varieties in Ghana
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.13
The survey was carried out to find out farmers perception on improved crop varieties from March to June 2012 in the Ashanti, Eastern, and Northern regions of Ghana. Adoption of farming technologies is very crucial to agricultural development. In Ghana, a greater percentage (70%) of the people is in the agricultural sector. Improvement in agriculture will have direct positive impact on the livelihood of the people. Farmer perception on agricultural technology influences their decision to adopt the technology or not. The study revealed that farmers perceived the improved crop varieties with particular reference to Maize (Zea maize), Cassava (Manihot esculentus) and Oil Palm (Elaies guineensis) as lacking some good characteristics of the landraces and also expensive to adopt. The need for farmers to be actively involved in the development of improved crop varieties was also highlighted. The study recommends that all stakeholders (Plant Breeders, Agronomists, Post Harvest Technologists, Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) and Farmers) should be actively involved in the development of farming technologies.
The survey was carried out to find out farmers perception on improved crop varieties from March to June 2012 in the Ashanti, Eastern, and Northern regions of Ghana. Adoption of farming technologies is very crucial to agricultural development. In Ghana, a greater percentage (70%) of the people is in the agricultural sector. Improvement in agriculture will have direct positive impact on the livelihood of the people. Farmer perception on agricultural technology influences their decision to adopt the technology or not. The study revealed that farmers perceived the improved crop varieties with particular reference to Maize (Zea maize), Cassava (Manihot esculentus) and Oil Palm (Elaies guineensis) as lacking some good characteristics of the landraces and also expensive to adopt. The need for farmers to be actively involved in the development of improved crop varieties was also highlighted. The study recommends that all stakeholders (Plant Breeders, Agronomists, Post Harvest Technologists, Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) and Farmers) should be actively involved in the development of farming technologies.
Farmers’ Perception on Agricultural Technologies a Case of Some Improved Crop Varieties in Ghana
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140301.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Emmanuel Asiedu – Darko
Farmers’ Perception on Agricultural Technologies a Case of Some Improved Crop Varieties in Ghana
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20140301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Food and Feeding Habits of the Red-Belly Tilapia (Tilapia zillii Gervais, 1848) (Pisces: Cichlidae) in Lake Ziway, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.14
Food and feeding habits of T. zillii were studied from 572 fish samples collected from April to May 2011 (dry season) and July to August 2011 (wet season) from Lake Ziway. Stomach content analysis was conducted using frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods of analyses. Macrophytes, detritus and phytoplankton were the dominant food categories occurring in 94.9%, 94.2% and 82.5% of the total stomachs examined and constituting 45.2%, 29.4% and 16.8% of the total volume, respectively. The contributions of insets, nematodes, zooplankton and ostracods were relatively low. Macrophytes (50.4%), phytoplankton (21.8%) and detritus (18.5%) constituted the bulk of the food volume during the dry season. In the wet season detritus (40.8%), macrophytes (37.8%), phytoplankton (12.5%) and insects (6.5%) contributed the bulk of the food categories consumed. Phytoplankton, detritus and insects were important food categories of juveniles (5.0-9.9 cm TL) whereas macrophytes, detritus and phytoplankton were important food categories of adults. The importance of phytoplankton, detritus and insects declined with size of fish whereas the importance of macrophytes and nematodes increased with fish size. Based on the results of the stomach contents it was concluded that the species is an herbivorous feeding mainly on macrophytes, detritus and phytoplankton. The contribution of animal origin food was low.
Food and feeding habits of T. zillii were studied from 572 fish samples collected from April to May 2011 (dry season) and July to August 2011 (wet season) from Lake Ziway. Stomach content analysis was conducted using frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods of analyses. Macrophytes, detritus and phytoplankton were the dominant food categories occurring in 94.9%, 94.2% and 82.5% of the total stomachs examined and constituting 45.2%, 29.4% and 16.8% of the total volume, respectively. The contributions of insets, nematodes, zooplankton and ostracods were relatively low. Macrophytes (50.4%), phytoplankton (21.8%) and detritus (18.5%) constituted the bulk of the food volume during the dry season. In the wet season detritus (40.8%), macrophytes (37.8%), phytoplankton (12.5%) and insects (6.5%) contributed the bulk of the food categories consumed. Phytoplankton, detritus and insects were important food categories of juveniles (5.0-9.9 cm TL) whereas macrophytes, detritus and phytoplankton were important food categories of adults. The importance of phytoplankton, detritus and insects declined with size of fish whereas the importance of macrophytes and nematodes increased with fish size. Based on the results of the stomach contents it was concluded that the species is an herbivorous feeding mainly on macrophytes, detritus and phytoplankton. The contribution of animal origin food was low.
Food and Feeding Habits of the Red-Belly Tilapia (Tilapia zillii Gervais, 1848) (Pisces: Cichlidae) in Lake Ziway, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140301.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Elias Dadebo
Negesse Kebtineh
Solomon Sorsa
Kassaye Balkew
Food and Feeding Habits of the Red-Belly Tilapia (Tilapia zillii Gervais, 1848) (Pisces: Cichlidae) in Lake Ziway, Ethiopia
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20140301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.14
© Science Publishing Group
Study of Phosphorus Adsorption and Its Relationship with Soil Properties, Analyzed with Langmuir and Freundlich Models
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.18
Phosphorus (P) adsorption capacity and its relationship with some properties of five different soil types (Fluvisols, Cambisols, Vertisols, Arenosols and Nitosols) of Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia were studied during the main cropping season in 2012. Besides, fractionation of the total soil P in to Ca-P, Fe-P and Al-P was carried out and their relationships with P adsorption characteristics of the soil type under study were also studied. Adsorption data for the different soil types were obtained by equilibrating the respective soil samples for 24 hours at room temperature with 25 ml of 0.01 M CaCl2, containing 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480 and 540 mg kg-1 of applied external P as KH2PO4. The results of this study showed that Ca-P was highest followed by Fe-P in all the soils except in the Arenosols. Testing the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms both showed well fitted with the correlation coefficients (r) that ranged from 0.951 to 0.999 in all the soils. Comparing the two adsorption models, the Freundlich model was slightly better in Vertisols, Arenosols and Nitosols while the Langmuir model was better in the Fluvisols and Cambisols in predicting P adsorption. The adsorption maximum (b) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm ranged from 296.6 mg P kg-1 soil in Fluvisols to 820.4 mg P kg-1 soil in Vertisols. The constant related to bonding energy calculated from the Langmuir adsorption model varied from 0.0151 to 0.0447 L mg-1. The Freundlich adsorption parameters also ranged from 7.28 to 30.15 mg kg-1 for the Freundlich isotherm constant (Kf) and from 0.4874 to 1.012 for slope of the Freundlich isotherm (1/n). Among the soil properties (CaCO3, CEC, organic matter, EC, pH, and sand, silt, and clay contents), clay content, CEC and CaCO3 were positively correlated with the Langmuir adsorption maximum. The adsorption maximum significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated (r = -0.902 but decreased with increasing sand content. The constant (Kf) positively and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated (r = 0.953) with EC of the soil. The remaining soil properties studied were not significantly correlated with the adsorption parameters.
Phosphorus (P) adsorption capacity and its relationship with some properties of five different soil types (Fluvisols, Cambisols, Vertisols, Arenosols and Nitosols) of Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia were studied during the main cropping season in 2012. Besides, fractionation of the total soil P in to Ca-P, Fe-P and Al-P was carried out and their relationships with P adsorption characteristics of the soil type under study were also studied. Adsorption data for the different soil types were obtained by equilibrating the respective soil samples for 24 hours at room temperature with 25 ml of 0.01 M CaCl2, containing 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480 and 540 mg kg-1 of applied external P as KH2PO4. The results of this study showed that Ca-P was highest followed by Fe-P in all the soils except in the Arenosols. Testing the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms both showed well fitted with the correlation coefficients (r) that ranged from 0.951 to 0.999 in all the soils. Comparing the two adsorption models, the Freundlich model was slightly better in Vertisols, Arenosols and Nitosols while the Langmuir model was better in the Fluvisols and Cambisols in predicting P adsorption. The adsorption maximum (b) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm ranged from 296.6 mg P kg-1 soil in Fluvisols to 820.4 mg P kg-1 soil in Vertisols. The constant related to bonding energy calculated from the Langmuir adsorption model varied from 0.0151 to 0.0447 L mg-1. The Freundlich adsorption parameters also ranged from 7.28 to 30.15 mg kg-1 for the Freundlich isotherm constant (Kf) and from 0.4874 to 1.012 for slope of the Freundlich isotherm (1/n). Among the soil properties (CaCO3, CEC, organic matter, EC, pH, and sand, silt, and clay contents), clay content, CEC and CaCO3 were positively correlated with the Langmuir adsorption maximum. The adsorption maximum significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated (r = -0.902 but decreased with increasing sand content. The constant (Kf) positively and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated (r = 0.953) with EC of the soil. The remaining soil properties studied were not significantly correlated with the adsorption parameters.
Study of Phosphorus Adsorption and Its Relationship with Soil Properties, Analyzed with Langmuir and Freundlich Models
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140301.18
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Fisseha Hadgu
Heluf Gebrekidan
Kibebew Kibret
Birru Yitaferu
Study of Phosphorus Adsorption and Its Relationship with Soil Properties, Analyzed with Langmuir and Freundlich Models
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20140301.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.18
© Science Publishing Group
Integrating Improved Beekeeping as Economic Incentive to Community Watershed Management: The Case of Sasiga and Sagure Districts in Oromiya Region, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.19
Beekeeping gives local people economic incentive for the retention of natural habitats, and is an ideal activity in watershed conservation program. A project was carried out in sagure watershed in Arsi Zone and Sasiga watershed in East Wollega Zone. The objective is to introduce improved beekeeping as the incentive for watersheds conservation. Data were collected through interviews, observation, bee forage assessment, improved beekeeping implementation and honey production. After training, beekeepers highly acquainted in improved beekeeping management and this resulted in increased honey production simultaneously increased local initiative in watershed rehabilitation and protection. Beekeepers maintained diverse honeybee floral resources designed to achieve maximum honey production and watershed rehabilitation. The study identified that watershed integrated improved beekeeping is important as a strong economic incentives that integrate watershed conservation with economic development from honey and beeswax production. Efforts of the government are highly required to organize landless and marginalized peoples by providing them with the necessary beekeeping technologies and inputs to ensure maximum honey production while promoting watershed rehabilitation and conservation.
Beekeeping gives local people economic incentive for the retention of natural habitats, and is an ideal activity in watershed conservation program. A project was carried out in sagure watershed in Arsi Zone and Sasiga watershed in East Wollega Zone. The objective is to introduce improved beekeeping as the incentive for watersheds conservation. Data were collected through interviews, observation, bee forage assessment, improved beekeeping implementation and honey production. After training, beekeepers highly acquainted in improved beekeeping management and this resulted in increased honey production simultaneously increased local initiative in watershed rehabilitation and protection. Beekeepers maintained diverse honeybee floral resources designed to achieve maximum honey production and watershed rehabilitation. The study identified that watershed integrated improved beekeeping is important as a strong economic incentives that integrate watershed conservation with economic development from honey and beeswax production. Efforts of the government are highly required to organize landless and marginalized peoples by providing them with the necessary beekeeping technologies and inputs to ensure maximum honey production while promoting watershed rehabilitation and conservation.
Integrating Improved Beekeeping as Economic Incentive to Community Watershed Management: The Case of Sasiga and Sagure Districts in Oromiya Region, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140301.19
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Tolera Kumsa Gemeda
Integrating Improved Beekeeping as Economic Incentive to Community Watershed Management: The Case of Sasiga and Sagure Districts in Oromiya Region, Ethiopia
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20140301.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.19
© Science Publishing Group
Growth Pattern and Yield of NERICA 1 and NERICA 4 Rice Varieties as a Function of Split Nitrogen Application at Tsukuba, East Japan
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.15
The study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of split application of nitrogen on growth and yield of NERICA 1 and NERICA 4 rice varieties at Tsukuba International Center, Japan from April to September 2013 cropping season. The varieties were investigated for establishment, plant height, tiller number, SPAD value, shoot dry matter, panicle dry matter, nitrogen uptake, panicle number, spikelet number, panicle length, ripening ratio, thousand grain weight, harvest index and paddy yield. The result showed that NERICA 1 had significantly greater establishment percentage, shoot dry matter, panicle length and thousand grain weight than NERICA 4, but its leaves were significantly (p<0.05) less green than the latter after 55 days of sowing. Dividing 80kg N ha-1into two and applying half rate at sowing as basal and top dressing at panicle initiation gave significantly more green leaves than either at once application of full rate or half rate as basal and half rate top dressing at heading applications from 90-115 days after sowing. However, application of half rate of 80kg N ha-1 at sowing and heading time produced significantly (p<0.05) more green leaves than at once and half as basal and at panicle initiation after 115 days of sowing. It also produced significantly longer panicles than the other two modes of N applications. In all of the evaluated parameters, varieties and split nitrogen applications failed to show significant (p>0.05) interaction. Splitting 80kg N ha-1 in to two and applying half of it at sowing and the remaining half at panicle initiation as well as applying half of it at sowing and the remaining half at heading time increase panicle length compared to applying full rate at once during sowing.
The study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of split application of nitrogen on growth and yield of NERICA 1 and NERICA 4 rice varieties at Tsukuba International Center, Japan from April to September 2013 cropping season. The varieties were investigated for establishment, plant height, tiller number, SPAD value, shoot dry matter, panicle dry matter, nitrogen uptake, panicle number, spikelet number, panicle length, ripening ratio, thousand grain weight, harvest index and paddy yield. The result showed that NERICA 1 had significantly greater establishment percentage, shoot dry matter, panicle length and thousand grain weight than NERICA 4, but its leaves were significantly (p<0.05) less green than the latter after 55 days of sowing. Dividing 80kg N ha-1into two and applying half rate at sowing as basal and top dressing at panicle initiation gave significantly more green leaves than either at once application of full rate or half rate as basal and half rate top dressing at heading applications from 90-115 days after sowing. However, application of half rate of 80kg N ha-1 at sowing and heading time produced significantly (p<0.05) more green leaves than at once and half as basal and at panicle initiation after 115 days of sowing. It also produced significantly longer panicles than the other two modes of N applications. In all of the evaluated parameters, varieties and split nitrogen applications failed to show significant (p>0.05) interaction. Splitting 80kg N ha-1 in to two and applying half of it at sowing and the remaining half at panicle initiation as well as applying half of it at sowing and the remaining half at heading time increase panicle length compared to applying full rate at once during sowing.
Growth Pattern and Yield of NERICA 1 and NERICA 4 Rice Varieties as a Function of Split Nitrogen Application at Tsukuba, East Japan
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140301.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Workneh Bekere
Hisashi Urayama
Masaaki Togashi
Growth Pattern and Yield of NERICA 1 and NERICA 4 Rice Varieties as a Function of Split Nitrogen Application at Tsukuba, East Japan
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.15
© Science Publishing Group
Diversity of Tree Flora in Homegardens in Urban Proximity of Anuradhapura City, Sri Lanka
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.17
It was hypothesised that the land ownership with clear titles has an influence on incorporating perennial tree flora. Hence, this study compares the types and density of tree species in homegardens of inherited and settled lands in close proximity of Anuradhapura city, with subsistence farming activities. Mean harvestable tree density was 54.5 trees/ac in inherited lands compared to 40.3 trees/ac in settled lands. In spite of the general similarity in tree flora between the two categories of homegardens, certain tree species are more abundant in one than the other. Exotic timber tree flora represented approximately 30% of total tree population in settled compared to 16% in inherited. Exotic timber tree flora mainly dominated by Tectona grandis and Berrya cordifolia in settled lands concerning more economic returns. In inherited lands, multipurpose trees i.e. Artocarpus heterophyllus, Azadirachta indica and Mangifera indica were highly abaundanat concering diversity and food security. Cocos nucifera was the most abaundant tree specis in both categories accounting more than 40% abaundance. Tree species such as Tamarindus indica was restricted to inherited lands and Felicium decipiens and Swietenia macrophylla to the settled lands. It is advocated that the settled farmers should preserve more diversity among trees as inherited farmers, which enhance food and economic security under diminishing climatic suitability for crop production. Nonetheless, this study awaked an important entity for future carbon crediting programmes, which would be a win-win situation in forestry and farming aspects.
It was hypothesised that the land ownership with clear titles has an influence on incorporating perennial tree flora. Hence, this study compares the types and density of tree species in homegardens of inherited and settled lands in close proximity of Anuradhapura city, with subsistence farming activities. Mean harvestable tree density was 54.5 trees/ac in inherited lands compared to 40.3 trees/ac in settled lands. In spite of the general similarity in tree flora between the two categories of homegardens, certain tree species are more abundant in one than the other. Exotic timber tree flora represented approximately 30% of total tree population in settled compared to 16% in inherited. Exotic timber tree flora mainly dominated by Tectona grandis and Berrya cordifolia in settled lands concerning more economic returns. In inherited lands, multipurpose trees i.e. Artocarpus heterophyllus, Azadirachta indica and Mangifera indica were highly abaundanat concering diversity and food security. Cocos nucifera was the most abaundant tree specis in both categories accounting more than 40% abaundance. Tree species such as Tamarindus indica was restricted to inherited lands and Felicium decipiens and Swietenia macrophylla to the settled lands. It is advocated that the settled farmers should preserve more diversity among trees as inherited farmers, which enhance food and economic security under diminishing climatic suitability for crop production. Nonetheless, this study awaked an important entity for future carbon crediting programmes, which would be a win-win situation in forestry and farming aspects.
Diversity of Tree Flora in Homegardens in Urban Proximity of Anuradhapura City, Sri Lanka
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140301.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Chaminda Egodawatta
Rasika Warnasooriya
Diversity of Tree Flora in Homegardens in Urban Proximity of Anuradhapura City, Sri Lanka
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140301.17
© Science Publishing Group
A Study on the Effect of Salinity Stress on the Chlorophyll Content of Certain Rice Cultivars of Kerala State of India
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.13
Photosynthetic efficiency of a crop species depends upon factors like leaf area, chlorophyll content, stomatal exposure, etc. The present study was an attempt to assess the impact of salt stress on the chlorophyll content of sevenpopular rice cultivars grown in one of the saline rice habitatsof Kerala state of India such as Kuthitru, Kuttusan, Orkazhama, Chovvarian, Orthadian, Ezhome-1 and Ezhome-2.The results showed general reduction in chlorophyll content in all the seven cultivars studied under salt stress. The cultivars Chovvarianand Orthadian exhibited comparatively lesser quantum of negative variation in chlorophyll content under salt stress indicating their potential to grow and perform moderately well even under higher levels of salinity.
Photosynthetic efficiency of a crop species depends upon factors like leaf area, chlorophyll content, stomatal exposure, etc. The present study was an attempt to assess the impact of salt stress on the chlorophyll content of sevenpopular rice cultivars grown in one of the saline rice habitatsof Kerala state of India such as Kuthitru, Kuttusan, Orkazhama, Chovvarian, Orthadian, Ezhome-1 and Ezhome-2.The results showed general reduction in chlorophyll content in all the seven cultivars studied under salt stress. The cultivars Chovvarianand Orthadian exhibited comparatively lesser quantum of negative variation in chlorophyll content under salt stress indicating their potential to grow and perform moderately well even under higher levels of salinity.
A Study on the Effect of Salinity Stress on the Chlorophyll Content of Certain Rice Cultivars of Kerala State of India
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
K. T. Chandramohanan
V. V. Radhakrishnan
E. Abhilash Joseph
K. V. Mohanan
A Study on the Effect of Salinity Stress on the Chlorophyll Content of Certain Rice Cultivars of Kerala State of India
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.13
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Resin Type, Pressing Temperature and Time on Particleboard Properties made from Sorghum Bagasse
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.12
Sorghum bicolor L Monech part Numbu as potential materials for particleboard manufacturing due to its cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content similar with wood. The objective of the research was to determine the adhesive type, pressing temperature and time on physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from sorghum bagasse. Size of board was (300 x 300 x 10) mm3, 0.7 g cm-3 targeted density, 10% resin content of urea formaldehyde (UF), and Phenol Formaldehyde (PF), 7% for Isocyanate, over all based on oven-dry particles. Furnish (mixture of particle and resin) was placed in hot press machine at temperature of 120 °C and 130 °C for UF, 170 °C and 180 °C for PF, 150 °C and 160 ° C for Isocyanate. Time of pressing in this experiment was 8 and 10 minutes. The result showed that Isocyanate resin was the best resin for resulting of physical and mechanical properties. Almost all those parameters had fulfill to the requirement of JIS A5908-2003.
Sorghum bicolor L Monech part Numbu as potential materials for particleboard manufacturing due to its cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content similar with wood. The objective of the research was to determine the adhesive type, pressing temperature and time on physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from sorghum bagasse. Size of board was (300 x 300 x 10) mm3, 0.7 g cm-3 targeted density, 10% resin content of urea formaldehyde (UF), and Phenol Formaldehyde (PF), 7% for Isocyanate, over all based on oven-dry particles. Furnish (mixture of particle and resin) was placed in hot press machine at temperature of 120 °C and 130 °C for UF, 170 °C and 180 °C for PF, 150 °C and 160 ° C for Isocyanate. Time of pressing in this experiment was 8 and 10 minutes. The result showed that Isocyanate resin was the best resin for resulting of physical and mechanical properties. Almost all those parameters had fulfill to the requirement of JIS A5908-2003.
Effect of Resin Type, Pressing Temperature and Time on Particleboard Properties made from Sorghum Bagasse
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Apri H Iswanto
Irawati Azhar
Ir. Supriyanto
Arida Susilowati
Effect of Resin Type, Pressing Temperature and Time on Particleboard Properties made from Sorghum Bagasse
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Local Soil Knowledge and Its Use in Crop Allocation: Implications for Landscape-Scale Agricultural Production and Conservation Efforts in Talamanca, Costa Rica
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.17
Smallholder farmers have developed knowledge about soil and crop management through long-term, on-farm observations. Yet, food insecurity and land degradation continue to threaten livelihoods, globally. Part of the solution lies in linking local and scientific knowledge to develop improved agricultural strategies. We argue that incorporating farmer knowledge in the design and/or technology transfer processes of land management and restoration projects will improve the likelihood of success. The objectives of this study were to understand how farmers in the remote Cabécar communities in southeastern Costa Rica use soil knowledge to allocate and manage crops and to explore how to combine local and scientific knowledge to achieve wider adoption of sustainable agricultural techniques. Cabécar farmers in the foothills of the Talamanca Mountains practice both no-input subsistence and cash-crop farming. They cultivate both annual and perennial crops on their multi-parceled farms. Twenty-three stratified random heads of households were selected and interviewed. A variety of participatory methods were used including, participant observation (1.5 years), semi-structured interviews, farm mapping exercises, farm-transect walks and a participatory community workshop. Results indicate that farmers identified three distinct soil types using primarily soil color, texture and landscape position. Most interestingly, farmers’ understanding of soil properties was tied directly to site suitability for specific crops. While farmers identified limitations of certain soil types’ capacity to sustain a particular crop, farmers did not embark on restoration efforts or employ nutrient management techniques to improve the productivity of the soil. Furthermore, farmers had limited knowledge on processes of soil development and nutrient cycling. Instead of amending the soils to increase productivity, farmers allocated crops according to existing perceived suitability of the soil. These insights illustrate the barriers to farmer’s adoption of new agricultural strategies. These data and experiences will be used to guide future agricultural research in the region, specifically projects that promote the restoration of unproductive soils by providing alternatives to burning and incorporating organic amendments.
Smallholder farmers have developed knowledge about soil and crop management through long-term, on-farm observations. Yet, food insecurity and land degradation continue to threaten livelihoods, globally. Part of the solution lies in linking local and scientific knowledge to develop improved agricultural strategies. We argue that incorporating farmer knowledge in the design and/or technology transfer processes of land management and restoration projects will improve the likelihood of success. The objectives of this study were to understand how farmers in the remote Cabécar communities in southeastern Costa Rica use soil knowledge to allocate and manage crops and to explore how to combine local and scientific knowledge to achieve wider adoption of sustainable agricultural techniques. Cabécar farmers in the foothills of the Talamanca Mountains practice both no-input subsistence and cash-crop farming. They cultivate both annual and perennial crops on their multi-parceled farms. Twenty-three stratified random heads of households were selected and interviewed. A variety of participatory methods were used including, participant observation (1.5 years), semi-structured interviews, farm mapping exercises, farm-transect walks and a participatory community workshop. Results indicate that farmers identified three distinct soil types using primarily soil color, texture and landscape position. Most interestingly, farmers’ understanding of soil properties was tied directly to site suitability for specific crops. While farmers identified limitations of certain soil types’ capacity to sustain a particular crop, farmers did not embark on restoration efforts or employ nutrient management techniques to improve the productivity of the soil. Furthermore, farmers had limited knowledge on processes of soil development and nutrient cycling. Instead of amending the soils to increase productivity, farmers allocated crops according to existing perceived suitability of the soil. These insights illustrate the barriers to farmer’s adoption of new agricultural strategies. These data and experiences will be used to guide future agricultural research in the region, specifically projects that promote the restoration of unproductive soils by providing alternatives to burning and incorporating organic amendments.
Local Soil Knowledge and Its Use in Crop Allocation: Implications for Landscape-Scale Agricultural Production and Conservation Efforts in Talamanca, Costa Rica
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Leigh A. Winowiecki
Matthew P. Whelan
Paul A. McDaniel
Marilyn Villalobos
Eduardo Somarriba
Local Soil Knowledge and Its Use in Crop Allocation: Implications for Landscape-Scale Agricultural Production and Conservation Efforts in Talamanca, Costa Rica
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.17
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Irrigation for Boro Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.16
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute to find out possible effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) on the yield, water use and water use efficiency (WUE) of Boro rice. The experimental plots were laid out with 2 factors RCBD combining two modern varieties of rice viz., BRRI dhan29 and BRRI hybrid2, which received four irrigation treatments randomly and was replicated thrice. The treatments ranged from continuous submergence (T1) of the field to a number of delayed irrigations (T2, T3 and T4) denoting application of 5cm irrigation water when water level in the perforated PVC pipe fell 15, 20 and 25cm below ground level (G.L.), respectively. The study revealed that treatment T1 attributed by the highest total water use (122.2cm) and the lowest WUE (84.34kg/ha/cm) produced the lowest grain yield (4.71t/ha). Treatment T2, on the contrary, gave the highest yield (5.69 t/ha) and consequently the second highest WUE (85.55 kg/ha/cm) indicating quite a large water saving (15cm) compared to treatment T1. The yields in treatments T3 (5.45 t/ha) and T4 (5.27 t/ha) were significantly lower at 1% level of significance compared to that of treatment T1. Significant effect was found either for the treatment or for the varieties on the number of effective and total tillers hill -1, plant height, number of effective tillers hill-1, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index.
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute to find out possible effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) on the yield, water use and water use efficiency (WUE) of Boro rice. The experimental plots were laid out with 2 factors RCBD combining two modern varieties of rice viz., BRRI dhan29 and BRRI hybrid2, which received four irrigation treatments randomly and was replicated thrice. The treatments ranged from continuous submergence (T1) of the field to a number of delayed irrigations (T2, T3 and T4) denoting application of 5cm irrigation water when water level in the perforated PVC pipe fell 15, 20 and 25cm below ground level (G.L.), respectively. The study revealed that treatment T1 attributed by the highest total water use (122.2cm) and the lowest WUE (84.34kg/ha/cm) produced the lowest grain yield (4.71t/ha). Treatment T2, on the contrary, gave the highest yield (5.69 t/ha) and consequently the second highest WUE (85.55 kg/ha/cm) indicating quite a large water saving (15cm) compared to treatment T1. The yields in treatments T3 (5.45 t/ha) and T4 (5.27 t/ha) were significantly lower at 1% level of significance compared to that of treatment T1. Significant effect was found either for the treatment or for the varieties on the number of effective and total tillers hill -1, plant height, number of effective tillers hill-1, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index.
Effect of Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Irrigation for Boro Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Redwanur Rahman
Sheikh Helena Bulbul
Effect of Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Irrigation for Boro Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.16
© Science Publishing Group
Performance of Zephyr Board Made From Various Rolling Crush Number and Palm Oil Petiole Parts
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.14
The objective of this research was to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of zephyr board made from palm oil petiole parts. The palm oil petiole parts were distinguished on the basis of rolling crushed number (4, 5 and 6 times,as factor A) and base, middle and upper parts of petiole (factor B). The board was made from three layers of petiole with density of 0.75g.cm⁻3 and thickness 1 cm respectively using Phenol formaldehyde (PF) with 12% resin as binding agent and compressed the board at 120ºC temperature and 25 kg/cm-2 pressure for 10 minutes. The results showed that physical properties of a zephyr board included of density, moisture content (MC), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) were 0.74 g.cm-3, 12.32%, 29.14%, 5.19%, respectively. Mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), screw with drawl (SW) were 44.7 x 10³ kgf.cm-2, 268 kgf.cm-2, 107.32 kgf, respectively. In generally, number of rolling crushed was affected to moisture content, water absorption and MOR value whereas petiole part was significantly affected to MOR value only. Some of properties zephyr boards made from oil palmpetiole fulfill JIS A 5908-2003 standard.
The objective of this research was to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of zephyr board made from palm oil petiole parts. The palm oil petiole parts were distinguished on the basis of rolling crushed number (4, 5 and 6 times,as factor A) and base, middle and upper parts of petiole (factor B). The board was made from three layers of petiole with density of 0.75g.cm⁻3 and thickness 1 cm respectively using Phenol formaldehyde (PF) with 12% resin as binding agent and compressed the board at 120ºC temperature and 25 kg/cm-2 pressure for 10 minutes. The results showed that physical properties of a zephyr board included of density, moisture content (MC), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) were 0.74 g.cm-3, 12.32%, 29.14%, 5.19%, respectively. Mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), screw with drawl (SW) were 44.7 x 10³ kgf.cm-2, 268 kgf.cm-2, 107.32 kgf, respectively. In generally, number of rolling crushed was affected to moisture content, water absorption and MOR value whereas petiole part was significantly affected to MOR value only. Some of properties zephyr boards made from oil palmpetiole fulfill JIS A 5908-2003 standard.
Performance of Zephyr Board Made From Various Rolling Crush Number and Palm Oil Petiole Parts
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Lusita Wardani
Massijaya Muhamad Yusram
Yusuf Sudo Hadi
Darmawan I. Wayan
Performance of Zephyr Board Made From Various Rolling Crush Number and Palm Oil Petiole Parts
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.14
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Integrated Use of Lime, Manure and Mineral P Fertilizer on Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Yield, P uptake and Status of Residual Soil P on Acidic Soils of Gozamin District, North-Western Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.15
Soil acidity problem is one of the bottlenecks to improve crop production in high rainfall regions of Ethiopia in general and in Gozamin District of Amhara region in particular. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of integrated use of lime, manure and mineral P fertilizer on acid soils for wheat production and status of residual soil P. The treatments were factorial combinations of lime, manure and P fertilizer which were laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The field study was conducted on Dystric Nitisols in the 2011 and 2012 main cropping seasons at Enerata Kebele, Gozamin District. Lime application hastened early germination while plant height was enhanced by interaction of lime and P. Most parameters were significantly (p < 0.01) affected by two-way interactions while three-way interactions effect increased grain and straw yield at non-significant (p > 0.05) level. In these interactions lime rates were related in quadratic trend while manure and mineral P related linearly. The combined application of 5 t manure and 2.2 t ha-1 lime increased grain and straw yield by 279% and 187%, respectively over the control treatment through economical analysis result 515 Eth. birr (\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$28) ha-1 profit obtained due to additional yield obtained. Although all treatments residual soil P were categorized under very low status, it has strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.79) with lime application. The present study showed the combined application of 5 t manure and 2.2 t ha-1 lime was found to be economical feasible to improve wheat yield and yield components and residual soil P of acidic soils of the study area.
Soil acidity problem is one of the bottlenecks to improve crop production in high rainfall regions of Ethiopia in general and in Gozamin District of Amhara region in particular. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of integrated use of lime, manure and mineral P fertilizer on acid soils for wheat production and status of residual soil P. The treatments were factorial combinations of lime, manure and P fertilizer which were laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The field study was conducted on Dystric Nitisols in the 2011 and 2012 main cropping seasons at Enerata Kebele, Gozamin District. Lime application hastened early germination while plant height was enhanced by interaction of lime and P. Most parameters were significantly (p < 0.01) affected by two-way interactions while three-way interactions effect increased grain and straw yield at non-significant (p > 0.05) level. In these interactions lime rates were related in quadratic trend while manure and mineral P related linearly. The combined application of 5 t manure and 2.2 t ha-1 lime increased grain and straw yield by 279% and 187%, respectively over the control treatment through economical analysis result 515 Eth. birr (\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$28) ha-1 profit obtained due to additional yield obtained. Although all treatments residual soil P were categorized under very low status, it has strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.79) with lime application. The present study showed the combined application of 5 t manure and 2.2 t ha-1 lime was found to be economical feasible to improve wheat yield and yield components and residual soil P of acidic soils of the study area.
Effect of Integrated Use of Lime, Manure and Mineral P Fertilizer on Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Yield, P uptake and Status of Residual Soil P on Acidic Soils of Gozamin District, North-Western Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mekonnen Asrat
Heluf Gebrekidan
Markku Yli-Halla
Bobe Bedadi
Wakene Negassa
Effect of Integrated Use of Lime, Manure and Mineral P Fertilizer on Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Yield, P uptake and Status of Residual Soil P on Acidic Soils of Gozamin District, North-Western Ethiopia
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.15
© Science Publishing Group
Heat Unit, Phenology and Fruit Quality of Salak (Salacca zalacca var. Amboinensis) cv. Gulapasir on Different Elevation in Tabanan Regency-Bali
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.18
Each cultivar of zalacca could adapt to elevation, which has close relationship with the plant tolerance to temperature. However, heat unit of zalacca cv. Gulapasir, which are required to reach definite phase if they are grown in Tabanan areas have not known yet. The main objective of the research was to study heat unit, phenology and fruit quality of zalacca cv. Gulapasir planted on different elevation in Tabanan-Bali. The research was designed using Randomized Completely Design (RCD), with one factor as dependent variable along with ten replications. The independent variable was the site altitude of three locations that includes Saribuana village (460 m asl), Pajahan village (570 m asl), and Batungsel village (700 m asl). The phenologic determination of zalacca is based on the heat unit, which is counted using equation [(T.max + T.min)/2]-T.base, in which T.max and T.min is daily mean maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively, and T.base is the basic temperature. The parameters measured were the emergence of midrib and spatha, the numbers of fruits per bunch, fruit weight, the harvest time, the thickness of the mesocarpium, total soluble solids (TSS), and total acid levels. Data was analyzed by analysis of variance, if the test of variance showed significant difference then it would be followed by LSD test in level 5%. Result of the research showed that different heat unit causes diverse phenology of the zalacca’s components, which include the growth of midrib, the emergence of spatha, and the harvest time. Ripe-consumed zalacca was planted in Saribuana(460 m asl) in 7.4 days earlier than zalacca planted in Batungsel, which was 4.2 days earlier than others that were planted in Pajahan. The zalacca cv. Gulapasir were planted at Pajahan (570 m asl) shows the higher quality of fruit such as thickness of the mesocarpium, edible portion, TSS/total acidity ratio, and numbers of fruit then the others two elevation.
Each cultivar of zalacca could adapt to elevation, which has close relationship with the plant tolerance to temperature. However, heat unit of zalacca cv. Gulapasir, which are required to reach definite phase if they are grown in Tabanan areas have not known yet. The main objective of the research was to study heat unit, phenology and fruit quality of zalacca cv. Gulapasir planted on different elevation in Tabanan-Bali. The research was designed using Randomized Completely Design (RCD), with one factor as dependent variable along with ten replications. The independent variable was the site altitude of three locations that includes Saribuana village (460 m asl), Pajahan village (570 m asl), and Batungsel village (700 m asl). The phenologic determination of zalacca is based on the heat unit, which is counted using equation [(T.max + T.min)/2]-T.base, in which T.max and T.min is daily mean maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively, and T.base is the basic temperature. The parameters measured were the emergence of midrib and spatha, the numbers of fruits per bunch, fruit weight, the harvest time, the thickness of the mesocarpium, total soluble solids (TSS), and total acid levels. Data was analyzed by analysis of variance, if the test of variance showed significant difference then it would be followed by LSD test in level 5%. Result of the research showed that different heat unit causes diverse phenology of the zalacca’s components, which include the growth of midrib, the emergence of spatha, and the harvest time. Ripe-consumed zalacca was planted in Saribuana(460 m asl) in 7.4 days earlier than zalacca planted in Batungsel, which was 4.2 days earlier than others that were planted in Pajahan. The zalacca cv. Gulapasir were planted at Pajahan (570 m asl) shows the higher quality of fruit such as thickness of the mesocarpium, edible portion, TSS/total acidity ratio, and numbers of fruit then the others two elevation.
Heat Unit, Phenology and Fruit Quality of Salak (Salacca zalacca var. Amboinensis) cv. Gulapasir on Different Elevation in Tabanan Regency-Bali
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.18
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-04-10
© Science Publishing Group
I K. Sumantra
I N. L. Suyasdi Pura
Sumeru Ashari
Heat Unit, Phenology and Fruit Quality of Salak (Salacca zalacca var. Amboinensis) cv. Gulapasir on Different Elevation in Tabanan Regency-Bali
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107
2014-04-10
2014-04-10
10.11648/j.aff.20140302.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.18
© Science Publishing Group
Mercury Stress Resistances in Nauclea Orientalis Seedlings Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.20
The effect of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the resistance of mercury (Hg) in lonkida (Nauclea orientalis) seedlings were investigated using an artificially contaminated river sand media at the concentration of 0, 375 and 750 µM Hg at screen house. Mercury accumulation was lower in mycorrhizal roots than in non-mycorrhizal roots when Hg was added at the rates of 750 µM. However, Hg accumulation and its translocation to the leaves were very low, either in mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal seedlings. The amount of Hg retained in roots was higher than in leaves, irrespective of applying different Hg concentration. N. orientalis seedlings have a high tolerance to Hg (> 70%). Under these experimental conditions, N. orientalis shows a high resistance and capacity to retain Hg in roots. Mycorrhizal symbiosis showed a significant effect of the resistance to Hg of N. orientalis plants grown in Hg-polluted and Hg-unpolluted media. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of the AM fungi observed in this study aroused an interest in considering the role of AM fungi in plant-based strategies of remediation of highly Hg-polluted soils
The effect of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the resistance of mercury (Hg) in lonkida (Nauclea orientalis) seedlings were investigated using an artificially contaminated river sand media at the concentration of 0, 375 and 750 µM Hg at screen house. Mercury accumulation was lower in mycorrhizal roots than in non-mycorrhizal roots when Hg was added at the rates of 750 µM. However, Hg accumulation and its translocation to the leaves were very low, either in mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal seedlings. The amount of Hg retained in roots was higher than in leaves, irrespective of applying different Hg concentration. N. orientalis seedlings have a high tolerance to Hg (> 70%). Under these experimental conditions, N. orientalis shows a high resistance and capacity to retain Hg in roots. Mycorrhizal symbiosis showed a significant effect of the resistance to Hg of N. orientalis plants grown in Hg-polluted and Hg-unpolluted media. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of the AM fungi observed in this study aroused an interest in considering the role of AM fungi in plant-based strategies of remediation of highly Hg-polluted soils
Mercury Stress Resistances in Nauclea Orientalis Seedlings Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.20
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-04-22
© Science Publishing Group
Hanna Artuti Ekamawanti
Yadi Setiadi
Didy Sopandie
Dwi Andreas Santosa
Mercury Stress Resistances in Nauclea Orientalis Seedlings Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
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120
2014-04-22
2014-04-22
10.11648/j.aff.20140302.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.20
© Science Publishing Group
Development of Farmer Support System on Dairy and Meat Industry of Goat Utilizing ICT
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.21
Recently, due to the rapid growth of population and food demand in the Asian region, animal feeding industry is more prosperous, so that animal food production is increasing remarkably in the region. That is, the livestock movement is getting more activated and expanding rapidly, accompanied by the enlarged globalization of economy and distribution in the Asian region. This movement of the livestock industry in the region will be expectedly accelerated by "Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPP)". On the other hand, however, this rapidly accelerated activation and enlargement of livestock movement and transportation, contains an internal risk that the infectious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease may break out and prevail widely in the region. In order to reduce such a risk of spreading of livestock epidemics, it is necessary to establish a global livestock information system with up-to-date technologies to achieve the food safety of developed and relieved livestock industry in the region. However, due to the budget problem for many animal farmers and the present high-priced information and communication devices, utilization movement of the modern gadget for the small-to-medium scale animal feeding management is substantially stagnant in this region. In this paper, we propose a brand new designed system with the method of ICT applications, devices and techniques to seek for the solution to this problem, concerned with the small-to-medium scale livestock feeders. Furthermore, we examine the relationships between Machine to Machine (M2M) system, database system, and Web system; those are fundamental keystones of this newly proposed system
Recently, due to the rapid growth of population and food demand in the Asian region, animal feeding industry is more prosperous, so that animal food production is increasing remarkably in the region. That is, the livestock movement is getting more activated and expanding rapidly, accompanied by the enlarged globalization of economy and distribution in the Asian region. This movement of the livestock industry in the region will be expectedly accelerated by "Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPP)". On the other hand, however, this rapidly accelerated activation and enlargement of livestock movement and transportation, contains an internal risk that the infectious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease may break out and prevail widely in the region. In order to reduce such a risk of spreading of livestock epidemics, it is necessary to establish a global livestock information system with up-to-date technologies to achieve the food safety of developed and relieved livestock industry in the region. However, due to the budget problem for many animal farmers and the present high-priced information and communication devices, utilization movement of the modern gadget for the small-to-medium scale animal feeding management is substantially stagnant in this region. In this paper, we propose a brand new designed system with the method of ICT applications, devices and techniques to seek for the solution to this problem, concerned with the small-to-medium scale livestock feeders. Furthermore, we examine the relationships between Machine to Machine (M2M) system, database system, and Web system; those are fundamental keystones of this newly proposed system
Development of Farmer Support System on Dairy and Meat Industry of Goat Utilizing ICT
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.21
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-04-22
© Science Publishing Group
Teppei Hirata
Takeshi Miyagi
Yasunori Nagata
Shiro Tamaki
Tsutomu Omatsu
Tetsuya Mizutani
Development of Farmer Support System on Dairy and Meat Industry of Goat Utilizing ICT
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127
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2014-04-22
10.11648/j.aff.20140302.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.21
© Science Publishing Group
Influence of Small Cereal Intercropping and Additive Series of Seed Proportion on the Yield and Yield Component of Lupine (Lupinus Spp.) in North Western Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.23
Small cereals as a main crop and lupine as a minor crop are food crops often traditionally grown in association in North Western Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted on intercropping of lupine (Lupinus albus L.) with wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgar) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in 2009 at Adet Agricultural research station. The treatments were sole wheat at a seed rate of 175 kg/ ha, sole barley at a seed rate of 125 kg/ ha, sole finger millet at a seed rate of 30 kg/ ha, sole lupine at a seed rate of 90 kg/ ha, and an additive series of 25, 50 and 75 % of the sole lupine seed rate combined with the full cereal seed rate to determine the effect of small cereal intercropping in additive series on the yield and yield component of lupine. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with nine intercropping and four sole cropping systems in three replications. Lupine was planted in rows after establishment of main crops. SAS software’s were used to compute the analysis of variance. Maximum lupine seed proportion was superior to the lowest when intercropped with wheat and finger millet. The lowest population density resulted in reduced agronomic attributes of lupine. Intercropping higher proportion of lupine with wheat and finger millet did help much in increasing grain yield and biomass yield of lupine without affecting cereal crop yield. However, nearly complete dominance of barley over lupine at all seeding ratios leads to absolute reduction in grain yield. The lupine-finger millet mixture at the 50:100 and 75:100 seeding ratio and lupine-wheat mixture at the 75:100 seeding ratio had a higher yield advantage of intercropping for exploiting the resources of the environment compared with the other intercropping systems.
Small cereals as a main crop and lupine as a minor crop are food crops often traditionally grown in association in North Western Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted on intercropping of lupine (Lupinus albus L.) with wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgar) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in 2009 at Adet Agricultural research station. The treatments were sole wheat at a seed rate of 175 kg/ ha, sole barley at a seed rate of 125 kg/ ha, sole finger millet at a seed rate of 30 kg/ ha, sole lupine at a seed rate of 90 kg/ ha, and an additive series of 25, 50 and 75 % of the sole lupine seed rate combined with the full cereal seed rate to determine the effect of small cereal intercropping in additive series on the yield and yield component of lupine. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with nine intercropping and four sole cropping systems in three replications. Lupine was planted in rows after establishment of main crops. SAS software’s were used to compute the analysis of variance. Maximum lupine seed proportion was superior to the lowest when intercropped with wheat and finger millet. The lowest population density resulted in reduced agronomic attributes of lupine. Intercropping higher proportion of lupine with wheat and finger millet did help much in increasing grain yield and biomass yield of lupine without affecting cereal crop yield. However, nearly complete dominance of barley over lupine at all seeding ratios leads to absolute reduction in grain yield. The lupine-finger millet mixture at the 50:100 and 75:100 seeding ratio and lupine-wheat mixture at the 75:100 seeding ratio had a higher yield advantage of intercropping for exploiting the resources of the environment compared with the other intercropping systems.
Influence of Small Cereal Intercropping and Additive Series of Seed Proportion on the Yield and Yield Component of Lupine (Lupinus Spp.) in North Western Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.23
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-04-27
© Science Publishing Group
Yayeh Bitew
Influence of Small Cereal Intercropping and Additive Series of Seed Proportion on the Yield and Yield Component of Lupine (Lupinus Spp.) in North Western Ethiopia
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141
2014-04-27
2014-04-27
10.11648/j.aff.20140302.23
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.23
© Science Publishing Group
A Survey of Acaricide Use in the Control of Ectoparasites by Livestock Farmers in Sub Urban Accra, Ghana
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.11
A total of 17 acaricides were identified in 77 small holder livestock farms in suburban Accra during farm surveys to identify acaricides being used by livestock farmers. It comprised Pyrethroids, Amidines and Organophoshates. A survey of Veterinary shops in the project area showed the presence of 12 of the listed chemicals. All the acaricides showed no FDA stamp probably because of batch authorisation. LC values were also not explicitly shown on the acaricides. The Pyrethroid, Drastic Deadline, was patronised by the livestock farmers more than any other acaricide as 32.5% of the farms used it. This was followed by the Amidines, Amitraz20, used by 19.5% of farmers. This high level of variety is dangerous as it could lead to acaricide resistance, resulting especially from improperly managed tick control at the farms.
A total of 17 acaricides were identified in 77 small holder livestock farms in suburban Accra during farm surveys to identify acaricides being used by livestock farmers. It comprised Pyrethroids, Amidines and Organophoshates. A survey of Veterinary shops in the project area showed the presence of 12 of the listed chemicals. All the acaricides showed no FDA stamp probably because of batch authorisation. LC values were also not explicitly shown on the acaricides. The Pyrethroid, Drastic Deadline, was patronised by the livestock farmers more than any other acaricide as 32.5% of the farms used it. This was followed by the Amidines, Amitraz20, used by 19.5% of farmers. This high level of variety is dangerous as it could lead to acaricide resistance, resulting especially from improperly managed tick control at the farms.
A Survey of Acaricide Use in the Control of Ectoparasites by Livestock Farmers in Sub Urban Accra, Ghana
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Nkegbe Emmanuel
A Survey of Acaricide Use in the Control of Ectoparasites by Livestock Farmers in Sub Urban Accra, Ghana
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.aff.20140302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Association Analysis of Daun Sang (Johannesteijsmannia altifrons (Rchb.f. & Zoll) H.E. Moore) with Other Vegetation in Resort Sei Betung, Gunung Leuser National Park
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.19
The purpose of this research was to analysis an association between Daun Sang and other vegetation in Resort Sei Betung, Gunung Leuser National Park. According to its conservation status, Daun Sang was including on vulnerable categories (VUD2) and its presence was limited, then the action to conserve this species in nature is very important and urgent. This species includes understorey palm, which is need to shade by other species. Purpossive sampling was used with 30 plots, sized 20 x 20 meters for Daun Sang and other vegetation at tree stage, 10 x 10 meters for other vegetation at pole stage, 5 x 5 meter for other vegetation at sapling stage and 2 x 2 meter for other vegetation at seedling stage. Analysis of vegetation was used to determine Importance Value Index, Diversity Index, Evennes Index and Richness Index. Then analysis of association was done with an interspesific association analysis, continued with Jaccard Index. The highest Importance Value Indexes for each stage of species were Aglaia edulis for seedlings and saplings, Shorea sp for poles and Shorea dealbata for trees. Diversity Index measured by Shannon Wienner Index was high (3.5-4.02), while the range of Evennes Index was 0.8-0.97 and the range of Species Richness Index was 9.04-14.43. There was an association between Daun Sang and other vegetation on seedlings and poles, which is not strong enough, and no specific association with particular species. This fact is an evidence that if there is forest disturbance, then the population of Daun Sang will be decreased.
The purpose of this research was to analysis an association between Daun Sang and other vegetation in Resort Sei Betung, Gunung Leuser National Park. According to its conservation status, Daun Sang was including on vulnerable categories (VUD2) and its presence was limited, then the action to conserve this species in nature is very important and urgent. This species includes understorey palm, which is need to shade by other species. Purpossive sampling was used with 30 plots, sized 20 x 20 meters for Daun Sang and other vegetation at tree stage, 10 x 10 meters for other vegetation at pole stage, 5 x 5 meter for other vegetation at sapling stage and 2 x 2 meter for other vegetation at seedling stage. Analysis of vegetation was used to determine Importance Value Index, Diversity Index, Evennes Index and Richness Index. Then analysis of association was done with an interspesific association analysis, continued with Jaccard Index. The highest Importance Value Indexes for each stage of species were Aglaia edulis for seedlings and saplings, Shorea sp for poles and Shorea dealbata for trees. Diversity Index measured by Shannon Wienner Index was high (3.5-4.02), while the range of Evennes Index was 0.8-0.97 and the range of Species Richness Index was 9.04-14.43. There was an association between Daun Sang and other vegetation on seedlings and poles, which is not strong enough, and no specific association with particular species. This fact is an evidence that if there is forest disturbance, then the population of Daun Sang will be decreased.
Association Analysis of Daun Sang (Johannesteijsmannia altifrons (Rchb.f. & Zoll) H.E. Moore) with Other Vegetation in Resort Sei Betung, Gunung Leuser National Park
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.19
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-04-10
© Science Publishing Group
Kansih Sri Hartini
Hadi S Alikodra
Retno Widhiastuti
Herman Mawengkang
Association Analysis of Daun Sang (Johannesteijsmannia altifrons (Rchb.f. & Zoll) H.E. Moore) with Other Vegetation in Resort Sei Betung, Gunung Leuser National Park
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112
2014-04-10
2014-04-10
10.11648/j.aff.20140302.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.19
© Science Publishing Group
Degradation of Leaf Litter of five Tree Species by Perionyx excavatus with Relation to their Nutrient and Anti-Nutrient Content
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.22
The ecological suitability of different leaf litter types in enhancing the biological diversity and micronutrient status in soil needs to be understood for deciding the plant species to be used for afforestration practices. The present research work was done to study the colonization of an epigeic earthworm, Perionyx excavatus in the decomposing leaf litter of five locally important tree species- Cashew, Shal, Mango, Acacia and Eucalyptus up to a period of 90 days. The major nutrient and anti-nutrient chemical parameters of the leaf litters were compared and rates of degradation of the selected nutrient and anti-nutrient parameters were studied in laboratory microcosms. P. excavatus showed maximum colonization for Cashew followed by Shal where both these tree species exhibited comparatively lower anti-nutrient content and significantly higher rates of degradation of the selected nutrient parameters. Lowest colonization by P. excavatus was observed in case of Eu-calyptus which exhibited highest polyphenol and tannin content and significant lower rates of degradation of all the selected nutrient parameters and hence their utilization in microcosms with P. excavatus. The results indicated that lower content of tannins and polyphenols in case of Cashew and Shal can be related to the palatability of these leaf litters and thereby exhibiting maximum colonization by P. excavatus. Thus, Cashew and Shal can be considered as suitable tree species for afforestation practices for enhancing nutrient recycling and effective soil conservation.
The ecological suitability of different leaf litter types in enhancing the biological diversity and micronutrient status in soil needs to be understood for deciding the plant species to be used for afforestration practices. The present research work was done to study the colonization of an epigeic earthworm, Perionyx excavatus in the decomposing leaf litter of five locally important tree species- Cashew, Shal, Mango, Acacia and Eucalyptus up to a period of 90 days. The major nutrient and anti-nutrient chemical parameters of the leaf litters were compared and rates of degradation of the selected nutrient and anti-nutrient parameters were studied in laboratory microcosms. P. excavatus showed maximum colonization for Cashew followed by Shal where both these tree species exhibited comparatively lower anti-nutrient content and significantly higher rates of degradation of the selected nutrient parameters. Lowest colonization by P. excavatus was observed in case of Eu-calyptus which exhibited highest polyphenol and tannin content and significant lower rates of degradation of all the selected nutrient parameters and hence their utilization in microcosms with P. excavatus. The results indicated that lower content of tannins and polyphenols in case of Cashew and Shal can be related to the palatability of these leaf litters and thereby exhibiting maximum colonization by P. excavatus. Thus, Cashew and Shal can be considered as suitable tree species for afforestation practices for enhancing nutrient recycling and effective soil conservation.
Degradation of Leaf Litter of five Tree Species by Perionyx excavatus with Relation to their Nutrient and Anti-Nutrient Content
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140302.22
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-04-27
© Science Publishing Group
Sayantani Pattanayak
Rupa Dasgupta
Partha Pratim Chakravorty
Susanta Kumar Chakraborty
Degradation of Leaf Litter of five Tree Species by Perionyx excavatus with Relation to their Nutrient and Anti-Nutrient Content
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2014-04-27
10.11648/j.aff.20140302.22
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140302.22
© Science Publishing Group
Connectivity and Ecological Indicators Analysis of Tropical Forest Landscape in Batang Toru Watershed - Indonesia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.12
Connectivity is one of the important issues in the context of natural resources due to its potential in preventing the impact of habitat fragmentation. Landscape forest connectivity facilitates organism movement, genetic exchange, and other ecological material flows. Loss of connectivity may result declining of ecosystem production and cut the material flows within the forest ecosystems. Connectivity degree is needed to determine the management strategy of forest landscape as a wildlife habitat. This paper defines connectivity index of forest landscape in Batang Toru watershed, and describes correlation between connectivity with ecological indicators, biophysical and anthropogenic factors. Landsat satellite imageries acquired in 1989, 2001 and 2013 were used to detect land cover in several different years. Fragstat was used to generate landscape metrics. Landscape metrics were analyzed using a scoring method to determine the connectivity index of forest landscape. A Pearson correlation analysis was performed to obtain a correlation between connectivity index and the distance from roads, the distance from rivers, elevation and slope. The study found that the landscape connectivity tend to decline over the period from 1989 to 2013. The lowest connectivity index was found in the downstream area of Batang Toru watershed. Areas with low connectivity index were identified as having a relatively low diversity index of tree species. The connectivity index of forest landscape has a positive correlation with the distance from roads and the distance from rivers.
Connectivity is one of the important issues in the context of natural resources due to its potential in preventing the impact of habitat fragmentation. Landscape forest connectivity facilitates organism movement, genetic exchange, and other ecological material flows. Loss of connectivity may result declining of ecosystem production and cut the material flows within the forest ecosystems. Connectivity degree is needed to determine the management strategy of forest landscape as a wildlife habitat. This paper defines connectivity index of forest landscape in Batang Toru watershed, and describes correlation between connectivity with ecological indicators, biophysical and anthropogenic factors. Landsat satellite imageries acquired in 1989, 2001 and 2013 were used to detect land cover in several different years. Fragstat was used to generate landscape metrics. Landscape metrics were analyzed using a scoring method to determine the connectivity index of forest landscape. A Pearson correlation analysis was performed to obtain a correlation between connectivity index and the distance from roads, the distance from rivers, elevation and slope. The study found that the landscape connectivity tend to decline over the period from 1989 to 2013. The lowest connectivity index was found in the downstream area of Batang Toru watershed. Areas with low connectivity index were identified as having a relatively low diversity index of tree species. The connectivity index of forest landscape has a positive correlation with the distance from roads and the distance from rivers.
Connectivity and Ecological Indicators Analysis of Tropical Forest Landscape in Batang Toru Watershed - Indonesia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140303.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Samsuri
I. Nengah Surati Jaya
Cecep Kusmana
Kukuh Murtilaksono
Connectivity and Ecological Indicators Analysis of Tropical Forest Landscape in Batang Toru Watershed - Indonesia
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154
2014-05-19
2014-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Response to Fertilizer of Native Grasses (Pennisetum polystachion and Setaria Sphacelata) and Legume (Tephrosia pedicellata) of Savannah in Sudanian Benin
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.11
Response to nitrogen fertilizer of 2 grass species, Pennisetum polystachion and Setaria sphacelata, and one legume Tephrosia pedicellata was studied in northern Benin. The 3 species are native in Sudanian grasslands and occur on tropical ferruginous soils. The experimental plots were fertilized with a basal dressing of potassium chloride and triple superphosphate before testing nitrogen fertilizer at rates of 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha N, respectively. The highest biomass was produced with 120 kg/ha (4.98, 2.13 and 1.1 t/ha DM for Pennisetum, Setaria and Tephrosia, respectively). The highest number of pods per plant with Tephrosia was produced with the control plot (35.75 pods per plant) and the lowest with an N rate of 60 kg/ha (23.75 pods per plant). The highest tussock diameters for Setaria and Pennisetum were 76.4 and 71.9 cm, respectively, at an N rate of 120 kg/ha. These 3 native forage species showed good performance under cultivation.
Response to nitrogen fertilizer of 2 grass species, Pennisetum polystachion and Setaria sphacelata, and one legume Tephrosia pedicellata was studied in northern Benin. The 3 species are native in Sudanian grasslands and occur on tropical ferruginous soils. The experimental plots were fertilized with a basal dressing of potassium chloride and triple superphosphate before testing nitrogen fertilizer at rates of 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha N, respectively. The highest biomass was produced with 120 kg/ha (4.98, 2.13 and 1.1 t/ha DM for Pennisetum, Setaria and Tephrosia, respectively). The highest number of pods per plant with Tephrosia was produced with the control plot (35.75 pods per plant) and the lowest with an N rate of 60 kg/ha (23.75 pods per plant). The highest tussock diameters for Setaria and Pennisetum were 76.4 and 71.9 cm, respectively, at an N rate of 120 kg/ha. These 3 native forage species showed good performance under cultivation.
Response to Fertilizer of Native Grasses (Pennisetum polystachion and Setaria Sphacelata) and Legume (Tephrosia pedicellata) of Savannah in Sudanian Benin
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140303.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
KINDOMIHOU Missiakô Valentin
SAIDOU Aliou
SINSIN Brice Augustin
Response to Fertilizer of Native Grasses (Pennisetum polystachion and Setaria Sphacelata) and Legume (Tephrosia pedicellata) of Savannah in Sudanian Benin
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2014-05-19
2014-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Peatland Fires in Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.14
Peatland fires occur almost every year in Indonesia and their impact is harmful to human life and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of peat fires, including hotspot characteristic, fire period and spatial distribution according to biophysical factors and human activities. Characteristics of peatland fires were determined through spatial analysis between hotspots and rainfall and factors affected peatland fires such as land cover, distance from the river, distance from road, spatial plan and peat thickness. The study found that strong indication of peat fires in Kapuas is indicated by the hotspot with a confidence value of more than 50%. August to October is the hotspot increasing time in Kapuas because the rainfall is low. The densest hotspots are generally found in swamp shrubs, close to the river, close to the roads, in the very deep peat, with a spatial planning of peatland conservation area. We concluded that peatland conservation area and unmanaged land in Kapuas District were in vulnerable condition of the fire. We suggest to the government to improve unmanaged land utilization and protect peatland conservation area in Kapuas District.
Peatland fires occur almost every year in Indonesia and their impact is harmful to human life and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of peat fires, including hotspot characteristic, fire period and spatial distribution according to biophysical factors and human activities. Characteristics of peatland fires were determined through spatial analysis between hotspots and rainfall and factors affected peatland fires such as land cover, distance from the river, distance from road, spatial plan and peat thickness. The study found that strong indication of peat fires in Kapuas is indicated by the hotspot with a confidence value of more than 50%. August to October is the hotspot increasing time in Kapuas because the rainfall is low. The densest hotspots are generally found in swamp shrubs, close to the river, close to the roads, in the very deep peat, with a spatial planning of peatland conservation area. We concluded that peatland conservation area and unmanaged land in Kapuas District were in vulnerable condition of the fire. We suggest to the government to improve unmanaged land utilization and protect peatland conservation area in Kapuas District.
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Peatland Fires in Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140303.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-05-30
© Science Publishing Group
Achmad Siddik Thoha
Bambang Hero Saharjo
Rizaldi Boer
Muhammad Ardiansyah
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Peatland Fires in Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
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170
2014-05-30
2014-05-30
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.14
© Science Publishing Group
Methane Emission on Intensive rice Farming with Water Frequency and Fertilizer Management in North Sumatera
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.13
Rice cultivation during four planting seasons by using cultivation system improvements, especially in the management provision of water and fertilizer, other than increasing rice production can also reduce methane emission which is often rumored as a cause of global warming. Efforts to reduce methane emission from paddy fields must be done because of the impact of ecological damage caused by climate change due to global warming. It is estimated that by the year 2100 the average surface temperature of the earth will increase up 2 to 3° C. The experiment was conducted in the village of Purbaganda, Pematang Bandar District, Simalungun over four planting seasons from July 2011 until June 2012. The research design used in the study was split plot design which was organized into groups based on the difficulty of obtaining an ideal environmental uniformity in the field. Watering System treatment as main plot factor (A) and fertilization as subplot factor (B), with three replications. The treatments in the main plot were intermittent and continuous irrigation system, conducted to determine the amount of methane emissions in each planting season. For subplot, the fertilization treatments were based on laboratory analysis of soil, and Fertilization Recommendation of the Minister of Agriculture regulation No. 40 OT.140/2007. These were then combined with probiotic fertilization. The results showed that the pattern of methane emission varies in each treatment. The average methane emission was highest in treatment A1B1 with 338.50 kg ha-1 per season, and lowest in A2B6 treatment with 63.25 kg ha-1 per season. A2B6 treatment that used fertilization according to laboratory analysis with probiotic fertilization experienced intermittent irrigation process. The higher dosage of fertilizer N in treatment A1B1 led to higher methane emission than treatment A2B6. N fertilizer in rice fields can increase methane emissions due to increased rice growth, which was the source of methane biomass that increased the emission lines. Interaction between flooding and fertilization treatments that gave the highest emission during the four planting seasons was A1B1 and the lowest was A2B6. Comparison between the interaction of A1B1 and A2B6 on methane emission results was significantly different (DMRT test, P = 0.05).
Rice cultivation during four planting seasons by using cultivation system improvements, especially in the management provision of water and fertilizer, other than increasing rice production can also reduce methane emission which is often rumored as a cause of global warming. Efforts to reduce methane emission from paddy fields must be done because of the impact of ecological damage caused by climate change due to global warming. It is estimated that by the year 2100 the average surface temperature of the earth will increase up 2 to 3° C. The experiment was conducted in the village of Purbaganda, Pematang Bandar District, Simalungun over four planting seasons from July 2011 until June 2012. The research design used in the study was split plot design which was organized into groups based on the difficulty of obtaining an ideal environmental uniformity in the field. Watering System treatment as main plot factor (A) and fertilization as subplot factor (B), with three replications. The treatments in the main plot were intermittent and continuous irrigation system, conducted to determine the amount of methane emissions in each planting season. For subplot, the fertilization treatments were based on laboratory analysis of soil, and Fertilization Recommendation of the Minister of Agriculture regulation No. 40 OT.140/2007. These were then combined with probiotic fertilization. The results showed that the pattern of methane emission varies in each treatment. The average methane emission was highest in treatment A1B1 with 338.50 kg ha-1 per season, and lowest in A2B6 treatment with 63.25 kg ha-1 per season. A2B6 treatment that used fertilization according to laboratory analysis with probiotic fertilization experienced intermittent irrigation process. The higher dosage of fertilizer N in treatment A1B1 led to higher methane emission than treatment A2B6. N fertilizer in rice fields can increase methane emissions due to increased rice growth, which was the source of methane biomass that increased the emission lines. Interaction between flooding and fertilization treatments that gave the highest emission during the four planting seasons was A1B1 and the lowest was A2B6. Comparison between the interaction of A1B1 and A2B6 on methane emission results was significantly different (DMRT test, P = 0.05).
Methane Emission on Intensive rice Farming with Water Frequency and Fertilizer Management in North Sumatera
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140303.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-05-30
© Science Publishing Group
Khadijah EL Ramija
Zulkifly Nasution
M. Zarlis
Retno Widiastuti
Methane Emission on Intensive rice Farming with Water Frequency and Fertilizer Management in North Sumatera
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162
2014-05-30
2014-05-30
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Asymmetry Effect of Intercropping Non Host Crops between Cabbage and Climatic Factor on the Population of the Diamondback Moth (Plutella Xylostella L.) and Yield
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.15
Diamondback Moth (DBM) is one of the major constraints for the profitable production of cabbage in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. The loss in yield of cabbage caused by DBM could reach up to more than 80% if a severe infestation occurred in the field. Due to that problem, farmers in Cameron Highlands are preferred to apply the broad spectrum of synthetic insecticides rather than implementing other pest management strategies. The demand for insecticides in Cameron Highlands seems endless until today, but more aggressive. This paper highlighted the possibility of implementing intercropping cabbage with seven treatments in reducing adults and larvae populations of DBM in the polyculture system. The distributions of adults and larvae population of DBM against the factors of temperature and rainfall also have been addressed in this study. A total of seven treatments was implicated, including onion (Allium cepa L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.), marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle), and mosquito plants (Pelargonium citrosum) which arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The results indicated that insignificant variations (P>0.05) were observed among the population of adults and larvae at all seven treatments tested compared with the control. Moreover, adults and larvae of DBM were negatively correlated with temperature and rainfall factors. The results also showed that a critical period of DBM infestations was detected in the pre-heading stage (< 30 DAT). In terms of performance among treatments, our finding also has shown that mosquito plant was the best treatment acted as a repellent, however mosquito plant treatment contributed to the lowest yield due to the competition of plant growth resources and its wider canopy structure.
Diamondback Moth (DBM) is one of the major constraints for the profitable production of cabbage in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. The loss in yield of cabbage caused by DBM could reach up to more than 80% if a severe infestation occurred in the field. Due to that problem, farmers in Cameron Highlands are preferred to apply the broad spectrum of synthetic insecticides rather than implementing other pest management strategies. The demand for insecticides in Cameron Highlands seems endless until today, but more aggressive. This paper highlighted the possibility of implementing intercropping cabbage with seven treatments in reducing adults and larvae populations of DBM in the polyculture system. The distributions of adults and larvae population of DBM against the factors of temperature and rainfall also have been addressed in this study. A total of seven treatments was implicated, including onion (Allium cepa L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.), marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle), and mosquito plants (Pelargonium citrosum) which arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The results indicated that insignificant variations (P>0.05) were observed among the population of adults and larvae at all seven treatments tested compared with the control. Moreover, adults and larvae of DBM were negatively correlated with temperature and rainfall factors. The results also showed that a critical period of DBM infestations was detected in the pre-heading stage (< 30 DAT). In terms of performance among treatments, our finding also has shown that mosquito plant was the best treatment acted as a repellent, however mosquito plant treatment contributed to the lowest yield due to the competition of plant growth resources and its wider canopy structure.
Asymmetry Effect of Intercropping Non Host Crops between Cabbage and Climatic Factor on the Population of the Diamondback Moth (Plutella Xylostella L.) and Yield
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140303.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-06-16
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Feizal Daud
Fauziah I.
Mohd Rasdi Z.
Fairuz K.
Abu Zarim U.
Syed Abdul Rahman S. A. R.
Ismail R.
Mohd Hanysyam M. N.
Norazliza R.
Asymmetry Effect of Intercropping Non Host Crops between Cabbage and Climatic Factor on the Population of the Diamondback Moth (Plutella Xylostella L.) and Yield
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2014-06-16
2014-06-16
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.15
© Science Publishing Group
Length-Weight Relationships for Five Lessepsian Fish Species from the Coast of Benghazi, Libya (Southern Mediterranean)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.16
This paper provides length–weight relationships estimated for 5 Lessepsian fish species (four families), economically important to the local community, of the coast of Benghazi-Libya; namely: Fistularia Commersonii, Saurida undosquamis, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus and Scomberomorus commerson. The regressions for all species were found to be significant. This study presents the first estimation of length-weight relationship for some Lessepsian inhabiting coastal area of the southern Mediterranean Sea.
This paper provides length–weight relationships estimated for 5 Lessepsian fish species (four families), economically important to the local community, of the coast of Benghazi-Libya; namely: Fistularia Commersonii, Saurida undosquamis, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus and Scomberomorus commerson. The regressions for all species were found to be significant. This study presents the first estimation of length-weight relationship for some Lessepsian inhabiting coastal area of the southern Mediterranean Sea.
Length-Weight Relationships for Five Lessepsian Fish Species from the Coast of Benghazi, Libya (Southern Mediterranean)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140303.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-06-23
© Science Publishing Group
Houssein Elbaraasi
Length-Weight Relationships for Five Lessepsian Fish Species from the Coast of Benghazi, Libya (Southern Mediterranean)
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3
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180
2014-06-23
2014-06-23
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.16
© Science Publishing Group
Principal-Agent Relationship in Policy Implementation of the Use of Forest Area for Mining Activity, Indonesia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.17
The use of forest area (UFA) is defined as utilization of a portion of forest land for any development purposes outside forestry without changing its function and designation. This study is aimed to explore the relationship of principal and agent in the UFA implementation. Based on the agency theory and using descriptive-qualitative methods, this study identified specific relationship characteristics, i.e. the lack of authority in agent selection, the domination of principal on information, the moral hazard behavior of both principal and agent, the higher risk assumed by the principal, and the poor implementation of incentive structure. The relationship patterns did not occur only between principal and agent, but also among different principals and between one agent and another especially in cooperation and conflict relationship. This study confirmed that better implementations of UFA are strongly influenced by the efficiency of contractual agreement, the principal control on the process of UFA implementation, the agent commitment on the agreed contract and the amount of transaction costs.
The use of forest area (UFA) is defined as utilization of a portion of forest land for any development purposes outside forestry without changing its function and designation. This study is aimed to explore the relationship of principal and agent in the UFA implementation. Based on the agency theory and using descriptive-qualitative methods, this study identified specific relationship characteristics, i.e. the lack of authority in agent selection, the domination of principal on information, the moral hazard behavior of both principal and agent, the higher risk assumed by the principal, and the poor implementation of incentive structure. The relationship patterns did not occur only between principal and agent, but also among different principals and between one agent and another especially in cooperation and conflict relationship. This study confirmed that better implementations of UFA are strongly influenced by the efficiency of contractual agreement, the principal control on the process of UFA implementation, the agent commitment on the agreed contract and the amount of transaction costs.
Principal-Agent Relationship in Policy Implementation of the Use of Forest Area for Mining Activity, Indonesia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140303.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-06-26
© Science Publishing Group
Manifas Zubayr
Dudung Darusman
Bramasto Nugroho
Dodik Ridho Nurrochmat
Principal-Agent Relationship in Policy Implementation of the Use of Forest Area for Mining Activity, Indonesia
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188
2014-06-26
2014-06-26
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.17
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Mineral Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Yield and Nutrient Utilization of Bread Wheat (Tritcum aestivum) on the Sandy Soils of Hawzen District, Northern Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.18
On-farm field experiments were conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on yield, yield components, nutrients uptake and use efficiencies, protein content of bread wheat, residual soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability and economic return of fertilizer application. The locations of the experiments were in two nearby farmers' field at Hawzen district, Northern Ethiopia. Factorial combinations of five N levels (0, 46, 69, 92 and 138 kg N/ha) and four levels of P (0, 46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5/ha) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental Field 1 was relatively better in its soil fertility than experimental Field 2 especially in its phosphorus availability and cation exchange capacity (CEC). However, both fields were low in their total soil nitrogen content. Grain yield of wheat significantly increased by 46% and 15% in Field 1 and Field 2, respectively at nitrogen application rate of 46 kg N/ha than the control. Nitrogen fertilization increased straw yield significantly only in experimental Field 1. Phosphorus application at a rate of 46 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain and straw yields by 38 % and 46 %, respectively in Field 2 than control. It is also economical to apply phosphorus at this rate for such farmers’ field because the grain yield marginal rate of return was 179 %. Consistent results were observed on wheat nutrient uptakes and nutrient use efficiencies. Grain and straw yields of wheat were not significantly affected by the main effect of phosphorus application in Field 1. These results are consistent with the soil analysis result before planting where the soil phosphorus was found to be low in Field 1 and very low in Field 2. Previous management by the farmers may have influenced the soil fertility status. There were no interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus to affect wheat productivity and nutrient utilization in both fields. Future approach to soil fertility management should consider the past management history and should also be site specific based on soil fertility assessment. As a result, a combined application of 46 kg N/ha and 46 kg P2O5/ha are recommended to achieve sustainable bread wheat production on the sandy soils of Hawzen district. But in fields with higher initial soil phosphorus level, there is no need of applying phosphate fertilizer.
On-farm field experiments were conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on yield, yield components, nutrients uptake and use efficiencies, protein content of bread wheat, residual soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability and economic return of fertilizer application. The locations of the experiments were in two nearby farmers' field at Hawzen district, Northern Ethiopia. Factorial combinations of five N levels (0, 46, 69, 92 and 138 kg N/ha) and four levels of P (0, 46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5/ha) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental Field 1 was relatively better in its soil fertility than experimental Field 2 especially in its phosphorus availability and cation exchange capacity (CEC). However, both fields were low in their total soil nitrogen content. Grain yield of wheat significantly increased by 46% and 15% in Field 1 and Field 2, respectively at nitrogen application rate of 46 kg N/ha than the control. Nitrogen fertilization increased straw yield significantly only in experimental Field 1. Phosphorus application at a rate of 46 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain and straw yields by 38 % and 46 %, respectively in Field 2 than control. It is also economical to apply phosphorus at this rate for such farmers’ field because the grain yield marginal rate of return was 179 %. Consistent results were observed on wheat nutrient uptakes and nutrient use efficiencies. Grain and straw yields of wheat were not significantly affected by the main effect of phosphorus application in Field 1. These results are consistent with the soil analysis result before planting where the soil phosphorus was found to be low in Field 1 and very low in Field 2. Previous management by the farmers may have influenced the soil fertility status. There were no interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus to affect wheat productivity and nutrient utilization in both fields. Future approach to soil fertility management should consider the past management history and should also be site specific based on soil fertility assessment. As a result, a combined application of 46 kg N/ha and 46 kg P2O5/ha are recommended to achieve sustainable bread wheat production on the sandy soils of Hawzen district. But in fields with higher initial soil phosphorus level, there is no need of applying phosphate fertilizer.
Effects of Mineral Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Yield and Nutrient Utilization of Bread Wheat (Tritcum aestivum) on the Sandy Soils of Hawzen District, Northern Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140303.18
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Bereket Haileselassie
Dawit Habte
Mehretab Haileselassie
Gebremedhin Gebremeskel
Effects of Mineral Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Yield and Nutrient Utilization of Bread Wheat (Tritcum aestivum) on the Sandy Soils of Hawzen District, Northern Ethiopia
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3
198
198
2014-06-30
2014-06-30
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.18
© Science Publishing Group
Determination of Optimum Seed Rate for Productivity of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.), at Woito, Southern Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.19
A field experiment was undertaken at Woito, to determine the effect of seed rate on productivity of rice (Oryza Sativa L.), at Woito. The experiment was conducted with five levels of seed rate (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg ha-1). The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Phenological and growth parameters such as yield and yield components, total biomass and harvest index were studied. The result showed that all the phenological and growth parameters except panicle length per plant were significantly affected by the treatments. As the seed rate increased there was a proportional increment on the number of tillers per plant. Grain yield and total biomass were significantly affected by seed rate while 1000 seeds weight and harvest index were not influenced significantly by seed rate. The grain yield obtained from the seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 (5.0222 t ha-1) was higher by 66.81% compared to the seed rate of 80 kg ha-1 (1.6667 t ha-1). The noted total biomass yield advantage from the seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 (7.2875 t ha-1) was higher by 44.25% compared to the seed rate of 120 kg ha-1(4.0625 t ha-1). Therefore, it can be concluded from this result that the seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 is advisable and could be appropriate for rice production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.
A field experiment was undertaken at Woito, to determine the effect of seed rate on productivity of rice (Oryza Sativa L.), at Woito. The experiment was conducted with five levels of seed rate (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg ha-1). The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Phenological and growth parameters such as yield and yield components, total biomass and harvest index were studied. The result showed that all the phenological and growth parameters except panicle length per plant were significantly affected by the treatments. As the seed rate increased there was a proportional increment on the number of tillers per plant. Grain yield and total biomass were significantly affected by seed rate while 1000 seeds weight and harvest index were not influenced significantly by seed rate. The grain yield obtained from the seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 (5.0222 t ha-1) was higher by 66.81% compared to the seed rate of 80 kg ha-1 (1.6667 t ha-1). The noted total biomass yield advantage from the seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 (7.2875 t ha-1) was higher by 44.25% compared to the seed rate of 120 kg ha-1(4.0625 t ha-1). Therefore, it can be concluded from this result that the seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 is advisable and could be appropriate for rice production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.
Determination of Optimum Seed Rate for Productivity of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.), at Woito, Southern Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140303.19
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Tekle Yoseph
Tekle Yoseph
Determination of Optimum Seed Rate for Productivity of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.), at Woito, Southern Ethiopia
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3
202
202
2014-06-30
2014-06-30
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.19
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Drought Stress and Helium Neon (He-Ne) Laser Rays on Growth, Oil Yield and Fatty Acids Content in Caster Bean (Ricinus communis L.)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.20
Pot trail were carried out at greenhouse of National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of different irrigation intervals 5,10 and 15 days combined with two exposure time of He-Ne laser rays (0 and 5 min.) on the growth, oil yield and fatty acids constituents of Ricinus communis. Plant height, Stem diameter, leaves number leaf area, fresh and dry of leaves weight, as well as relative water content and osmotic potential (atm) were decreased by prolonging irrigation intervals. Carbohydrates % also showed a negative response by extending irrigation intervals. Helium neon (He-Ne) laser rays improved Caster bean growth and decreased osmotic potential followed by increasing relative water content and help plants to complete its life cycle. Palmitic acid is substantial component of the saturated fatty acids, while ricinoleic unsaturated fatty acids is the major one. The highest increment in both ricinoleic and hexacenoic acids was recorded by prolonging irrigation interval up to 10 days.
Pot trail were carried out at greenhouse of National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of different irrigation intervals 5,10 and 15 days combined with two exposure time of He-Ne laser rays (0 and 5 min.) on the growth, oil yield and fatty acids constituents of Ricinus communis. Plant height, Stem diameter, leaves number leaf area, fresh and dry of leaves weight, as well as relative water content and osmotic potential (atm) were decreased by prolonging irrigation intervals. Carbohydrates % also showed a negative response by extending irrigation intervals. Helium neon (He-Ne) laser rays improved Caster bean growth and decreased osmotic potential followed by increasing relative water content and help plants to complete its life cycle. Palmitic acid is substantial component of the saturated fatty acids, while ricinoleic unsaturated fatty acids is the major one. The highest increment in both ricinoleic and hexacenoic acids was recorded by prolonging irrigation interval up to 10 days.
Effect of Drought Stress and Helium Neon (He-Ne) Laser Rays on Growth, Oil Yield and Fatty Acids Content in Caster Bean (Ricinus communis L.)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140303.20
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-07-03
© Science Publishing Group
Sami Ali Metwally
Sharbat Leithy Meawad Mohamed
Bedour Helmy Abou-Leila
Mohammed Sayed Aly
Effect of Drought Stress and Helium Neon (He-Ne) Laser Rays on Growth, Oil Yield and Fatty Acids Content in Caster Bean (Ricinus communis L.)
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208
2014-07-03
2014-07-03
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140303.20
© Science Publishing Group
Predicting Growth and Yield Models for Eucalyptus Species in Aek Nauli, North Sumatera, Indonesia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.11
This study was conducted primarily to develop a yield prediction model for Eucalyptus spp plantations in Aek Nauli, North Sumatera, Indonesia as a contribution to sustain development and management of forest plantations. Data for growth and yield model were collected from the inventory and permanent sample plots (PSPs). The data in this study used 650 rhombic plots consisting of 106 PSPs and 544 inventory plots with several variations of plot size. Stands’ features referred to diameter, height, merchantable volume, age, species, spacing, site index, basal area, and density of Eucalyptus species. Models using initial age, specifically, model 2 was found consistently to be the best model in most Eucalyptus plantations. Among the models using initial and projection age, model 4 was the better one. Model 2 using original ages looks better than model 4 because of it is being more reliable and its sigmoid growth curve. Nonetheless, significant differences were noticed between different models for predicting the merchantable volume of Eucalyptus spp. Plantations. Growth and yield models can be used to identify the best growing species of Eucalyptus spp. E. hybrid is recommended for plantation in this study area because it had the highest of merchantable volume.
This study was conducted primarily to develop a yield prediction model for Eucalyptus spp plantations in Aek Nauli, North Sumatera, Indonesia as a contribution to sustain development and management of forest plantations. Data for growth and yield model were collected from the inventory and permanent sample plots (PSPs). The data in this study used 650 rhombic plots consisting of 106 PSPs and 544 inventory plots with several variations of plot size. Stands’ features referred to diameter, height, merchantable volume, age, species, spacing, site index, basal area, and density of Eucalyptus species. Models using initial age, specifically, model 2 was found consistently to be the best model in most Eucalyptus plantations. Among the models using initial and projection age, model 4 was the better one. Model 2 using original ages looks better than model 4 because of it is being more reliable and its sigmoid growth curve. Nonetheless, significant differences were noticed between different models for predicting the merchantable volume of Eucalyptus spp. Plantations. Growth and yield models can be used to identify the best growing species of Eucalyptus spp. E. hybrid is recommended for plantation in this study area because it had the highest of merchantable volume.
Predicting Growth and Yield Models for Eucalyptus Species in Aek Nauli, North Sumatera, Indonesia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-07-14
© Science Publishing Group
Siti Latifah
Teodoro Reyes Villanueva
Myrna Gregorio Carandang
Nathaniel Cena Bantayan
Leonardo M. Florece
Predicting Growth and Yield Models for Eucalyptus Species in Aek Nauli, North Sumatera, Indonesia
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2014-07-14
2014-07-14
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Most Important Factors Affecting Yield of the Eucalyptus Species
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.12
This study was conducted primarily to obtain factors affecting yield for forest plantation Eucalyptus spp in Aek Nauli, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The data in this study used 650 rhombic plots consisting of 106 PSPs and 544 inventory plots with several variations of plot size. Stands features referred to diameter, height, merchantable volume, age, species, spacing, site index, basal area, and density of Eucalyptus species. Geographical features referred to slope, elevation, rain fall and soil of the study area .The most important factors affecting yield of the E. hybrid, E. urophylla, and all Eucalyptus species are rainfall followed by soil group A while for E. grandis, E. pellita and mixed Eucalyptus are stand density, elevation, interaction site index and age, respectively.
This study was conducted primarily to obtain factors affecting yield for forest plantation Eucalyptus spp in Aek Nauli, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The data in this study used 650 rhombic plots consisting of 106 PSPs and 544 inventory plots with several variations of plot size. Stands features referred to diameter, height, merchantable volume, age, species, spacing, site index, basal area, and density of Eucalyptus species. Geographical features referred to slope, elevation, rain fall and soil of the study area .The most important factors affecting yield of the E. hybrid, E. urophylla, and all Eucalyptus species are rainfall followed by soil group A while for E. grandis, E. pellita and mixed Eucalyptus are stand density, elevation, interaction site index and age, respectively.
The Most Important Factors Affecting Yield of the Eucalyptus Species
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-07-18
© Science Publishing Group
Siti Latifah
Teodoro Reyes Villanueva
Myrna Gregorio Carandang
Nathaniel Cena Bantayan
Leonardo M. Florece
The Most Important Factors Affecting Yield of the Eucalyptus Species
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2014-07-18
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Forest Offence Types, Trends and Lapses: Case Study of the Nkawie Forest District of Ghana from 2005-2010
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.13
The documented analysis of the forest offences revealed eight forest offence types with prevalent cases being chainsaw milling, illegal logging and illegal farming. Between 2005 and 2010, the district recorded 121 offences with more offences occurring in the on-reserve areas than in the off-reserve areas. The timber species, which was most exploited illegally is Triplochiton scleroxylon (wawa), a scarlet star-rated species, which is under imminent economic threat. Analyses of the official records revealed lapses in record keeping since there are no references to the outcomes of most offences, especially those relating to cases under investigation by the Police and Regional Forest Services Division. A call for capacity development of the frontline staff of the Forest Services Division at the District levels is paramount especially in detecting, collecting, entering and analyzing forest offences cases and outcomes as well as training in forest investigation and incident management. Furthermore, equipping the district offices with the requisite technological equipment like computers and accessories, software and real-time Global Positioning System (GPS) trackers will enhance effective monitoring and data management of forest resources especially when Ghana is committed in ensuring timber legality under the Voluntary Partnership Agreement.
The documented analysis of the forest offences revealed eight forest offence types with prevalent cases being chainsaw milling, illegal logging and illegal farming. Between 2005 and 2010, the district recorded 121 offences with more offences occurring in the on-reserve areas than in the off-reserve areas. The timber species, which was most exploited illegally is Triplochiton scleroxylon (wawa), a scarlet star-rated species, which is under imminent economic threat. Analyses of the official records revealed lapses in record keeping since there are no references to the outcomes of most offences, especially those relating to cases under investigation by the Police and Regional Forest Services Division. A call for capacity development of the frontline staff of the Forest Services Division at the District levels is paramount especially in detecting, collecting, entering and analyzing forest offences cases and outcomes as well as training in forest investigation and incident management. Furthermore, equipping the district offices with the requisite technological equipment like computers and accessories, software and real-time Global Positioning System (GPS) trackers will enhance effective monitoring and data management of forest resources especially when Ghana is committed in ensuring timber legality under the Voluntary Partnership Agreement.
Forest Offence Types, Trends and Lapses: Case Study of the Nkawie Forest District of Ghana from 2005-2010
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-07-18
© Science Publishing Group
Mercy A. A. Derkyi
Ton Dietz
Forest Offence Types, Trends and Lapses: Case Study of the Nkawie Forest District of Ghana from 2005-2010
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2014-07-18
2014-07-18
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.13
© Science Publishing Group
Nutritional Evaluation of Varying Levels of Cooked Flamboyant Seed Meal (Delonix Regia) on the Growth Performance and Body Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Fingerlings
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.14
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion level of cooked Delonix regia seed meal (CDRM) in the practical diet of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings through their growth performance and nutrient utilization for 56 days. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain 35% crude protein and 9.5% lipid, CDRM was included at different varying inclusion levels viz: 0, 10, 15 and 20 and were designated as D1 (0 % inclusion), D2 (10 % inclusion), D3 (15 % inclusion) and D4 (20 % inclusion). Each treatment was allocated to three tanks of twenty O. niloticus per tank with initial mean weight of 1.18±0.10g. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the survival rate of all the treatments, D2 has the highest value in percentage weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, protein efficiency and protein retention, while D4 (20% inclusion) had the lowest value in all the growth parameters and feed utilization measured. However, there is no significant difference (P>0.05) between fish fed D3 (15% inclusion) and D1 (control: 0% inclusion). Proximate composition result revealed that increase in the inclusion level of cooked Delonix regia lead to an increase in carcass lipid content and a decrease in the moisture content of the fish fed experimental diet. The results indicate 10-15% inclusion of Delonix regia seed meal improved growth performance and nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia fingerlings.
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion level of cooked Delonix regia seed meal (CDRM) in the practical diet of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings through their growth performance and nutrient utilization for 56 days. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain 35% crude protein and 9.5% lipid, CDRM was included at different varying inclusion levels viz: 0, 10, 15 and 20 and were designated as D1 (0 % inclusion), D2 (10 % inclusion), D3 (15 % inclusion) and D4 (20 % inclusion). Each treatment was allocated to three tanks of twenty O. niloticus per tank with initial mean weight of 1.18±0.10g. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the survival rate of all the treatments, D2 has the highest value in percentage weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, protein efficiency and protein retention, while D4 (20% inclusion) had the lowest value in all the growth parameters and feed utilization measured. However, there is no significant difference (P>0.05) between fish fed D3 (15% inclusion) and D1 (control: 0% inclusion). Proximate composition result revealed that increase in the inclusion level of cooked Delonix regia lead to an increase in carcass lipid content and a decrease in the moisture content of the fish fed experimental diet. The results indicate 10-15% inclusion of Delonix regia seed meal improved growth performance and nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia fingerlings.
Nutritional Evaluation of Varying Levels of Cooked Flamboyant Seed Meal (Delonix Regia) on the Growth Performance and Body Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Fingerlings
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-07-31
© Science Publishing Group
Gabriel Gana Bake
Elizabeth Itunu Martins
Suleiman Omeiza Eku Sadiku
Nutritional Evaluation of Varying Levels of Cooked Flamboyant Seed Meal (Delonix Regia) on the Growth Performance and Body Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Fingerlings
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2014-07-31
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.14
© Science Publishing Group
Comparison and Relationship between Water Parameters and Abundance of Insects in Field and Irrigation System of Paddy Area of Sungai Burong, Tanjung Karang, Selangor, Malaysia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.16
Any disturbance that occurs in agro-ecosystem especially in alteration of water quality has significant effects towards the diversity and distribution of insects. Improper agronomic practices in plantation areas such as the extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides may cause the disturbance of water quality. Thus, affecting the diversity and distribution of the insect communities. Following to that, the intention of this study is to determine the effect of water parameter on abundance of beneficial insects in the paddy field of Sungai Burong at two seasons of sampling periods. Indeed, sampling was done in both paddy plots and drains. The measurement of water temperature, salinity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO in mg/L and %) was analyzed using YSI 550A Multi-parameter probe while the suspended solid, ammonia, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were analyzed in the laboratory. The results showed that there were relationships between all beneficial insects with water parameters. Moreover, the water temperature, DO, BOD and COD were good predictors for abundances of beneficial insects which were Anisoptera, Zygoptera, Gerridae and Coccinellidae. Therefore, it was recommended that all farmers maintain the quality of water in inlet, paddy plots and drains at the acceptable level thus, the abundance of beneficial insects can be increased, reducing the dependency on application of insecticides.
Any disturbance that occurs in agro-ecosystem especially in alteration of water quality has significant effects towards the diversity and distribution of insects. Improper agronomic practices in plantation areas such as the extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides may cause the disturbance of water quality. Thus, affecting the diversity and distribution of the insect communities. Following to that, the intention of this study is to determine the effect of water parameter on abundance of beneficial insects in the paddy field of Sungai Burong at two seasons of sampling periods. Indeed, sampling was done in both paddy plots and drains. The measurement of water temperature, salinity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO in mg/L and %) was analyzed using YSI 550A Multi-parameter probe while the suspended solid, ammonia, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were analyzed in the laboratory. The results showed that there were relationships between all beneficial insects with water parameters. Moreover, the water temperature, DO, BOD and COD were good predictors for abundances of beneficial insects which were Anisoptera, Zygoptera, Gerridae and Coccinellidae. Therefore, it was recommended that all farmers maintain the quality of water in inlet, paddy plots and drains at the acceptable level thus, the abundance of beneficial insects can be increased, reducing the dependency on application of insecticides.
Comparison and Relationship between Water Parameters and Abundance of Insects in Field and Irrigation System of Paddy Area of Sungai Burong, Tanjung Karang, Selangor, Malaysia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-08-17
© Science Publishing Group
Norazliza R.
Fauziah I.
Mohd Rasdi Z.
Fairuz K.
Ismail R.
Comparison and Relationship between Water Parameters and Abundance of Insects in Field and Irrigation System of Paddy Area of Sungai Burong, Tanjung Karang, Selangor, Malaysia
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256
256
2014-08-17
2014-08-17
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.16
© Science Publishing Group
Bioefficacy of Allium sativum (L.) Oil and Capsicum annum Miller (Chili Pepper) Fruit Powder Against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Infestation in Stored Cowpea Grains
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.17
The oil and fruit powder of Allium sativum Linn and Capsicum annum Miller (chili pepper) respectively and the combination of both were evaluated in the laboratory (30 - 35˚C and 60 - 65% RH) against the pulse beetle - Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) infestation of stored cowpea grains. The bioactivity of these plant materials on C. maculatus oviposition, adult (F1) emergence, developmental period, percentage grain damage and percentage adult mortality were assessed on two cowpea grain cultivars (Borno Brown and Borno White) admixed (singly and in combination) at the rates of 0.0% (control), 0.5/0.4%, 1/0.8%, 1.5/1.2% and 2/1.6% (wt/wt) concentration. Ten pairs or 35 adult beetles (zero to three days old) were introduced in each experimental jar for all the parameters tested. All tests were carried out in a complete randomized design (CRD) replicated four times, and data generated were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The number of eggs laid, number of adult beetles (F1) emerged and percentage grain damage significantly (P<0.05) reduced compared to the untreated control, whilst percentage adult mortality increased on treated cowpea grains of both Borno Brown and Borno White. The mean values of all the parameters were generally lower or higher at the highest test concentration, 2/1.6% (wt/wt), respectively. Progeny development of C. maculatus was significantly (P<0.05) longer on cowpea grains of both cultivars treated with A. sativum oil and A. sativum oil plus C. annum powder than on those treated with C. annum powder as well as untreated control. In summary, these results indicate the relatively high potential of A. sativum oil and A. sativum oil plus C. annum powder as cowpea grain protectants against C. maculatus infestation especially at higher rates over C. annum powder that proved less effective.
The oil and fruit powder of Allium sativum Linn and Capsicum annum Miller (chili pepper) respectively and the combination of both were evaluated in the laboratory (30 - 35˚C and 60 - 65% RH) against the pulse beetle - Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) infestation of stored cowpea grains. The bioactivity of these plant materials on C. maculatus oviposition, adult (F1) emergence, developmental period, percentage grain damage and percentage adult mortality were assessed on two cowpea grain cultivars (Borno Brown and Borno White) admixed (singly and in combination) at the rates of 0.0% (control), 0.5/0.4%, 1/0.8%, 1.5/1.2% and 2/1.6% (wt/wt) concentration. Ten pairs or 35 adult beetles (zero to three days old) were introduced in each experimental jar for all the parameters tested. All tests were carried out in a complete randomized design (CRD) replicated four times, and data generated were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The number of eggs laid, number of adult beetles (F1) emerged and percentage grain damage significantly (P<0.05) reduced compared to the untreated control, whilst percentage adult mortality increased on treated cowpea grains of both Borno Brown and Borno White. The mean values of all the parameters were generally lower or higher at the highest test concentration, 2/1.6% (wt/wt), respectively. Progeny development of C. maculatus was significantly (P<0.05) longer on cowpea grains of both cultivars treated with A. sativum oil and A. sativum oil plus C. annum powder than on those treated with C. annum powder as well as untreated control. In summary, these results indicate the relatively high potential of A. sativum oil and A. sativum oil plus C. annum powder as cowpea grain protectants against C. maculatus infestation especially at higher rates over C. annum powder that proved less effective.
Bioefficacy of Allium sativum (L.) Oil and Capsicum annum Miller (Chili Pepper) Fruit Powder Against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Infestation in Stored Cowpea Grains
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-08-22
© Science Publishing Group
Duna Madu Mailafiya
Fatima Mohammed Maina
Michael Mamman Degri
Habila Atirbau Sharah
Bioefficacy of Allium sativum (L.) Oil and Capsicum annum Miller (Chili Pepper) Fruit Powder Against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Infestation in Stored Cowpea Grains
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2014-08-22
2014-08-22
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.17
© Science Publishing Group
Decomposition Rate of Pigs’ Manures and Nutrient Release Pattern in Wetland Condition
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.19
Recent studies reported the important contribution of animal dejections as organic manure for crop production but, little is known on the decomposition rate and nutrient release pattern in wetland of the manure of pigs nourished with diet enriched with Azolla filiculoides. A litter bag study was carried out under full control during 6 weeks in pots containing 25 liters of tap water and 15g of pigs’ dejection in each decomposition bag. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of dejections of pigs nourished with : T1 (recommended diet composition) consisted of 15% Azolla + 55% provender + 5% coconut copra + 5% oil palm + 5% soybean bran + 10% rice bran + 5% kitchen waste ; T2 (partially improved diet with Azolla) consisted of 30% Azolla + 65% rice bran + 5% oil palm ; T3 (improved diet with Azolla) consisted of 47.5% Azolla + 47.5% rice bran + 5% oil palm; and T4 (improved diet with cereal bran) consisted of 15% Azolla + 40% rice bran + 40% wheat bran + 5% oil palm). Four pigs per diet were considered leading to 16 white landrace pigs of six months age. Decomposition rates in water were significantly (P < 0.05) fast during the first week and became very slow during the following weeks. After the six weeks of experiment, 58.2 % of manure from treatments T1 and T4 were decomposed against 47.2 % for T2 and T3. However, 40.1, 53.3, 67.4 and 57.1% of total N content in treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively were released. As consequence, manure from improved diet with Azolla (T3 and T2) are suggested for integrated rice and fish production system. Nevertheless, decomposition and nutrients (P, K, Ca and Mg) release patterns had significantly (P < 0.05) increased in water in treatments T1 and T4 compared with the two treatments containing more Azolla in the diet (T2 and T3).
Recent studies reported the important contribution of animal dejections as organic manure for crop production but, little is known on the decomposition rate and nutrient release pattern in wetland of the manure of pigs nourished with diet enriched with Azolla filiculoides. A litter bag study was carried out under full control during 6 weeks in pots containing 25 liters of tap water and 15g of pigs’ dejection in each decomposition bag. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of dejections of pigs nourished with : T1 (recommended diet composition) consisted of 15% Azolla + 55% provender + 5% coconut copra + 5% oil palm + 5% soybean bran + 10% rice bran + 5% kitchen waste ; T2 (partially improved diet with Azolla) consisted of 30% Azolla + 65% rice bran + 5% oil palm ; T3 (improved diet with Azolla) consisted of 47.5% Azolla + 47.5% rice bran + 5% oil palm; and T4 (improved diet with cereal bran) consisted of 15% Azolla + 40% rice bran + 40% wheat bran + 5% oil palm). Four pigs per diet were considered leading to 16 white landrace pigs of six months age. Decomposition rates in water were significantly (P < 0.05) fast during the first week and became very slow during the following weeks. After the six weeks of experiment, 58.2 % of manure from treatments T1 and T4 were decomposed against 47.2 % for T2 and T3. However, 40.1, 53.3, 67.4 and 57.1% of total N content in treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively were released. As consequence, manure from improved diet with Azolla (T3 and T2) are suggested for integrated rice and fish production system. Nevertheless, decomposition and nutrients (P, K, Ca and Mg) release patterns had significantly (P < 0.05) increased in water in treatments T1 and T4 compared with the two treatments containing more Azolla in the diet (T2 and T3).
Decomposition Rate of Pigs’ Manures and Nutrient Release Pattern in Wetland Condition
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.19
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-01
© Science Publishing Group
Bokossa Hervé Kouessivi Janvier
Saïdou Aliou
Fiogbé Emile Didier
Kossou Dansou
Decomposition Rate of Pigs’ Manures and Nutrient Release Pattern in Wetland Condition
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278
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2014-09-01
2014-09-01
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.19
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Wastewater Characteristics on Fish Quality from Integrated Wastewater Treatment System and Fish Farming in Urban Areas, Tanzania
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.21
Availability of suitable water is one of the most important limiting factors for development of sustainable aquaculture in the urban areas. As a consequence, the use of wastewater effluents for aquaculture is on the rise in developing countries, Tanzania being one of the implementing country; quality of fish from such environments becomes questionable for human consumption. Clarius gariepinus were raised in selected Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) at Moshi Municipal (Maturation two (M 2), four (M 4), six (M 6), fish pond (FP) and Lake Duluti (LD as Control site) for ninety days to investigate fish contamination (heavy metals and microbial) and body composition. Among all seven selected heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Mo, Cr, As, Zn and Pb) only four (Hg, Cd, Cr and Zn) were detected in analyzed fish and water samples, while (Pb, Mo and As) was below detection limits of X-Ray Fluorescence (Spectro xepos –EDXRF) analyzer. The results revealed that fish sample had higher concentration of detected metals than water samples from all treatments except for Hg of water sample from M2 and M4 was higher than fish sample and above the permissible limits by WHO. There was variation in crude protein and crude fat in analyzed fish samples from all treatments site. The fish reared in M4 contain higher percentage of crude protein (81.36) and crude fat (18.45) than other treatments. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in fish samples from all treatments with number of counts was within standards, while Salmonella spp was only present in M2. Results from this study reveals that with proper management, maturation ponds can be used for fish production but maturation two should be abandoned for fish farming due to high metals and microbial contamination. Public awareness on the dangers to which fish consumers from the site are exposed is highly suggested and purposeful mitigation measures of stopping all fishing activities in these sites is needed until further study on quality of indigenous fish accomplished.
Availability of suitable water is one of the most important limiting factors for development of sustainable aquaculture in the urban areas. As a consequence, the use of wastewater effluents for aquaculture is on the rise in developing countries, Tanzania being one of the implementing country; quality of fish from such environments becomes questionable for human consumption. Clarius gariepinus were raised in selected Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) at Moshi Municipal (Maturation two (M 2), four (M 4), six (M 6), fish pond (FP) and Lake Duluti (LD as Control site) for ninety days to investigate fish contamination (heavy metals and microbial) and body composition. Among all seven selected heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Mo, Cr, As, Zn and Pb) only four (Hg, Cd, Cr and Zn) were detected in analyzed fish and water samples, while (Pb, Mo and As) was below detection limits of X-Ray Fluorescence (Spectro xepos –EDXRF) analyzer. The results revealed that fish sample had higher concentration of detected metals than water samples from all treatments except for Hg of water sample from M2 and M4 was higher than fish sample and above the permissible limits by WHO. There was variation in crude protein and crude fat in analyzed fish samples from all treatments site. The fish reared in M4 contain higher percentage of crude protein (81.36) and crude fat (18.45) than other treatments. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in fish samples from all treatments with number of counts was within standards, while Salmonella spp was only present in M2. Results from this study reveals that with proper management, maturation ponds can be used for fish production but maturation two should be abandoned for fish farming due to high metals and microbial contamination. Public awareness on the dangers to which fish consumers from the site are exposed is highly suggested and purposeful mitigation measures of stopping all fishing activities in these sites is needed until further study on quality of indigenous fish accomplished.
Effects of Wastewater Characteristics on Fish Quality from Integrated Wastewater Treatment System and Fish Farming in Urban Areas, Tanzania
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.21
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-05
© Science Publishing Group
Ahamdi Habibu Mkali
Jasper Ijumba
Karoli Nicholas Njau
Effects of Wastewater Characteristics on Fish Quality from Integrated Wastewater Treatment System and Fish Farming in Urban Areas, Tanzania
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298
2014-09-05
2014-09-05
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.21
© Science Publishing Group
An Assessment of the Socio-Economic and Ecological Impacts of Environmental Changes on Rural Livelihood: A Study Across Addado, Buhodle and Northern Galkaayo of Central and Northern Somalia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.20
The international community has long recognized desertification as a significant global social, economic and environmental problem of concern with detrimental effects on the livelihoods of people in many countries world-wide. To explore this critique, this study examined local people’s views on the causes, effect and socio-economic impact of desertification and degradation to the community. The study involved a cross-sectional survey conducted with four community categories, namely nomadic pastoralist, agro-pastoralists, villagers and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), from Addado, Buhodle and northern Galkaayo of central and northern part of Somalia; through questionnaire-based interviews. Descriptive statistics attribute environmental changes to negative implications of human activities on the environment: the menace of which led to a decline in forage, current loss of biodiversity and the related changes in the environment, permanent migration, increased poverty and health problems. The startling results of this study conclusively demonstrate that the challenges involve proper interventions for tree planting against desertification as well as for community empowerment through public education and formation of community based environmental associations to coordinate the overall environmental management activities and to raise public awareness.
The international community has long recognized desertification as a significant global social, economic and environmental problem of concern with detrimental effects on the livelihoods of people in many countries world-wide. To explore this critique, this study examined local people’s views on the causes, effect and socio-economic impact of desertification and degradation to the community. The study involved a cross-sectional survey conducted with four community categories, namely nomadic pastoralist, agro-pastoralists, villagers and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), from Addado, Buhodle and northern Galkaayo of central and northern part of Somalia; through questionnaire-based interviews. Descriptive statistics attribute environmental changes to negative implications of human activities on the environment: the menace of which led to a decline in forage, current loss of biodiversity and the related changes in the environment, permanent migration, increased poverty and health problems. The startling results of this study conclusively demonstrate that the challenges involve proper interventions for tree planting against desertification as well as for community empowerment through public education and formation of community based environmental associations to coordinate the overall environmental management activities and to raise public awareness.
An Assessment of the Socio-Economic and Ecological Impacts of Environmental Changes on Rural Livelihood: A Study Across Addado, Buhodle and Northern Galkaayo of Central and Northern Somalia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.20
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-05
© Science Publishing Group
Badal Ahmed Hassan
Edinam K. Glover
Olavi Luukkanen
Ramni Jamnadass
Ben Chikamai
An Assessment of the Socio-Economic and Ecological Impacts of Environmental Changes on Rural Livelihood: A Study Across Addado, Buhodle and Northern Galkaayo of Central and Northern Somalia
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291
291
2014-09-05
2014-09-05
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.20
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Rules in Use the Formation of Committee Boundary (PTB) State Forest Area in Indonesia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.22
Forest area gazettment in Indonesia is done through the appointment process, boundary demarcation, mapping and determination of forest area. The process was organized by the Committee Boundary (PTB) with the involvement of several agencies in the area are coordinated by Forest Center for area stabilization (BPKH). This study analyzed the interaction of PTB in decision making and the effectiveness of the rules in-use the formation of PTB. Data were collected through in depth interviews, participant observation and document review, and then analyzed by using content analysis based IAD (Institutional Analysis and Development) Framework. The results show there has been a disparity in the interaction. Types of rules in-use the formation of PTB among others position rules, boundary rules, authority rules, agregation rules, information rules, scope rules, and pay-off rules have not been able to direct of interaction. The formation of PTB has not noticed the involvement of agencies setting, the setting position and authority, setting rights and obligations, and accountability arrangements. For improvements, the configuration of the seven types of rules that can be used because the results of the analysis showed that the seven types of rules that have found substantial weaknesses in the formation of PTB.
Forest area gazettment in Indonesia is done through the appointment process, boundary demarcation, mapping and determination of forest area. The process was organized by the Committee Boundary (PTB) with the involvement of several agencies in the area are coordinated by Forest Center for area stabilization (BPKH). This study analyzed the interaction of PTB in decision making and the effectiveness of the rules in-use the formation of PTB. Data were collected through in depth interviews, participant observation and document review, and then analyzed by using content analysis based IAD (Institutional Analysis and Development) Framework. The results show there has been a disparity in the interaction. Types of rules in-use the formation of PTB among others position rules, boundary rules, authority rules, agregation rules, information rules, scope rules, and pay-off rules have not been able to direct of interaction. The formation of PTB has not noticed the involvement of agencies setting, the setting position and authority, setting rights and obligations, and accountability arrangements. For improvements, the configuration of the seven types of rules that can be used because the results of the analysis showed that the seven types of rules that have found substantial weaknesses in the formation of PTB.
Analysis of Rules in Use the Formation of Committee Boundary (PTB) State Forest Area in Indonesia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.22
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-10
© Science Publishing Group
Pernando Sinabutar
Bramasto Nugroho
Hariadi Kartodihardjo
Dudung Darusman
Analysis of Rules in Use the Formation of Committee Boundary (PTB) State Forest Area in Indonesia
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306
306
2014-09-10
2014-09-10
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.22
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.22
© Science Publishing Group
The Role of Non-Wood Forest Products in Poverty Alleviation and Food Security in Urban Ghana
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.23
Non Wood Forest Product (NWFP) is as old as the existence of humans and has gained increasing importance. The study focused on processing NWFPs in urban Ghana with special reference to the bushmeat commodity chain that supplies the urban areas. It described the existing forms of bushmeat processing requirements and constraints. It also examined the contribution of bushmeat to poverty alleviation and food security through its use, processing and trade as a NWFP. Methods for data collection involved the use of qualitative research approach in form of selective case study approach. In line with this approach, the study used both participant observation combined with focus group discussion to collect information from a cross section of primary actors in the bushmeat trade. Results showed that processing bushmeat for sale vary from place to place. It is conveyed to the major markets either smoked or fresh. Those using bushmeat for medicinal purposes cut the meat into various parts and dry them for their clientele. Results also showed that bushmeat trading activities involve a chain of actors composed of hunters, wholesalers and chop bar owners/retailers. This livelihood activity contributes highly to food security and household incomes of actors of the trade.
Non Wood Forest Product (NWFP) is as old as the existence of humans and has gained increasing importance. The study focused on processing NWFPs in urban Ghana with special reference to the bushmeat commodity chain that supplies the urban areas. It described the existing forms of bushmeat processing requirements and constraints. It also examined the contribution of bushmeat to poverty alleviation and food security through its use, processing and trade as a NWFP. Methods for data collection involved the use of qualitative research approach in form of selective case study approach. In line with this approach, the study used both participant observation combined with focus group discussion to collect information from a cross section of primary actors in the bushmeat trade. Results showed that processing bushmeat for sale vary from place to place. It is conveyed to the major markets either smoked or fresh. Those using bushmeat for medicinal purposes cut the meat into various parts and dry them for their clientele. Results also showed that bushmeat trading activities involve a chain of actors composed of hunters, wholesalers and chop bar owners/retailers. This livelihood activity contributes highly to food security and household incomes of actors of the trade.
The Role of Non-Wood Forest Products in Poverty Alleviation and Food Security in Urban Ghana
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.23
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-16
© Science Publishing Group
Mawutor K. Glover
Edinam K. Glover
The Role of Non-Wood Forest Products in Poverty Alleviation and Food Security in Urban Ghana
3
4
312
312
2014-09-16
2014-09-16
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.23
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.23
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation and Future Options for Hillock Crop Production System in Lalmai Region of Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.24
Lalmai hillock area is emerging as one of the prominent vegetable growing areas of Bangladesh. The study was undertaken to evaluate the existing cropping patterns, economic analysis, identify general problems and develop future options for improving hillock crop production systems in the Lalmai hillock areas of Comilla region in Bangladesh. The study was concentrated in three villages of Lalmai hillock region of the Comilla district. Data were collected on 33 respondents of those three villages by interview schedule with the help of scientists as well as research personnel. The obtained findings indicated that most of the farmers practiced fallow-country bean cropping sequences on the top of hillock during kharif season. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) of the bottle gourd was observed higher than other existing crops. BCR of the cucumber, turmeric and long bean was observed almost similar. BCR of the existing cropping pattern per year in the study area was counted from the range of 1.43 to 1.95. BCR was found higher in the cropping pattern of fallow + bitter gourd + country bean than other existing cropping pattern of the study area. The lowest BCR was observed from the one crop per year. Unit production cost of the potato was lowest as compared to other crops. Vegetable cultivation with relay cropping method is the most economical viable cropping pattern. The consecutive crops are country bean + bottle gourd and country bean + matos and BCR was found 2.29 and 1.96, respectively. Overhead tank system tubewell and rainwater harvesting systems could be provided at the hillock areas for irrigation in order to increase the crop productivity. Drought resistance crops and crops requiring light irrigation are suggested for crop production of the hillock region during winter season. However, proper implementation of the crop production system may help to bring the positive changes in the economy of the country.
Lalmai hillock area is emerging as one of the prominent vegetable growing areas of Bangladesh. The study was undertaken to evaluate the existing cropping patterns, economic analysis, identify general problems and develop future options for improving hillock crop production systems in the Lalmai hillock areas of Comilla region in Bangladesh. The study was concentrated in three villages of Lalmai hillock region of the Comilla district. Data were collected on 33 respondents of those three villages by interview schedule with the help of scientists as well as research personnel. The obtained findings indicated that most of the farmers practiced fallow-country bean cropping sequences on the top of hillock during kharif season. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) of the bottle gourd was observed higher than other existing crops. BCR of the cucumber, turmeric and long bean was observed almost similar. BCR of the existing cropping pattern per year in the study area was counted from the range of 1.43 to 1.95. BCR was found higher in the cropping pattern of fallow + bitter gourd + country bean than other existing cropping pattern of the study area. The lowest BCR was observed from the one crop per year. Unit production cost of the potato was lowest as compared to other crops. Vegetable cultivation with relay cropping method is the most economical viable cropping pattern. The consecutive crops are country bean + bottle gourd and country bean + matos and BCR was found 2.29 and 1.96, respectively. Overhead tank system tubewell and rainwater harvesting systems could be provided at the hillock areas for irrigation in order to increase the crop productivity. Drought resistance crops and crops requiring light irrigation are suggested for crop production of the hillock region during winter season. However, proper implementation of the crop production system may help to bring the positive changes in the economy of the country.
Evaluation and Future Options for Hillock Crop Production System in Lalmai Region of Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.24
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-16
© Science Publishing Group
Khokan Kumer Sarker
Md. Ashraful Alam
Mohammad Kamrul Hasan
Mohammad Raziul Hassan Mondol
Evaluation and Future Options for Hillock Crop Production System in Lalmai Region of Bangladesh
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319
319
2014-09-16
2014-09-16
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.24
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.24
© Science Publishing Group
Wetland Management in Bangladesh: A Study on Beel Bakar
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.25
Being a riverine country, Bangladesh maintains a large volume of water by its different channels like river, canal, beel, haor, baor, lake and so on. Beel is one of the ancient types of water body in the context of Bangladesh. Among all the types of water bodies existing in Bangladesh, beel is obviously a fascinating one due to its biodiversity and ecological importance in local and national perspective as it contains and passes significant amount of water connecting with river channel which ultimately goes to the sea. The Beel Bakar is a small beel in the southern part of Jessore District of Bangladesh. This study initiated to reveal the existing situation of the aquatic biodiversity of the Beel Bakar along with identifying the past and present water management system, the socio economic aspect of the beel dependent fishermen and possible future steps. The study was carried out through mix group discussion, focus group discussion, key informants interview, direct observation and household survey. The study revealed that once this beel was rich in biodiversity and important for local fisheries. Though a considerable part of the beel and its floodplain is under gher culture, still there is scope to ensure protection and to enhance livelihoods of fisher community. In spite of the degradation of natural habitats of fishes, still 19 species of fishes were observed in the beel as well as some non fish organisms like snail, crab, mussel, frog, migratory and native birds. The study also found that excessive gher culture practice and possession of non fishermen over the water body are the main constrains of the beel. Most of the fishermen live in semi concrete house and vast majority of them have debt to bank or cooperatives. Experts and local fishermen both suggested ensuring the access of real fishermen in Beel Bakar and the Mukteswari River to improve their circumstances.
Being a riverine country, Bangladesh maintains a large volume of water by its different channels like river, canal, beel, haor, baor, lake and so on. Beel is one of the ancient types of water body in the context of Bangladesh. Among all the types of water bodies existing in Bangladesh, beel is obviously a fascinating one due to its biodiversity and ecological importance in local and national perspective as it contains and passes significant amount of water connecting with river channel which ultimately goes to the sea. The Beel Bakar is a small beel in the southern part of Jessore District of Bangladesh. This study initiated to reveal the existing situation of the aquatic biodiversity of the Beel Bakar along with identifying the past and present water management system, the socio economic aspect of the beel dependent fishermen and possible future steps. The study was carried out through mix group discussion, focus group discussion, key informants interview, direct observation and household survey. The study revealed that once this beel was rich in biodiversity and important for local fisheries. Though a considerable part of the beel and its floodplain is under gher culture, still there is scope to ensure protection and to enhance livelihoods of fisher community. In spite of the degradation of natural habitats of fishes, still 19 species of fishes were observed in the beel as well as some non fish organisms like snail, crab, mussel, frog, migratory and native birds. The study also found that excessive gher culture practice and possession of non fishermen over the water body are the main constrains of the beel. Most of the fishermen live in semi concrete house and vast majority of them have debt to bank or cooperatives. Experts and local fishermen both suggested ensuring the access of real fishermen in Beel Bakar and the Mukteswari River to improve their circumstances.
Wetland Management in Bangladesh: A Study on Beel Bakar
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.25
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-20
© Science Publishing Group
Shoumo Khondoker
Md. Lokman Hossain
Khondoker Azizul Hoque Moni
Wetland Management in Bangladesh: A Study on Beel Bakar
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4
328
328
2014-09-20
2014-09-20
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.25
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.25
© Science Publishing Group
Agro-Economic Performance of Crop Diversification in Rice Based Cropping Systems of Northwest Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.18
Among the winter (Rabi) crops, wheat is one of the most important temperature-sensitive crops and is the second most important grain crop after rice in Bangladesh. An experiment was conducted in research field of Wheat Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Dinajpur, Bangladesh with 5 different cropping patterns including wheat and transplanted (T) Aman rice, and a non-wheat cropping pattern started from Rabi of 2008-09 to Kharif II of 2012 to evaluate the agronomic and economic performance of the patterns in the light soil of northwestern part of Bangladesh. Wheat-Jute-T.Aman Rice cropping pattern gave comparable gross margin with higher benefit-cost ratio (BCR) but need lower total variable cost. Lower gross return and gross margin were obtained from cropping pattern Wheat-T.Aus Rice-T.Aman Rice. Cropping pattern Wheat-Mungbean-T.Aman Rice produced higher gross return and gross margin than the cropping pattern Wheat-T.Aus Rice-T.Aman Rice. Cropping pattern Potato-Wheat-Maize-T.Aman Rice produced higher wheat equivalent yield in all the 4 years. Cropping pattern Wheat-T.Aus Rice-T.Aman Rice produced lower wheat equivalent yield than other cropping patterns and also induced acidity rapidly. Cropping pattern Wheat-Mungbean-T.Aman Rice needed lowest cost but gave economic benefit with comparable BCR.
Among the winter (Rabi) crops, wheat is one of the most important temperature-sensitive crops and is the second most important grain crop after rice in Bangladesh. An experiment was conducted in research field of Wheat Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Dinajpur, Bangladesh with 5 different cropping patterns including wheat and transplanted (T) Aman rice, and a non-wheat cropping pattern started from Rabi of 2008-09 to Kharif II of 2012 to evaluate the agronomic and economic performance of the patterns in the light soil of northwestern part of Bangladesh. Wheat-Jute-T.Aman Rice cropping pattern gave comparable gross margin with higher benefit-cost ratio (BCR) but need lower total variable cost. Lower gross return and gross margin were obtained from cropping pattern Wheat-T.Aus Rice-T.Aman Rice. Cropping pattern Wheat-Mungbean-T.Aman Rice produced higher gross return and gross margin than the cropping pattern Wheat-T.Aus Rice-T.Aman Rice. Cropping pattern Potato-Wheat-Maize-T.Aman Rice produced higher wheat equivalent yield in all the 4 years. Cropping pattern Wheat-T.Aus Rice-T.Aman Rice produced lower wheat equivalent yield than other cropping patterns and also induced acidity rapidly. Cropping pattern Wheat-Mungbean-T.Aman Rice needed lowest cost but gave economic benefit with comparable BCR.
Agro-Economic Performance of Crop Diversification in Rice Based Cropping Systems of Northwest Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.18
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-08-24
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Abu Zaman Sarker
Md. Ashraful Alam
Akbar Hossain
Md. Abdul Mannaf
Agro-Economic Performance of Crop Diversification in Rice Based Cropping Systems of Northwest Bangladesh
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4
270
270
2014-08-24
2014-08-24
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.18
© Science Publishing Group
Strategies of Eco-Friendly Stimulant Use Policy in Perum Perhutani, Indonesia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.15
The use of strong acid H2SO4 stimulant (AN-ORGANIC) in effort to improve resin results in Perum Perhutani area is proved not safe for workers and the environment. On the other hand, eco-friendly stimulants such as ETRAT has been used in most areas of Perhutani and wood vinegar were developed. This research is aimed to identify strategies of eco-friendly stimulant use policies in tapping pine. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews to several informants consisting of tapper community, foreman, Ranger, Head of RPh, Head of KPH, Deputy head of KPH, NTFPs section chief, Head and deputy chief Production Unit. Selection of informants is carried out purposively that is derived from pine resin producing areas 3 largest in Perum Perhutani (KPH Banyumas West, KPH Kediri and KPH Sukabumi). The results showed that the strategy of eco-friendly stimulant use policies could be adopted by Perhutani with four strategies: 1) Increase the use of eco-friendly stimulant by utilizing eco-friendly wood vinegar-based stimulant produced by Perhutani; 2) Implement eco-friendly wood vinegar-based stimulant produced by Perhutani to press the price of an expensive eco-friendly stimulant; 3) Increase the use of eco-friendly and safer stimulant innovation to convince Perhutani so that eco-friendly stimulant can be accepted and used extensively; and 4) Press eco-friendly stimulant prices through innovations that could be accepted usage in Perhutani thoroughly.
The use of strong acid H2SO4 stimulant (AN-ORGANIC) in effort to improve resin results in Perum Perhutani area is proved not safe for workers and the environment. On the other hand, eco-friendly stimulants such as ETRAT has been used in most areas of Perhutani and wood vinegar were developed. This research is aimed to identify strategies of eco-friendly stimulant use policies in tapping pine. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews to several informants consisting of tapper community, foreman, Ranger, Head of RPh, Head of KPH, Deputy head of KPH, NTFPs section chief, Head and deputy chief Production Unit. Selection of informants is carried out purposively that is derived from pine resin producing areas 3 largest in Perum Perhutani (KPH Banyumas West, KPH Kediri and KPH Sukabumi). The results showed that the strategy of eco-friendly stimulant use policies could be adopted by Perhutani with four strategies: 1) Increase the use of eco-friendly stimulant by utilizing eco-friendly wood vinegar-based stimulant produced by Perhutani; 2) Implement eco-friendly wood vinegar-based stimulant produced by Perhutani to press the price of an expensive eco-friendly stimulant; 3) Increase the use of eco-friendly and safer stimulant innovation to convince Perhutani so that eco-friendly stimulant can be accepted and used extensively; and 4) Press eco-friendly stimulant prices through innovations that could be accepted usage in Perhutani thoroughly.
Strategies of Eco-Friendly Stimulant Use Policy in Perum Perhutani, Indonesia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140304.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-08-17
© Science Publishing Group
Sukadaryati
Strategies of Eco-Friendly Stimulant Use Policy in Perum Perhutani, Indonesia
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4
248
248
2014-08-17
2014-08-17
10.11648/j.aff.20140304.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140304.15
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Effluent Discharge in to Natural Forest in Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.11
Natural forest resources like Sundarbans mangroves in Asia including Bangladesh, India, and East Africa previously contained a much fuller range of species (Seidensticker, and Hai, 1983; Khan, 1997). In the Southeast Asian region, species diversity of mangroves was previously much higher, where approximately two-thirds of all species and 70% of the major vegetation types with 15% of terrestrial species in the Bangladesh-India-Malayan realm have already been destroyed (Ellison, 1998, 2000). Despite this designation, this natural forest resources (Sundarbans) in Bangladesh has been facing tremendous problems, including that of dieback (top-dying), shrimp farming, human destructions, deforestations, illicit fellings, miss-management of the main tree species (Heritiera fomes) which is affecting millions of trees (Awal, 2007). The cause of this dieback is still not well understood unknown. The present work has investigated one of the possible factors that might be causing this top-dying, namely the concentrations of various chemical elements present in the sediments, particularly heavy metals, though other chemical parameters such as the pH, salinity, moisture content of the sediment and nutrient status were also assessed. A questionnaire survey was conducted among different groups of people inside and outside of Sundarbans to explore local perceptions as to the possible causes of top dying. This confirmed the increase in top-dying prevalence (Awal, 2007). Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focusing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible. Other factors such as the pH, salinity and nutrient status were also assessed. The vegetation structure was assessed in terms of tree height, bole diameter, species present, and regeneration status; and the intensity of top-dying within the plots was recorded on a rank scale. Most of the elements studied had no significant correlation with the top dying of Heritiera fomes. However, Sn, Exchangeable K, and soil pH were significantly related, and three elements, namely Pb, Zn, Ni, were also close to significance. Sn concentration is negatively associated with top dying. Soil pH varied significantly in the different plots. Exchangeable K was positively associated with the tree diameter whether the top dying was severe or mild (Awal, 2007).
Natural forest resources like Sundarbans mangroves in Asia including Bangladesh, India, and East Africa previously contained a much fuller range of species (Seidensticker, and Hai, 1983; Khan, 1997). In the Southeast Asian region, species diversity of mangroves was previously much higher, where approximately two-thirds of all species and 70% of the major vegetation types with 15% of terrestrial species in the Bangladesh-India-Malayan realm have already been destroyed (Ellison, 1998, 2000). Despite this designation, this natural forest resources (Sundarbans) in Bangladesh has been facing tremendous problems, including that of dieback (top-dying), shrimp farming, human destructions, deforestations, illicit fellings, miss-management of the main tree species (Heritiera fomes) which is affecting millions of trees (Awal, 2007). The cause of this dieback is still not well understood unknown. The present work has investigated one of the possible factors that might be causing this top-dying, namely the concentrations of various chemical elements present in the sediments, particularly heavy metals, though other chemical parameters such as the pH, salinity, moisture content of the sediment and nutrient status were also assessed. A questionnaire survey was conducted among different groups of people inside and outside of Sundarbans to explore local perceptions as to the possible causes of top dying. This confirmed the increase in top-dying prevalence (Awal, 2007). Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focusing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible. Other factors such as the pH, salinity and nutrient status were also assessed. The vegetation structure was assessed in terms of tree height, bole diameter, species present, and regeneration status; and the intensity of top-dying within the plots was recorded on a rank scale. Most of the elements studied had no significant correlation with the top dying of Heritiera fomes. However, Sn, Exchangeable K, and soil pH were significantly related, and three elements, namely Pb, Zn, Ni, were also close to significance. Sn concentration is negatively associated with top dying. Soil pH varied significantly in the different plots. Exchangeable K was positively associated with the tree diameter whether the top dying was severe or mild (Awal, 2007).
Analysis of Effluent Discharge in to Natural Forest in Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-20
© Science Publishing Group
Awal, Mohd Abdul
Analysis of Effluent Discharge in to Natural Forest in Bangladesh
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5
340
340
2014-09-20
2014-09-20
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.11
© Science Publishing Group
Virtual Water and Food Security in Tunisian Semi-Arid Region
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.12
To confront water scarcity and support food security, the concept of virtual water is used. As defined by Allan (1997) virtual water is “the water embedded in key water-intensive commodities such as wheat” or “the water required for the production of commodities”. The importance of this concept is related to its potential contribution for saving water, especially in water short regions like Tunisia. This research study tries to evaluate the strategic importance of polluted or gray water, which is a component of virtual water. Reduction of virtual water for strategic agricultural products can be obtained by the gray water reduction. The latter is defined as “water required diluting polluted water to reach the normalized quality, different with countries”. Water pollution is especially related to use of chemical products (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) for some crops like vegetables. Besides having a lower opportunity cost, the use of green water for crop production has generally less negative environmental externalities than the use of blue water (irrigation with water abstracted from ground or surface water systems). Tunisia exports some crops and gray water volumes in exports have rarely been estimated. Thus, estimation of gray water plays a role in ensuring water and water-dependent food security and avoiding further potential damage to the water environments in both importing and exporting countries. In this context, Tunisian semi-arid region is chosen because the presence of a long period of dry and shiny, occurring after a cold and rainy one, useful for vegetables crops and family food security. The aim of this study is to present: Methodologies which can be used to reduce virtual water for some strategic vegetables crops in Tunisian semi-arid region, based on irrigation techniques improvements and the control of runoff and leaching water; Resources management practices that can be used to improve family income, especially women and children and target food security.
To confront water scarcity and support food security, the concept of virtual water is used. As defined by Allan (1997) virtual water is “the water embedded in key water-intensive commodities such as wheat” or “the water required for the production of commodities”. The importance of this concept is related to its potential contribution for saving water, especially in water short regions like Tunisia. This research study tries to evaluate the strategic importance of polluted or gray water, which is a component of virtual water. Reduction of virtual water for strategic agricultural products can be obtained by the gray water reduction. The latter is defined as “water required diluting polluted water to reach the normalized quality, different with countries”. Water pollution is especially related to use of chemical products (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) for some crops like vegetables. Besides having a lower opportunity cost, the use of green water for crop production has generally less negative environmental externalities than the use of blue water (irrigation with water abstracted from ground or surface water systems). Tunisia exports some crops and gray water volumes in exports have rarely been estimated. Thus, estimation of gray water plays a role in ensuring water and water-dependent food security and avoiding further potential damage to the water environments in both importing and exporting countries. In this context, Tunisian semi-arid region is chosen because the presence of a long period of dry and shiny, occurring after a cold and rainy one, useful for vegetables crops and family food security. The aim of this study is to present: Methodologies which can be used to reduce virtual water for some strategic vegetables crops in Tunisian semi-arid region, based on irrigation techniques improvements and the control of runoff and leaching water; Resources management practices that can be used to improve family income, especially women and children and target food security.
Virtual Water and Food Security in Tunisian Semi-Arid Region
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-23
© Science Publishing Group
Lamia Lajili-Ghezal
Talel Stambouli
Marwa Weslati
Asma Souissi
Virtual Water and Food Security in Tunisian Semi-Arid Region
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5
345
345
2014-09-23
2014-09-23
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus Isolates in the Control of Chickpea Wilt Pathogens
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.13
Dual experiments were carried out in 2007 at the laboratories of the National Center of Research, to test the antagonistic efficacy of three Trichoderma spp and 23 Bacillus isolates, for the control of chickpea wilt and root- rot pathogens: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and F. solani adopting CRD. Trichoderma harzianum was found highly antagonistic compared to Trichoderma viride isolates as it inhibited the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and F. solani by 85.29% and 86.21% after 12 days of in-vitro incubation, whereas T. viride (isolate Tv1) gave an inhibition percentage of 81.88% and 76.64%. Antagonistic hyphae of T. harzianum showed parasitic behavior against Fusarium spp. The parasite reached and recognized F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris by coiling around the hyphae of the pathogen and disintegrating the hyphae and spores. Only 17 out of 23 Bacillus isolates from 130 colonies of bacteria screened showed significantly antagonistic properties against wilt pathogens. Only B3, B16, B2, B15and B20 proved to be the most effective among the rest of isolates and were considered strongly antagonistic against F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and F. solani in-vitro, with an inhibition percentage range of 57.57% - 64.65%. The management of Chickpea root/rot wilt complex disease incited by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and F. solani could be achieved successively by the use of bioagents derived from various fungal and bacterial isolates.
Dual experiments were carried out in 2007 at the laboratories of the National Center of Research, to test the antagonistic efficacy of three Trichoderma spp and 23 Bacillus isolates, for the control of chickpea wilt and root- rot pathogens: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and F. solani adopting CRD. Trichoderma harzianum was found highly antagonistic compared to Trichoderma viride isolates as it inhibited the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and F. solani by 85.29% and 86.21% after 12 days of in-vitro incubation, whereas T. viride (isolate Tv1) gave an inhibition percentage of 81.88% and 76.64%. Antagonistic hyphae of T. harzianum showed parasitic behavior against Fusarium spp. The parasite reached and recognized F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris by coiling around the hyphae of the pathogen and disintegrating the hyphae and spores. Only 17 out of 23 Bacillus isolates from 130 colonies of bacteria screened showed significantly antagonistic properties against wilt pathogens. Only B3, B16, B2, B15and B20 proved to be the most effective among the rest of isolates and were considered strongly antagonistic against F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and F. solani in-vitro, with an inhibition percentage range of 57.57% - 64.65%. The management of Chickpea root/rot wilt complex disease incited by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and F. solani could be achieved successively by the use of bioagents derived from various fungal and bacterial isolates.
The Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus Isolates in the Control of Chickpea Wilt Pathogens
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-27
© Science Publishing Group
Hanan Ibrahim Mudawi
Mohamed Osman Idris
The Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus Isolates in the Control of Chickpea Wilt Pathogens
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351
351
2014-09-27
2014-09-27
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.13
© Science Publishing Group
Human-Wildlife Conflicts: Case Study in Wondo Genet District, Southern Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.14
The purpose of this research was to identify the type of human- wildlife conflicts and wild mammals that cause the conflict, determine the extent of damage and to provide a better understanding of the causes of human-wildlife conflict in Wondo Genet district. The study was carried out from December 2013 to June 2013. Four sample areas were selected to collect data on human-wildlife conflict; Gotu, Wosha Soyoma and Wethera Kechema villages and Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources. Data were collected using questionnaires, one to one interviews, observations and cross checking of crop loss using quadrants in selected crop lands, reviewing of literature, and was later analyzed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the target population comprised the households living in sampled areas, local administrators and staffs who lived within Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources. The study established that crop damages, livestock killing, human disruption and property destruction were some of the mostly reported damages. The results of the study further indicated that animal species most involved in HWC were warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), bush pig (Potamochoerus larvatus), vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), Olive baboon (Papio anubis), porcupine (Hystrix cristata), Giant mole rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus) and African civet (Civettictis civetta). They were involved mostly in crop raiding/ damage. Most raided crops were maize (Zea mays), sugar cane (Saccharum africanum) and Enset (Ensete ventricosum). Over 75% of the population of Wondo Genet district was affected by crop raiders. Therefore, conservation education is paramount, coherent land use plans should be emphasized to determine where certain crops can be grown.
The purpose of this research was to identify the type of human- wildlife conflicts and wild mammals that cause the conflict, determine the extent of damage and to provide a better understanding of the causes of human-wildlife conflict in Wondo Genet district. The study was carried out from December 2013 to June 2013. Four sample areas were selected to collect data on human-wildlife conflict; Gotu, Wosha Soyoma and Wethera Kechema villages and Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources. Data were collected using questionnaires, one to one interviews, observations and cross checking of crop loss using quadrants in selected crop lands, reviewing of literature, and was later analyzed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the target population comprised the households living in sampled areas, local administrators and staffs who lived within Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources. The study established that crop damages, livestock killing, human disruption and property destruction were some of the mostly reported damages. The results of the study further indicated that animal species most involved in HWC were warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), bush pig (Potamochoerus larvatus), vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), Olive baboon (Papio anubis), porcupine (Hystrix cristata), Giant mole rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus) and African civet (Civettictis civetta). They were involved mostly in crop raiding/ damage. Most raided crops were maize (Zea mays), sugar cane (Saccharum africanum) and Enset (Ensete ventricosum). Over 75% of the population of Wondo Genet district was affected by crop raiders. Therefore, conservation education is paramount, coherent land use plans should be emphasized to determine where certain crops can be grown.
Human-Wildlife Conflicts: Case Study in Wondo Genet District, Southern Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-30
© Science Publishing Group
Muluken Mekuyie Fenta
Human-Wildlife Conflicts: Case Study in Wondo Genet District, Southern Ethiopia
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362
362
2014-09-30
2014-09-30
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.14
© Science Publishing Group
Recent Increased Incidences of Potato Late Blight on the Jos Plateau: A Case for Intercropping
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.15
Potato cultivation on the Jos Plateau is a multi-Billion Naira enterprise which is on the very brink of collapse due to upsurge in the incidences and severity of late blight a disease caused by Phytophtora infestans (Mont) DeBary. This paper highlighted the scope of the spread of this scourge by assessing the magnitude of loses due to the disease in four zones of the potato growing region of the Jos Plateau- Bokkos, Ampang, Heipang and Vwang. The production parameters studied were the land area under potato, average yield, proportion of potato produced through sole/mono cropping, severity of the late blight epidemic and the level of adaptation of the new varieties imported from Europe the Americas and Australia. The results revealed that Bokkos was the most important potato growing area in terms of total land area, adoption of new planting materials, and sole/mono cropping system of production. The incidences and severity of the potato late blight was most serious in Bokkos, followed by Ampang, Heipang and Vwang in that order. The average yield of potato tubers (kg/ha) was highest in Ampang and least in Heipang. A brief view of the weather reports from these areas shows erratic patterns of rainfall and rise in temperature which may be attributed to the general climate change. A major trend observed in the weather report is the increase in early rainfall (March-April) which farmers tend to explore for early planting with severe consequences. The increasing tendency to adopt mono cropping by out growers for the multinational seed and other Agro-based companies was highlighted and the attendant risks involved while making a case for mixed/inter cropping. Other benefits suggested for inter cropping were higher resource use efficiencies, security against total crop lost, reduction in the use of pesticides to control diseases and pests as well as favorable environmental effects like shading, erosion control and suppressing weeds.
Potato cultivation on the Jos Plateau is a multi-Billion Naira enterprise which is on the very brink of collapse due to upsurge in the incidences and severity of late blight a disease caused by Phytophtora infestans (Mont) DeBary. This paper highlighted the scope of the spread of this scourge by assessing the magnitude of loses due to the disease in four zones of the potato growing region of the Jos Plateau- Bokkos, Ampang, Heipang and Vwang. The production parameters studied were the land area under potato, average yield, proportion of potato produced through sole/mono cropping, severity of the late blight epidemic and the level of adaptation of the new varieties imported from Europe the Americas and Australia. The results revealed that Bokkos was the most important potato growing area in terms of total land area, adoption of new planting materials, and sole/mono cropping system of production. The incidences and severity of the potato late blight was most serious in Bokkos, followed by Ampang, Heipang and Vwang in that order. The average yield of potato tubers (kg/ha) was highest in Ampang and least in Heipang. A brief view of the weather reports from these areas shows erratic patterns of rainfall and rise in temperature which may be attributed to the general climate change. A major trend observed in the weather report is the increase in early rainfall (March-April) which farmers tend to explore for early planting with severe consequences. The increasing tendency to adopt mono cropping by out growers for the multinational seed and other Agro-based companies was highlighted and the attendant risks involved while making a case for mixed/inter cropping. Other benefits suggested for inter cropping were higher resource use efficiencies, security against total crop lost, reduction in the use of pesticides to control diseases and pests as well as favorable environmental effects like shading, erosion control and suppressing weeds.
Recent Increased Incidences of Potato Late Blight on the Jos Plateau: A Case for Intercropping
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-30
© Science Publishing Group
Chuwang Pam Zang
Recent Increased Incidences of Potato Late Blight on the Jos Plateau: A Case for Intercropping
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367
367
2014-09-30
2014-09-30
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.15
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Plant Spacing on the Yield and Yield Component of Field Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) at Adet, North Western Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.16
Field pea is an important low-input break crops throughout the highlands of Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted on effect of spacing on the yield and yield component of field pea cultivars (pisum sativum L.) in 2012-213 cropping season at Adet Agricultural research station. Three intra row spacing’s (5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm) and two inter row spacing (20 cm and 25 cm) were evaluated using two released varieties, Sefinesh and Megeri on a plot size of 5 m x 5m (25 m2). The experimental design was a completely randomized block with 12 treatments in three replications. JMP-5 (SAS) software was used to compute the analysis of variance, correlation and regression analyses. Main effects of variety and intra row spacing had significant effect (P<0.05) on plant height, number of seeds per pod, seed yield while inter row spacing did not affect all examined attributes. The overall highest seed yield was recorded when Sefinesh was planted in 15 cm intra row spacing followed by Megeri in 5cm intra row spacing. The experiment revealed that average yield of Megeri increased when intra row spacing decreased. The reverse is true for Sefinesh. Similarly, increasing the intra row spacing revealed a peak seed yield at approximately 15 cm intra row spacing in Sefinsh. More importantly, increase in inter and intra row spacing together leads to increase and decrease the seed yield of Sefinesh and Megeri, respectively. Hence, 25 cm inter row with 15 cm intra row and 20 cm inter row with 5 cm intra row spacing, respectively gave the highest mean seed yield, and thereby increase the productivity of filed pea cultivars in West Gojam, but the experiment should be tested under small scale farmers’ conditions.
Field pea is an important low-input break crops throughout the highlands of Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted on effect of spacing on the yield and yield component of field pea cultivars (pisum sativum L.) in 2012-213 cropping season at Adet Agricultural research station. Three intra row spacing’s (5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm) and two inter row spacing (20 cm and 25 cm) were evaluated using two released varieties, Sefinesh and Megeri on a plot size of 5 m x 5m (25 m2). The experimental design was a completely randomized block with 12 treatments in three replications. JMP-5 (SAS) software was used to compute the analysis of variance, correlation and regression analyses. Main effects of variety and intra row spacing had significant effect (P<0.05) on plant height, number of seeds per pod, seed yield while inter row spacing did not affect all examined attributes. The overall highest seed yield was recorded when Sefinesh was planted in 15 cm intra row spacing followed by Megeri in 5cm intra row spacing. The experiment revealed that average yield of Megeri increased when intra row spacing decreased. The reverse is true for Sefinesh. Similarly, increasing the intra row spacing revealed a peak seed yield at approximately 15 cm intra row spacing in Sefinsh. More importantly, increase in inter and intra row spacing together leads to increase and decrease the seed yield of Sefinesh and Megeri, respectively. Hence, 25 cm inter row with 15 cm intra row and 20 cm inter row with 5 cm intra row spacing, respectively gave the highest mean seed yield, and thereby increase the productivity of filed pea cultivars in West Gojam, but the experiment should be tested under small scale farmers’ conditions.
Effect of Plant Spacing on the Yield and Yield Component of Field Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) at Adet, North Western Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-10-09
© Science Publishing Group
Yayeh Bitew
Fekremariam Asargew
Oumer Beshir
Effect of Plant Spacing on the Yield and Yield Component of Field Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) at Adet, North Western Ethiopia
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373
373
2014-10-09
2014-10-09
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.16
© Science Publishing Group
Comparison of Different Fertilizer Management Practices on Rice Growth and Yield in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.17
Nutrient management is critical in increasing and sustaining rice yield. A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of inorganic fertilizer (IF), poultry manure (PM) and their combinations on rice yield and possible residual effects. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used and the trial was conducted on a Gleysol. In 2011 SPAD values for IF and PM/ IF combinations (except 2.0 t/ha PM + 22.5-15-15 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha) were significantly higher in the sixth week onwards than PM. Number of panicles/plant and number of panicles m2 were significantly higher for 90-60-60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha and 2.0 t/ha PM + 22.5-15-15 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha than 6.0 and 4.0 t/ha PM resulting in significantly higher grain yield. Grain yield of IF was similar to grain yield of PM/IF combinations. In 2012 the residual effects showed a significantly higher SPAD value for the 6.0 t/ha PM. Also 6.0 t/ha PM, 4.0 t/ha PM and 4.0 t/ha PM + 30 kg N/ha had significantly high number of panicles/plant and number of panicles/m2 than IF. Residual effect of PM applied at 4.0 t/ha and above gave significantly higher grain yield than IF. Mean grain yield for the three years showed that 4.0 t/ha PM + 30 kg N/ha and 2.0 t/ha PM + 22.5-15-15 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha gave significantly higher yields than the other treatments. The results indicate that integrating IF and PM is a better option in increasing and sustaining rice production.
Nutrient management is critical in increasing and sustaining rice yield. A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of inorganic fertilizer (IF), poultry manure (PM) and their combinations on rice yield and possible residual effects. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used and the trial was conducted on a Gleysol. In 2011 SPAD values for IF and PM/ IF combinations (except 2.0 t/ha PM + 22.5-15-15 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha) were significantly higher in the sixth week onwards than PM. Number of panicles/plant and number of panicles m2 were significantly higher for 90-60-60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha and 2.0 t/ha PM + 22.5-15-15 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha than 6.0 and 4.0 t/ha PM resulting in significantly higher grain yield. Grain yield of IF was similar to grain yield of PM/IF combinations. In 2012 the residual effects showed a significantly higher SPAD value for the 6.0 t/ha PM. Also 6.0 t/ha PM, 4.0 t/ha PM and 4.0 t/ha PM + 30 kg N/ha had significantly high number of panicles/plant and number of panicles/m2 than IF. Residual effect of PM applied at 4.0 t/ha and above gave significantly higher grain yield than IF. Mean grain yield for the three years showed that 4.0 t/ha PM + 30 kg N/ha and 2.0 t/ha PM + 22.5-15-15 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha gave significantly higher yields than the other treatments. The results indicate that integrating IF and PM is a better option in increasing and sustaining rice production.
Comparison of Different Fertilizer Management Practices on Rice Growth and Yield in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-10-15
© Science Publishing Group
Roland Nuhu Issaka
Moro Mohammed Buri
Satoshi Nakamura
Satoshi Tobita
Comparison of Different Fertilizer Management Practices on Rice Growth and Yield in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
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5
379
379
2014-10-15
2014-10-15
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.17
© Science Publishing Group
Investigating the Role of Apiculture in Watershed Management and Income Improvement in Galessa Protected Area, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.18
Beekeeping gives local people economic incentive for the preservation of natural habitats and is an ideal activity in watershed conservation program. The study was designed to assess and demonstrate the contribution of improved beekeeping for income generation and sustainable watershed management in Galessa protected area. For this purpose households were purposively selected based on their interest in beekeeping, experience in traditional beekeeping and proximity of residence to watershed areas. Training on beekeeping and integrations of beekeeping with watershed management were provided. Data of honey yield, bee plants, and annual income obtained from honey and field crops before and after improved beekeeping intervention were collected. Accordingly, the mean annual honey yield, income obtained from honey sales, bee forage planting practice and number of transitional hives owned by the beekeepers are significantly different between the sample households (P<0.05) before and after intermediate beekeeping intervention but the number of traditional hives owned was not significantly different between the household . The total honey yield has increased almost by two fold and the annual revenue increased by 6.5 folds. Therefore integration of intermediate beekeeping technology with conservation of watershed can enhance the income of household and encourages planting of bee forages which directly contributes for sustainable watershed managements. Thus demonstration and scaling up improved beekeeping technology should be promoted for sustainable watershed rehabilitation and to diversify the household income.
Beekeeping gives local people economic incentive for the preservation of natural habitats and is an ideal activity in watershed conservation program. The study was designed to assess and demonstrate the contribution of improved beekeeping for income generation and sustainable watershed management in Galessa protected area. For this purpose households were purposively selected based on their interest in beekeeping, experience in traditional beekeeping and proximity of residence to watershed areas. Training on beekeeping and integrations of beekeeping with watershed management were provided. Data of honey yield, bee plants, and annual income obtained from honey and field crops before and after improved beekeeping intervention were collected. Accordingly, the mean annual honey yield, income obtained from honey sales, bee forage planting practice and number of transitional hives owned by the beekeepers are significantly different between the sample households (P<0.05) before and after intermediate beekeeping intervention but the number of traditional hives owned was not significantly different between the household . The total honey yield has increased almost by two fold and the annual revenue increased by 6.5 folds. Therefore integration of intermediate beekeeping technology with conservation of watershed can enhance the income of household and encourages planting of bee forages which directly contributes for sustainable watershed managements. Thus demonstration and scaling up improved beekeeping technology should be promoted for sustainable watershed rehabilitation and to diversify the household income.
Investigating the Role of Apiculture in Watershed Management and Income Improvement in Galessa Protected Area, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.18
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-10-23
© Science Publishing Group
Tura Bareke Kifle
Kibebew Wakjira Hora
Admassu Addi Merti
Investigating the Role of Apiculture in Watershed Management and Income Improvement in Galessa Protected Area, Ethiopia
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5
385
385
2014-10-23
2014-10-23
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.18
© Science Publishing Group
Screening of Potential Herbaceous Honey Plants for Beekeeping Development
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.19
Availability of adequate perennial and annual sources of nectar and pollen is the most limiting factor in the survival, abundance and distribution of honeybees. The study was therefore conducted to screen the best performing bee forages from eight plant species with a view to selecting for honey production for high and mid land agro-ecologies. The planting materials were Becium grandiflorum, Vicia sativa, Guizotia abyssinica, Echium plantaginium, Trifolium rupplianum, Brassica carinata, Sinaps alba and Fagophyrum esculentum. The species were evaluated based on germination rate, number of flower heads per plants, time to set flower, foraging intensity of honeybees and flowering length. Accordingly, Becium grandiflorum, Guizotia abyssinica, Brassica carinata, Fagophyrum esculentum and Trifolium rupplianum were good under rain fed condition while Sinaps alba was found to perform better under irrigation fed. On contrary, the study found that Echium plantaginium; Vicia sativa and Fagophyrum esculentum were performed better under both rain fed and irrigation conditions. Mean number of flower heads per 1m2 for all studied plant species were similar except Echium plantaginium which was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to the rest. Honeybees foraging intensity and time for different plant species were significantly different. From these investigations, it is concluded that developing better performing plant species through use of irrigation and rain fed conditions will alleviate the shortage of bee forages and help in increasing honey production.
Availability of adequate perennial and annual sources of nectar and pollen is the most limiting factor in the survival, abundance and distribution of honeybees. The study was therefore conducted to screen the best performing bee forages from eight plant species with a view to selecting for honey production for high and mid land agro-ecologies. The planting materials were Becium grandiflorum, Vicia sativa, Guizotia abyssinica, Echium plantaginium, Trifolium rupplianum, Brassica carinata, Sinaps alba and Fagophyrum esculentum. The species were evaluated based on germination rate, number of flower heads per plants, time to set flower, foraging intensity of honeybees and flowering length. Accordingly, Becium grandiflorum, Guizotia abyssinica, Brassica carinata, Fagophyrum esculentum and Trifolium rupplianum were good under rain fed condition while Sinaps alba was found to perform better under irrigation fed. On contrary, the study found that Echium plantaginium; Vicia sativa and Fagophyrum esculentum were performed better under both rain fed and irrigation conditions. Mean number of flower heads per 1m2 for all studied plant species were similar except Echium plantaginium which was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to the rest. Honeybees foraging intensity and time for different plant species were significantly different. From these investigations, it is concluded that developing better performing plant species through use of irrigation and rain fed conditions will alleviate the shortage of bee forages and help in increasing honey production.
Screening of Potential Herbaceous Honey Plants for Beekeeping Development
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.19
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-10-23
© Science Publishing Group
Tura Bareke Kifle
Kibebew Wakjira Hora
Admassu Addi Merti
Screening of Potential Herbaceous Honey Plants for Beekeeping Development
3
5
391
391
2014-10-23
2014-10-23
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.19
© Science Publishing Group
Tree Diameters and Planting Distance as the Most Important Factors for the Liberation of Tree Competitors in Silvicultural Systems of TPTJ
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.20
Maintenance of forest plants intensively under the selective cutting and line planting system (TPTJ) will accelerate the growth of plant species. Widening the line planting improves the penetrating light, thus increasing growth rate of the plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stem diameter and distance of competitor tree to forest plant, as well as stem diameter and canopy diameter as a basis for the liberation of competitor trees on the TPTJ system. Regression analysis showed that the competitor trees diameter and distance can be used as one technique of vertical liberation with equation correlation for both variables is X = 3.567 0797dbh+ 0.121dbh2 0.004dbh3. The approach of liberation using correlation between stem diameter and canopy diameter can not be used as a vertical liberation technique with equation correlation between the two variables is Cda = 2.535 0.031dbh + 0.050dbh2 0.002dbh3. The study revealed that saplings with diameter (dbh) 59 cm located at 12.5 m of subplots must be slashed down. For sapling with diameter (dbh) ≥10 cm dbh located at 35 m of the center of planting line must be girdled.
Maintenance of forest plants intensively under the selective cutting and line planting system (TPTJ) will accelerate the growth of plant species. Widening the line planting improves the penetrating light, thus increasing growth rate of the plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stem diameter and distance of competitor tree to forest plant, as well as stem diameter and canopy diameter as a basis for the liberation of competitor trees on the TPTJ system. Regression analysis showed that the competitor trees diameter and distance can be used as one technique of vertical liberation with equation correlation for both variables is X = 3.567 0797dbh+ 0.121dbh2 0.004dbh3. The approach of liberation using correlation between stem diameter and canopy diameter can not be used as a vertical liberation technique with equation correlation between the two variables is Cda = 2.535 0.031dbh + 0.050dbh2 0.002dbh3. The study revealed that saplings with diameter (dbh) 59 cm located at 12.5 m of subplots must be slashed down. For sapling with diameter (dbh) ≥10 cm dbh located at 35 m of the center of planting line must be girdled.
Tree Diameters and Planting Distance as the Most Important Factors for the Liberation of Tree Competitors in Silvicultural Systems of TPTJ
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.20
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-10-23
© Science Publishing Group
Prijanto Pamoengkas
Seca Gandaseca
Gusti Hardiansyah
Priyanto
Muhamad Rizky Jamaludin
Tree Diameters and Planting Distance as the Most Important Factors for the Liberation of Tree Competitors in Silvicultural Systems of TPTJ
3
5
396
396
2014-10-23
2014-10-23
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.20
© Science Publishing Group
Stock Assessment of Sharks in the Northern Part (Iranian Waters) of the Persian Gulf
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.21
This study was analyzed the annual catch and trawl survey data of sharks in the northern part of the Persian Gulf (26˚30΄ to 30˚00΄N and 49˚00΄ to 56˚00΄E) from 2004 to 2009. Trawl survey was conducted by research vessel Ferdous, equipped with bottom trawl nets in meshes 400mm and 80mm at body and cod-end respectively. Ten stratums were selected in the study area and 199 stations were randomly trawled. The density (CPUA) of shark resources was estimated based on swept area method. Annual total catch was obtained from Iranian fisheries organization (Shilat). The results of catch per unit area showed 250.7 kg/nm2 in 2004 to 49.7 kg/nm2 in 2009. There was a high degree of variability of CPUA among different areas and the maximum was estimated 1870.8 kg/nm2 in Nayband and Mogham. In catch composition data, sharks have a decreasing trend from 4.2% in 2004 to 2.9% in 2009 that shows a decline with an annual average 1.3% during 2004-2009.This results suggesting that the shark resources are overexploited and the current effort is far higher than the effort required harvesting optimum yields.
This study was analyzed the annual catch and trawl survey data of sharks in the northern part of the Persian Gulf (26˚30΄ to 30˚00΄N and 49˚00΄ to 56˚00΄E) from 2004 to 2009. Trawl survey was conducted by research vessel Ferdous, equipped with bottom trawl nets in meshes 400mm and 80mm at body and cod-end respectively. Ten stratums were selected in the study area and 199 stations were randomly trawled. The density (CPUA) of shark resources was estimated based on swept area method. Annual total catch was obtained from Iranian fisheries organization (Shilat). The results of catch per unit area showed 250.7 kg/nm2 in 2004 to 49.7 kg/nm2 in 2009. There was a high degree of variability of CPUA among different areas and the maximum was estimated 1870.8 kg/nm2 in Nayband and Mogham. In catch composition data, sharks have a decreasing trend from 4.2% in 2004 to 2.9% in 2009 that shows a decline with an annual average 1.3% during 2004-2009.This results suggesting that the shark resources are overexploited and the current effort is far higher than the effort required harvesting optimum yields.
Stock Assessment of Sharks in the Northern Part (Iranian Waters) of the Persian Gulf
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.21
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-10-27
© Science Publishing Group
Nassir Niamaimandi
Toraj Valinassab
Gholam-Abbas Zarshenas
Stock Assessment of Sharks in the Northern Part (Iranian Waters) of the Persian Gulf
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400
400
2014-10-27
2014-10-27
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.21
© Science Publishing Group
Dietary Fiber Characteristics and Mineral Availability from Treated and Non-Treated Brown Rice
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.22
Background: Brown rice has greater mineral content than milled rice. However, due to high dietary fiber and phytic acid content, mineral absorption may be suppressed. Objective: To determine the dietary fiber characteristics and mineral availability from treated and non-treated brown rice. Materials and Methods: Four varieties of cooked brown rice were used in the study and the same treated to extend the shelf-life of brown rice. Freeze-dried samples were analysed for proximate composition, dietary fiber, phytic acid, iron, zinc and calcium content using standard methods. Mineral availability and dietary fiber fermentation were determined in vitro. Results: The dietary fiber content of treated brown rice (11.0±0.6 – 11.7±0.1) was significantly greater than that of non-treated brown rice (5.5±0.5 -6.4±0.2; P<0.05). The mineral content and availability from treated and non-treated brown rice did not differ significantly except for mineral availability. Dietary fiber and phytic acid did not show inhibitory effect on mineral availability from both brown rices. The dietary fiber content from both brown rices was fermentable producing short chain fatty acids with greater amounts of propionate. Conclusion: Treated and non-treated brown rice are good sources of minerals and dietary fiber, found to be fermentable, and did not inhibit mineral availability.
Background: Brown rice has greater mineral content than milled rice. However, due to high dietary fiber and phytic acid content, mineral absorption may be suppressed. Objective: To determine the dietary fiber characteristics and mineral availability from treated and non-treated brown rice. Materials and Methods: Four varieties of cooked brown rice were used in the study and the same treated to extend the shelf-life of brown rice. Freeze-dried samples were analysed for proximate composition, dietary fiber, phytic acid, iron, zinc and calcium content using standard methods. Mineral availability and dietary fiber fermentation were determined in vitro. Results: The dietary fiber content of treated brown rice (11.0±0.6 – 11.7±0.1) was significantly greater than that of non-treated brown rice (5.5±0.5 -6.4±0.2; P<0.05). The mineral content and availability from treated and non-treated brown rice did not differ significantly except for mineral availability. Dietary fiber and phytic acid did not show inhibitory effect on mineral availability from both brown rices. The dietary fiber content from both brown rices was fermentable producing short chain fatty acids with greater amounts of propionate. Conclusion: Treated and non-treated brown rice are good sources of minerals and dietary fiber, found to be fermentable, and did not inhibit mineral availability.
Dietary Fiber Characteristics and Mineral Availability from Treated and Non-Treated Brown Rice
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.22
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-10-29
© Science Publishing Group
Trinidad Palad Trinidad
Aida Casibang Mallillin
Marco Pomida de Leon
James David Santos Alcantara
Dietary Fiber Characteristics and Mineral Availability from Treated and Non-Treated Brown Rice
3
5
404
404
2014-10-29
2014-10-29
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.22
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.22
© Science Publishing Group
Examinations of the Stomach Contents of Two Fish Species (Clarias Gariepinus and Oreochromis Niloticus) in Lake Alau, North – Eastern Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.23
This study was conducted on the examinations of the stomach contents of two commercially important fish species of Catfish and Tilapia fish (Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus) known as “Tarwada” and “Karfasa” in Hausa language, determined from Lake Alau, North – Eastern Nigeria, using frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods between June to December, 2013. Gill nets and Malian traps were used to catch the fish every fortnight. Three hundred and fifty (350) individual fish of each species obtained and their stomach contents examined. The results obtained expressed in mean percentage indicated that out of the three hundred and fifty (350) individual fish of each species examined, 121 (35%) fish had an empty stomach contents in Clarias gariepinus, and out of the 350 samples examined, 145 fish had an empty stomach content in Oreochromis niloticus representing 41%. The stomach contents of Clarias gariepinus consisted of animal and plant materials, planktons, (zooplanktons and phytoplankton) and others. Fish prey was the dominant animal material (51%) with mean contribution of 32% by volume, and plant material consisted of leaves and offal (6% by volume). The stomach content of Oreochromis niloticus consisted mainly of animal and plant materials, planktons and detritus. Algae represented by Chlorella, Volvox, Scenedesmus, Pediastrum, and Spirogyra species accounted for 66% by volume followed by detritus and mud with 20 %, zooplankton represented by Daphnia and Moina species represented the low food content by volume with 8 %. The study reveals the importance of algae, fish, insects and plant materials as food for fish in Lake Alau, and zooplanktons form important items in the diet of the species examined. Both species are omnivorous and occupy the same ecological niche; hence, there is the need to control pollution into the lake to prevent eutrophication.
This study was conducted on the examinations of the stomach contents of two commercially important fish species of Catfish and Tilapia fish (Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus) known as “Tarwada” and “Karfasa” in Hausa language, determined from Lake Alau, North – Eastern Nigeria, using frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods between June to December, 2013. Gill nets and Malian traps were used to catch the fish every fortnight. Three hundred and fifty (350) individual fish of each species obtained and their stomach contents examined. The results obtained expressed in mean percentage indicated that out of the three hundred and fifty (350) individual fish of each species examined, 121 (35%) fish had an empty stomach contents in Clarias gariepinus, and out of the 350 samples examined, 145 fish had an empty stomach content in Oreochromis niloticus representing 41%. The stomach contents of Clarias gariepinus consisted of animal and plant materials, planktons, (zooplanktons and phytoplankton) and others. Fish prey was the dominant animal material (51%) with mean contribution of 32% by volume, and plant material consisted of leaves and offal (6% by volume). The stomach content of Oreochromis niloticus consisted mainly of animal and plant materials, planktons and detritus. Algae represented by Chlorella, Volvox, Scenedesmus, Pediastrum, and Spirogyra species accounted for 66% by volume followed by detritus and mud with 20 %, zooplankton represented by Daphnia and Moina species represented the low food content by volume with 8 %. The study reveals the importance of algae, fish, insects and plant materials as food for fish in Lake Alau, and zooplanktons form important items in the diet of the species examined. Both species are omnivorous and occupy the same ecological niche; hence, there is the need to control pollution into the lake to prevent eutrophication.
Examinations of the Stomach Contents of Two Fish Species (Clarias Gariepinus and Oreochromis Niloticus) in Lake Alau, North – Eastern Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.23
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-11-03
© Science Publishing Group
Umaru Buba Wakil
A. B. Haruna
Gwana Adamu Mohammed
Wanas Lalai Ndirmbita
Bukar-Kolo M. Yachilla
Mohammed Umar Kumai
Examinations of the Stomach Contents of Two Fish Species (Clarias Gariepinus and Oreochromis Niloticus) in Lake Alau, North – Eastern Nigeria
3
5
409
409
2014-11-03
2014-11-03
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.23
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.23
© Science Publishing Group
Fertility Status of Soils under Different Land uses at Wujiraba Watershed, North-Western Highlands of Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.24
In Ethiopian highlands, land use changes, mainly, from natural vegetation to cultivated lands brought about rapid nutrient depletion. Intensive and continuous cultivation of land without proper management resulted in decline in soil physical, chemical and biological properties which aggravate crop yield reduction and food shortage. The present study, therefore, is designed to investigate the effects of different land uses on soil fertility status in the Nitisols of Wujiraba watershed. Twenty seven soil samples were collected randomly depth wise (0 - 15, 15- 30 and 30 - 45 cm) from the cultivated, forest and grazing lands. Data were analyzed using the two ways ANOVA in RCBD with three replications. Land use and soil depth showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect on soil physicochemical properties. The highest f (57.8%), OC (4.6%), total N (0.28%), available S (11.1 ppm), CEC (42.2 cmol+ kg-1), exchangeable bases (Ca (22.2), K (0.76) and Na (0.58 cmol+ kg-1)) and available micronutrients ( Fe (14.2), Mn (24.1) and Zn (2.9 ppm)) were recorded on the surface layer of the forest land while lowest pH/KCl(5.03) and highest available P (5.5 ppm) on the surface layer of cultivated land. The results revealed that soil fertility declines as land use changed from forest to grazing and cultivated lands. Hence, it is possible to infer that continuous and intensive cultivation depletes plant nutrients greatly which urge to take measures for maintaining its fertility status of the cultivated soils in the study area.
In Ethiopian highlands, land use changes, mainly, from natural vegetation to cultivated lands brought about rapid nutrient depletion. Intensive and continuous cultivation of land without proper management resulted in decline in soil physical, chemical and biological properties which aggravate crop yield reduction and food shortage. The present study, therefore, is designed to investigate the effects of different land uses on soil fertility status in the Nitisols of Wujiraba watershed. Twenty seven soil samples were collected randomly depth wise (0 - 15, 15- 30 and 30 - 45 cm) from the cultivated, forest and grazing lands. Data were analyzed using the two ways ANOVA in RCBD with three replications. Land use and soil depth showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect on soil physicochemical properties. The highest f (57.8%), OC (4.6%), total N (0.28%), available S (11.1 ppm), CEC (42.2 cmol+ kg-1), exchangeable bases (Ca (22.2), K (0.76) and Na (0.58 cmol+ kg-1)) and available micronutrients ( Fe (14.2), Mn (24.1) and Zn (2.9 ppm)) were recorded on the surface layer of the forest land while lowest pH/KCl(5.03) and highest available P (5.5 ppm) on the surface layer of cultivated land. The results revealed that soil fertility declines as land use changed from forest to grazing and cultivated lands. Hence, it is possible to infer that continuous and intensive cultivation depletes plant nutrients greatly which urge to take measures for maintaining its fertility status of the cultivated soils in the study area.
Fertility Status of Soils under Different Land uses at Wujiraba Watershed, North-Western Highlands of Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.24
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-11-06
© Science Publishing Group
Habtamu A.
Heluf G.
Bobe B.
Enyew A.
Fertility Status of Soils under Different Land uses at Wujiraba Watershed, North-Western Highlands of Ethiopia
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419
419
2014-11-06
2014-11-06
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.24
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.24
© Science Publishing Group
Assessing the Effectiveness of Ethnomedicinal Products on Banana Weevils Using REML
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.25
This study investigated the effect of applying selected banana pest control treatments on management of banana weevils. The data was collected on 283 banana plants picked at random; from 29 farmers selected using a snowball sampling technique. Treatments used were ethnomedicinal products, synthetic chemicals, cultural practices in plantation planted from suckers and those planted from tissue culture. Since data was spatially collected, it was analyzed using Restricted Maximum likelihood Estimator (REML). REML was used to estimate the PCI after a square root transformation. The statistical analysis indicated a significant difference between plantations where synthetic chemicals, clean planting materials (tissue culture), cultural practices and ethnomedicinal products were used. There was also significant variation resulting from different varieties grown. However, there was no significant variation resulting from the response of different varieties to the different treatments. Results also indicated that garden where the cleaning materials had been used had the least percentage of banana weevil infection. This study found out that there was no significant difference in damage caused by banana weevils in banana plantations where synthetic chemicals and ethnomedicinal extracts were applied. Thus given the results, the study concluded that ethnomedicinal products can be used by farmers to manage banana weevils. The study recommends that further studies should be carried out to assess efficacy of the identified potential plants with pesticidal properties under controlled experiment.
This study investigated the effect of applying selected banana pest control treatments on management of banana weevils. The data was collected on 283 banana plants picked at random; from 29 farmers selected using a snowball sampling technique. Treatments used were ethnomedicinal products, synthetic chemicals, cultural practices in plantation planted from suckers and those planted from tissue culture. Since data was spatially collected, it was analyzed using Restricted Maximum likelihood Estimator (REML). REML was used to estimate the PCI after a square root transformation. The statistical analysis indicated a significant difference between plantations where synthetic chemicals, clean planting materials (tissue culture), cultural practices and ethnomedicinal products were used. There was also significant variation resulting from different varieties grown. However, there was no significant variation resulting from the response of different varieties to the different treatments. Results also indicated that garden where the cleaning materials had been used had the least percentage of banana weevil infection. This study found out that there was no significant difference in damage caused by banana weevils in banana plantations where synthetic chemicals and ethnomedicinal extracts were applied. Thus given the results, the study concluded that ethnomedicinal products can be used by farmers to manage banana weevils. The study recommends that further studies should be carried out to assess efficacy of the identified potential plants with pesticidal properties under controlled experiment.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Ethnomedicinal Products on Banana Weevils Using REML
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.25
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-11-10
© Science Publishing Group
Bwogi Godfrey
Mwine Julius
Jumba Francis
Murongo Marius
Grace Njeri Njoroge
Kabango Freddie
Mutumba Nakulima Kyeswa Pross
Assessing the Effectiveness of Ethnomedicinal Products on Banana Weevils Using REML
3
5
426
426
2014-11-10
2014-11-10
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.25
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.25
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Fish Farmers’ Livelihood and Poverty Status in Delta State, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.26
Despite the potentials of Nigeria in fish production, domestic fish production has failed to meet the national demand, making Nigeria a net importer of fish. Hence, this study assessed the livelihood and poverty status of fish farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 90 fish farmers across the State. Data were elicited through questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and poverty gap indices measures. Respondents’ mean age was 42 years; with average household size of 5 people; 83% were literate; with 17 years of fishing experience. This indicates that fish farmers in the area were young, literate and experienced. Thus, they could withstand the drudgery and risk of the venture. It was observed that 42% of the farmers lived in rented apartments while 26% occupied their own apartments of single rooms (73%), with iron sheet roof (62%), floored with cement concrete (81%). The major source of water was borehole hand pump; with farmers using unauthorized refuse heaps and covered pit latrines. Farmers’ annual income averaged N137,500 (881.41 USD) which is below the annual minimum income of an average Nigerian. Poverty index was 0.867, resulting to a poverty gap index of 0.629, implying high poverty incidence. Major constraints identified were insufficient fund, fluctuation in market prices and fish spoilage. It is recommended that soft loans should be granted to fish farmers on time; canning and processing industries should be established in the area; adequately funded extension agents should be deployed to the study area.
Despite the potentials of Nigeria in fish production, domestic fish production has failed to meet the national demand, making Nigeria a net importer of fish. Hence, this study assessed the livelihood and poverty status of fish farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 90 fish farmers across the State. Data were elicited through questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and poverty gap indices measures. Respondents’ mean age was 42 years; with average household size of 5 people; 83% were literate; with 17 years of fishing experience. This indicates that fish farmers in the area were young, literate and experienced. Thus, they could withstand the drudgery and risk of the venture. It was observed that 42% of the farmers lived in rented apartments while 26% occupied their own apartments of single rooms (73%), with iron sheet roof (62%), floored with cement concrete (81%). The major source of water was borehole hand pump; with farmers using unauthorized refuse heaps and covered pit latrines. Farmers’ annual income averaged N137,500 (881.41 USD) which is below the annual minimum income of an average Nigerian. Poverty index was 0.867, resulting to a poverty gap index of 0.629, implying high poverty incidence. Major constraints identified were insufficient fund, fluctuation in market prices and fish spoilage. It is recommended that soft loans should be granted to fish farmers on time; canning and processing industries should be established in the area; adequately funded extension agents should be deployed to the study area.
Assessment of Fish Farmers’ Livelihood and Poverty Status in Delta State, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.26
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-11-11
© Science Publishing Group
James Asu Nandi
Patience Gunn
Glory Atim Adegboye
Tena Mongalaku Barnabas
Assessment of Fish Farmers’ Livelihood and Poverty Status in Delta State, Nigeria
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433
433
2014-11-11
2014-11-11
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.26
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.26
© Science Publishing Group
Comparing Dermestes maculatus (DeGeer) Infestation of Cured Tropical Freshwater Fishes [Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell)]
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.27
A multiple choice test was used to determine the rate of infestation of D. maculatus on two cured fish species of commercial importance. All the treatments had three replicates and were arranged in randomized complete block design. The infested and non-infested dried fish were subjected to a taste panel of four to evaluate the texture and taste quality of the fish before and after infestation. Percentage weight loss of the fish was also determined 30 days post infestation. A skewed 32% weight loss in C. gariepinus compared with 24.4% in O. niloticus was recorded. The study revealed that D. maculatus infestation rate (number of adults and larvae per fish specimen) was more in C. gariepinus than O. niloticus. Quality (taste and texture) damage was significantly greater in C. gariepinus than O. niloticus (p<0.05). The study also reveals that the entomo-fauna may feed on any material that has animal steroids. The effect of the pest infestation is discussed in the context of taste and texture characteristics, substrate fragmentation and frass weight. There is imperative need to develop appropriate pro-poor control measures which will minimize economic losses due to D. maculatus infestation of stored fish and fish products in the tropics.
A multiple choice test was used to determine the rate of infestation of D. maculatus on two cured fish species of commercial importance. All the treatments had three replicates and were arranged in randomized complete block design. The infested and non-infested dried fish were subjected to a taste panel of four to evaluate the texture and taste quality of the fish before and after infestation. Percentage weight loss of the fish was also determined 30 days post infestation. A skewed 32% weight loss in C. gariepinus compared with 24.4% in O. niloticus was recorded. The study revealed that D. maculatus infestation rate (number of adults and larvae per fish specimen) was more in C. gariepinus than O. niloticus. Quality (taste and texture) damage was significantly greater in C. gariepinus than O. niloticus (p<0.05). The study also reveals that the entomo-fauna may feed on any material that has animal steroids. The effect of the pest infestation is discussed in the context of taste and texture characteristics, substrate fragmentation and frass weight. There is imperative need to develop appropriate pro-poor control measures which will minimize economic losses due to D. maculatus infestation of stored fish and fish products in the tropics.
Comparing Dermestes maculatus (DeGeer) Infestation of Cured Tropical Freshwater Fishes [Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell)]
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140305.27
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-11-18
© Science Publishing Group
Davies Ibienebo Chris
Ebere Samuel Erondu
Usman Zakka
Nenibarini Zabbey
Comparing Dermestes maculatus (DeGeer) Infestation of Cured Tropical Freshwater Fishes [Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell)]
3
5
438
438
2014-11-18
2014-11-18
10.11648/j.aff.20140305.27
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140305.27
© Science Publishing Group
Water Supply Efficiency of Brought for Phenological Stages on a Few Morpho-Physiological Parameters of the Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.11
Our work consists in quantify the benefits effects of a water supply brought to different phenological phases on the durum wheat yield and morpho-physiological traits associated to it. For this purpose, two tests are performed in the field: the first conducted under rainfed conditions and the second with the addition of water at 50 mm tillering and heading, and 60 mm during the filling phase grain. Results obtained for first trial confirm poor performance in the rainfed treatment compared with the irrigated treatment for all measured characters. However, the effect is more or less significant, depending on the caseon account of difference of the period for elaboration of each component of yield.
Our work consists in quantify the benefits effects of a water supply brought to different phenological phases on the durum wheat yield and morpho-physiological traits associated to it. For this purpose, two tests are performed in the field: the first conducted under rainfed conditions and the second with the addition of water at 50 mm tillering and heading, and 60 mm during the filling phase grain. Results obtained for first trial confirm poor performance in the rainfed treatment compared with the irrigated treatment for all measured characters. However, the effect is more or less significant, depending on the caseon account of difference of the period for elaboration of each component of yield.
Water Supply Efficiency of Brought for Phenological Stages on a Few Morpho-Physiological Parameters of the Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140306.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-11-21
© Science Publishing Group
Aïcha Megherbi-Benali
Zoheir Mehdadi
Fawzia Toumi-Benali
Laid Hamel
Mohamed Benyahia
Water Supply Efficiency of Brought for Phenological Stages on a Few Morpho-Physiological Parameters of the Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)
3
6
446
446
2014-11-21
2014-11-21
10.11648/j.aff.20140306.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.11
© Science Publishing Group
Beeswax Production and Marketing in Ethiopia: Challenges in Value Chain
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.12
Beeswax is one of the most valuable and oldest bee products to be used by mankind and still being used in the development of new products in various fields such as cosmetics, foods, pharmaceuticals, engineering and industry. Ethiopia has huge apicultural resources that made it the leading beeswax producer in Africa, and one of the important beeswax exporter to the world market. In Ethiopia apicultural research is being conducted in a coordinated manner under the national agricultural research system. Hence, a lot of information have been gathered on different aspects of the beekeeping. This work is a review of various research results from published and unpublished data over a long period of time in the area of beeswax production, chemical analysis, marketing and value chain studies in Ethiopia. Despite the country’s huge potential for production of high quality beeswax, only less than 10% of the beeswax produced is exported. The beeswax production and processing practices use traditional and inefficient techniques that leave significant amount of beeswax resource unutilized. The marketing channel for beeswax in the country is also entangled with challenges related to uneasy traceability and adulteration that are affecting both the local and international trade.
Beeswax is one of the most valuable and oldest bee products to be used by mankind and still being used in the development of new products in various fields such as cosmetics, foods, pharmaceuticals, engineering and industry. Ethiopia has huge apicultural resources that made it the leading beeswax producer in Africa, and one of the important beeswax exporter to the world market. In Ethiopia apicultural research is being conducted in a coordinated manner under the national agricultural research system. Hence, a lot of information have been gathered on different aspects of the beekeeping. This work is a review of various research results from published and unpublished data over a long period of time in the area of beeswax production, chemical analysis, marketing and value chain studies in Ethiopia. Despite the country’s huge potential for production of high quality beeswax, only less than 10% of the beeswax produced is exported. The beeswax production and processing practices use traditional and inefficient techniques that leave significant amount of beeswax resource unutilized. The marketing channel for beeswax in the country is also entangled with challenges related to uneasy traceability and adulteration that are affecting both the local and international trade.
Beeswax Production and Marketing in Ethiopia: Challenges in Value Chain
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140306.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-12-17
© Science Publishing Group
Gemechis Legesse Yadeta
Beeswax Production and Marketing in Ethiopia: Challenges in Value Chain
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451
451
2014-12-17
2014-12-17
10.11648/j.aff.20140306.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.12
© Science Publishing Group
In Vitro Germination and Direct Shoot Induction of Yeheb (Cordeauxia Edulis Hemsl.)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.13
‘Yeheb’ (Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl) is a multipurpose and evergreen shrub and endemic to southeastern corner of Ethiopia and Somalia. It is adapted to low and irregular rainfall and survives a very long dry season. It has enormous economic and food security role to the pastoralist of Somali in Ethiopia. However, the plant is threatened with extinction due to overexploitation and its’ poor natural regeneration capacity. In addition, ‘yeheb’ is usually reported having limited reproductive capacities and often have very specific and limited conditions for seed germination, flowering and seed shelf life. Therefore, to overcome these propagation challenges, an experiment was conducted with the aim of developing a protocol for the in vitro regeneration of ‘yeheb’ from cotyledonary node. The result of these studies revealed that seed was washed by 5% sodium hypochlorite for ten min in aseptic condition found to be more effective in surface sterilization. The sterilized seed cultured on half strength of Gamborg (B5) medium was found to be the most suitable medium for germination (26.67%).The highest shoot initiation percentage (89 % of explants produces shoots), number of shoots per explant and number of leaf per shoot were obtained from cotyledonary node explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 2.00 mg. l-1 N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) within nine weeks. While, the highest shoot length and shoot fresh weight were recorded from control (free BAP) and 6.00 mg. l-1 BAP, respectively. The highest shoot multiplication (4.56 number of shoot induced) and elongation (2.97cm) were obtained from the induced shoot were cut and placed on MS media supplemented with 2.00 mg. l 1BAP+6.00 mg. l-1of gibberellic acid (GA3) and free BAP+6.00 mg. l-1 of GA3, respectively. The elongated shoots were transferred to different media supplemented with various types and levels of hormones but none of them induced root. As a conclusion, this is the first attempt for direct in vitro regeneration of C. edulis and permissible result for cryopreservation.
‘Yeheb’ (Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl) is a multipurpose and evergreen shrub and endemic to southeastern corner of Ethiopia and Somalia. It is adapted to low and irregular rainfall and survives a very long dry season. It has enormous economic and food security role to the pastoralist of Somali in Ethiopia. However, the plant is threatened with extinction due to overexploitation and its’ poor natural regeneration capacity. In addition, ‘yeheb’ is usually reported having limited reproductive capacities and often have very specific and limited conditions for seed germination, flowering and seed shelf life. Therefore, to overcome these propagation challenges, an experiment was conducted with the aim of developing a protocol for the in vitro regeneration of ‘yeheb’ from cotyledonary node. The result of these studies revealed that seed was washed by 5% sodium hypochlorite for ten min in aseptic condition found to be more effective in surface sterilization. The sterilized seed cultured on half strength of Gamborg (B5) medium was found to be the most suitable medium for germination (26.67%).The highest shoot initiation percentage (89 % of explants produces shoots), number of shoots per explant and number of leaf per shoot were obtained from cotyledonary node explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 2.00 mg. l-1 N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) within nine weeks. While, the highest shoot length and shoot fresh weight were recorded from control (free BAP) and 6.00 mg. l-1 BAP, respectively. The highest shoot multiplication (4.56 number of shoot induced) and elongation (2.97cm) were obtained from the induced shoot were cut and placed on MS media supplemented with 2.00 mg. l 1BAP+6.00 mg. l-1of gibberellic acid (GA3) and free BAP+6.00 mg. l-1 of GA3, respectively. The elongated shoots were transferred to different media supplemented with various types and levels of hormones but none of them induced root. As a conclusion, this is the first attempt for direct in vitro regeneration of C. edulis and permissible result for cryopreservation.
In Vitro Germination and Direct Shoot Induction of Yeheb (Cordeauxia Edulis Hemsl.)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140306.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-12-19
© Science Publishing Group
Yohannes Seyoum
Firew Mekbib
In Vitro Germination and Direct Shoot Induction of Yeheb (Cordeauxia Edulis Hemsl.)
3
6
458
458
2014-12-19
2014-12-19
10.11648/j.aff.20140306.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.13
© Science Publishing Group
Fertilizer, Lime and Manure Amendments for Ultisols Formed on Coastal Plain Sands of Southern Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.17
The highly weathered and leached soils formed on Coastal Plain Sands under excessive rainfall regime in southern Nigeria are Ultisols. The appropriate management practices with which to obtain high crop yields in these soils, characterized by high acidity, nutrient deficiencies and imbalances, should be developed. Surface layer (0-15 cm) samples of soils with extreme acidity (pH 4.0-4.6) formed on Coastal Plain Sands were collected from four locations in southern Nigeria and grown to maize (SUWAN 1-SR-Y) in pots for two cycles of six weeks each to measure the direct and residual effects of applied fertilizer (90 kg N+ 36 kg P+ 60 kg K.ha-1), 2.5 MT.ha-1 lime, 10 MT.ha-1 farm yard manure (FYM) compared to a control. The direct effect of FYM produced the highest dry matter yield while fertilizer and lime did not differ significantly from the control. The residual effects were significant in dry matter yield for FYM in all the soils and for lime in three soils. Lime and FYM increased soil pH and exchangeable bases, reduced iron, manganese and aluminium; fertilizer and FYM raised available P while only FYM increased soil organic matter contents. Application of lime, fertilizer and FYM in all possible combinations compared to the control in one soil showed that FYM + Fertilizer gave the highest maize dry matter yield, improved soil characteristics and would be the recommended nutrient management practice for these acid soils.
The highly weathered and leached soils formed on Coastal Plain Sands under excessive rainfall regime in southern Nigeria are Ultisols. The appropriate management practices with which to obtain high crop yields in these soils, characterized by high acidity, nutrient deficiencies and imbalances, should be developed. Surface layer (0-15 cm) samples of soils with extreme acidity (pH 4.0-4.6) formed on Coastal Plain Sands were collected from four locations in southern Nigeria and grown to maize (SUWAN 1-SR-Y) in pots for two cycles of six weeks each to measure the direct and residual effects of applied fertilizer (90 kg N+ 36 kg P+ 60 kg K.ha-1), 2.5 MT.ha-1 lime, 10 MT.ha-1 farm yard manure (FYM) compared to a control. The direct effect of FYM produced the highest dry matter yield while fertilizer and lime did not differ significantly from the control. The residual effects were significant in dry matter yield for FYM in all the soils and for lime in three soils. Lime and FYM increased soil pH and exchangeable bases, reduced iron, manganese and aluminium; fertilizer and FYM raised available P while only FYM increased soil organic matter contents. Application of lime, fertilizer and FYM in all possible combinations compared to the control in one soil showed that FYM + Fertilizer gave the highest maize dry matter yield, improved soil characteristics and would be the recommended nutrient management practice for these acid soils.
Fertilizer, Lime and Manure Amendments for Ultisols Formed on Coastal Plain Sands of Southern Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140306.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-12-29
© Science Publishing Group
Ayodele O. J.
Shittu O. S.
Fertilizer, Lime and Manure Amendments for Ultisols Formed on Coastal Plain Sands of Southern Nigeria
3
6
488
488
2014-12-29
2014-12-29
10.11648/j.aff.20140306.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.17
© Science Publishing Group
Dynamics of Soil Fertility as Influenced by Different Land Use Systems and Soil Depth in West Showa Zone, Gindeberet District, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.18
Land use change from natural forest to cultivated land, grazing land and subsequent changes in soil physicochemical properties was widespread in Ethiopia. Thus, assessing land use-induced changes in soil properties are essential for addressing the issues of agro-ecosystem transformation and sustainable land productivity. The aim of the study was to determine selected soil physicochemical properties of forest land, cultivated land and grazing land and make investigation among the soil properties. Standard procedures were employed for the analyses of soil parameters. One way ANOVA was employed to compare the soil parameters at particular and overall soil depth. Textural class of all land use types was clay indicating similarity in parent materials distribution of bulk density in all soil depths of cultivated land were higher compared to both forest and grazing land. Soil moisture content was significantly increasing with increasing soil depths. The highest soil pH in all soil depth was observed under forest land compared to both grazing and cultivated land. The highest soil OM contents were observed in the surface soils (0-10 cm) of forest land while least Figures were from subsurface (10-20 cm) layers of the cultivated land. TN, CEC, exchangeable (Ca, Na and Mg) of the forest land soil were improved when compared with both cultivated and grazing land soil.
Land use change from natural forest to cultivated land, grazing land and subsequent changes in soil physicochemical properties was widespread in Ethiopia. Thus, assessing land use-induced changes in soil properties are essential for addressing the issues of agro-ecosystem transformation and sustainable land productivity. The aim of the study was to determine selected soil physicochemical properties of forest land, cultivated land and grazing land and make investigation among the soil properties. Standard procedures were employed for the analyses of soil parameters. One way ANOVA was employed to compare the soil parameters at particular and overall soil depth. Textural class of all land use types was clay indicating similarity in parent materials distribution of bulk density in all soil depths of cultivated land were higher compared to both forest and grazing land. Soil moisture content was significantly increasing with increasing soil depths. The highest soil pH in all soil depth was observed under forest land compared to both grazing and cultivated land. The highest soil OM contents were observed in the surface soils (0-10 cm) of forest land while least Figures were from subsurface (10-20 cm) layers of the cultivated land. TN, CEC, exchangeable (Ca, Na and Mg) of the forest land soil were improved when compared with both cultivated and grazing land soil.
Dynamics of Soil Fertility as Influenced by Different Land Use Systems and Soil Depth in West Showa Zone, Gindeberet District, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140306.18
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-01-08
© Science Publishing Group
Lechisa Takele
Achalu Chimdi
Alemayehu Abebaw
Dynamics of Soil Fertility as Influenced by Different Land Use Systems and Soil Depth in West Showa Zone, Gindeberet District, Ethiopia
3
6
494
494
2015-01-08
2015-01-08
10.11648/j.aff.20140306.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.18
© Science Publishing Group
The Ecological Status and Uses of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre and Gnetum Species around the Lobeke National Park in Cameroon
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.16
Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre (Euphorbiaceae), Gnetum buchholzianum Engl. and Gnetum africanum Welw. (Gnetaceae) are among the major species of non timber forest products (NTFPs) of the Lobeke National Park (LNP). The growing demand for these products has led to an increase in exploitation; but no information exists on the status of the resource base. There is equally very little information on the importance of these resources to the local population. A survey was conducted in 152 households to get the perception of locals on the availability and use of these resources in the Lobeke landscape. An inventory was also conducted to determine the abundance of the species in three forest systems including protected area, production forest and agroforest. Productivity of Ricinodendron heudelotii was assessed by counting fruits from fifteen trees in each forest system. 88 % of respondents collected Ricinodendron heudelotii, mostly for sale and earned between 69300 and 1002000 FCFA per year. All respondents collected Gnetum leaves, and up to 35 % of collectors solely for consumption. Sale of Gnetum leaves ranged from 200 to 9200 FCFA per week. 99 % of collectors thought that the quantity of Gnetum in the wild has reduced over the years while Ricinodendron heudelotii is still abundant. There were more trees of Ricinodendron heudelotii in the production forest and agroforest than in the protected area. No significant difference was observed in mean diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees in all forest systems. Mean number of fruits was significantly higher for trees in the agroforest than for those in the production forest and protected area. A significantly higher number of Gnetum buchholzianum vines was observed in the production forest than in the agroforest and protected area while the growth of Gnetum buchholzianum seedlings were significantly lower in the agroforest than in the protected area and production forest which showed no significant difference. The presence of productive individuals of Ricinodendron heudelotii is an indication that the resource will be available for some time but the near absence of younger individuals is unfavorable for the perpetuity of the species. It is recommended that the local population be sensitized on the importance of domesticating these species and trained on appropriate techniques to propagate and incorporate them into suitable agro systems.
Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre (Euphorbiaceae), Gnetum buchholzianum Engl. and Gnetum africanum Welw. (Gnetaceae) are among the major species of non timber forest products (NTFPs) of the Lobeke National Park (LNP). The growing demand for these products has led to an increase in exploitation; but no information exists on the status of the resource base. There is equally very little information on the importance of these resources to the local population. A survey was conducted in 152 households to get the perception of locals on the availability and use of these resources in the Lobeke landscape. An inventory was also conducted to determine the abundance of the species in three forest systems including protected area, production forest and agroforest. Productivity of Ricinodendron heudelotii was assessed by counting fruits from fifteen trees in each forest system. 88 % of respondents collected Ricinodendron heudelotii, mostly for sale and earned between 69300 and 1002000 FCFA per year. All respondents collected Gnetum leaves, and up to 35 % of collectors solely for consumption. Sale of Gnetum leaves ranged from 200 to 9200 FCFA per week. 99 % of collectors thought that the quantity of Gnetum in the wild has reduced over the years while Ricinodendron heudelotii is still abundant. There were more trees of Ricinodendron heudelotii in the production forest and agroforest than in the protected area. No significant difference was observed in mean diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees in all forest systems. Mean number of fruits was significantly higher for trees in the agroforest than for those in the production forest and protected area. A significantly higher number of Gnetum buchholzianum vines was observed in the production forest than in the agroforest and protected area while the growth of Gnetum buchholzianum seedlings were significantly lower in the agroforest than in the protected area and production forest which showed no significant difference. The presence of productive individuals of Ricinodendron heudelotii is an indication that the resource will be available for some time but the near absence of younger individuals is unfavorable for the perpetuity of the species. It is recommended that the local population be sensitized on the importance of domesticating these species and trained on appropriate techniques to propagate and incorporate them into suitable agro systems.
The Ecological Status and Uses of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre and Gnetum Species around the Lobeke National Park in Cameroon
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140306.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-12-29
© Science Publishing Group
Roseline Gusua Caspa
Isaac Roger Tchouamo
Jean-Pierre Mate Mweru
Joseph Mbang Amang
The Ecological Status and Uses of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre and Gnetum Species around the Lobeke National Park in Cameroon
3
6
480
480
2014-12-29
2014-12-29
10.11648/j.aff.20140306.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.16
© Science Publishing Group
Characteristics of Indigenous Mycorrhiza of Weeds on Marginal Dry Land in South Konawe, Indonesia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.14
South Konawe is one of the areas that have the potential for the development of marginal farming dry land, which is wide enough, with a predominance of Ultisol type. In such area, more than 80% of farming communities who are dependent on the farming activities are still conventional to characterize the shifting cultivation. In many cases, most weeds that grow in their land are always considered to be destructing and disturbing the human interests, both during the land clearing and after the fields abandoned. On the other hand, the presence of weeds can be useful for the growth of plant as it provides benefits against microorganisms. One of the microorganisms which is associated with roots of weed is mycorrhiza. This study aims to determine the characteristics of indigenous mycorrhiza being present on dry weeds from marginal land. This study was conducted from May to November 2013 in South Konawe, Indonesia. The result shows that two types of indigenous mycorrhiza were present on the marginal dry land; Glomus sp and Gigaspora sp. The highest percentage of indigenous mycorrhiza infection was found in the roots of weeds Amaranthus gracilis and Sida rhombifolia, each of which by 90%. The presence of the vesicles and internal hyphae on the roots of weeds indicate the indigenous mycorrhiza infection.
South Konawe is one of the areas that have the potential for the development of marginal farming dry land, which is wide enough, with a predominance of Ultisol type. In such area, more than 80% of farming communities who are dependent on the farming activities are still conventional to characterize the shifting cultivation. In many cases, most weeds that grow in their land are always considered to be destructing and disturbing the human interests, both during the land clearing and after the fields abandoned. On the other hand, the presence of weeds can be useful for the growth of plant as it provides benefits against microorganisms. One of the microorganisms which is associated with roots of weed is mycorrhiza. This study aims to determine the characteristics of indigenous mycorrhiza being present on dry weeds from marginal land. This study was conducted from May to November 2013 in South Konawe, Indonesia. The result shows that two types of indigenous mycorrhiza were present on the marginal dry land; Glomus sp and Gigaspora sp. The highest percentage of indigenous mycorrhiza infection was found in the roots of weeds Amaranthus gracilis and Sida rhombifolia, each of which by 90%. The presence of the vesicles and internal hyphae on the roots of weeds indicate the indigenous mycorrhiza infection.
Characteristics of Indigenous Mycorrhiza of Weeds on Marginal Dry Land in South Konawe, Indonesia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140306.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-12-23
© Science Publishing Group
Halim
Fransiscus S. Rembon
Aminuddin Mane Kandari
Resman
Asrul Sani
Characteristics of Indigenous Mycorrhiza of Weeds on Marginal Dry Land in South Konawe, Indonesia
3
6
463
463
2014-12-23
2014-12-23
10.11648/j.aff.20140306.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.14
© Science Publishing Group
Induction of Callus and Somatic Embryogenesis from Cotyledon and Leaf Explants of Yeheb (Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.15
‘Yeheb’ (Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl) is a multipurpose and evergreen shrub and endemic to southeastern corner of Ethiopia and Somalia. It is adapted to low and irregular rainfall and survives a very long dry season. It has enormous economic and food security roles to the pastoralist of Somali Region State in Ethiopia. However, the plant is threatened with extinction due to over exploitation and its’ poor natural regeneration capacity. The aim of this was to explore the potential for in vitro rapid regeneration of ‘yeheb’ from cotyledon and leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1.0 – 8.0 mg l-1concentrations of 2, 4-D for callus induction and 2.0 and 3.0 mg l-1concentration of N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ) and kinetin (Kin) with combination of 4.0 mg l-1 of 2, 4-Dichlorophenyl acetic acid (2, 4-D) for embryo induction. The result of these studies revealed that the highest percentage of callus induction (89%) were obtained from both leaf and cotyledon explants on MS media supplemented with 4.00 and 8.00 mg l-1 2, 4-D, respectively. The highest percentage of embryo regeneration responses (88.89 and 77.78%) were obtained from leaf and cotyledon explants on same media: MS media supplemented by 3.00 mg l-1 TDZ +4.00 mg l-1 2, 4-D. As a conclusion; this is the first attempt for callus and embryo in vitro regeneration of C. edulis and permissible result for mass propagation and cryopreservation.
‘Yeheb’ (Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl) is a multipurpose and evergreen shrub and endemic to southeastern corner of Ethiopia and Somalia. It is adapted to low and irregular rainfall and survives a very long dry season. It has enormous economic and food security roles to the pastoralist of Somali Region State in Ethiopia. However, the plant is threatened with extinction due to over exploitation and its’ poor natural regeneration capacity. The aim of this was to explore the potential for in vitro rapid regeneration of ‘yeheb’ from cotyledon and leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1.0 – 8.0 mg l-1concentrations of 2, 4-D for callus induction and 2.0 and 3.0 mg l-1concentration of N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ) and kinetin (Kin) with combination of 4.0 mg l-1 of 2, 4-Dichlorophenyl acetic acid (2, 4-D) for embryo induction. The result of these studies revealed that the highest percentage of callus induction (89%) were obtained from both leaf and cotyledon explants on MS media supplemented with 4.00 and 8.00 mg l-1 2, 4-D, respectively. The highest percentage of embryo regeneration responses (88.89 and 77.78%) were obtained from leaf and cotyledon explants on same media: MS media supplemented by 3.00 mg l-1 TDZ +4.00 mg l-1 2, 4-D. As a conclusion; this is the first attempt for callus and embryo in vitro regeneration of C. edulis and permissible result for mass propagation and cryopreservation.
Induction of Callus and Somatic Embryogenesis from Cotyledon and Leaf Explants of Yeheb (Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20140306.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-12-26
© Science Publishing Group
Yohannes Seyoum
Firew Mekbib
Adefris Teklewold
Belayneh Admassu
Dawit Beyene
Zelalem Fisseha
Induction of Callus and Somatic Embryogenesis from Cotyledon and Leaf Explants of Yeheb (Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl)
3
6
468
468
2014-12-26
2014-12-26
10.11648/j.aff.20140306.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20140306.15
© Science Publishing Group
Evapotranspiration and Water Stress Estimation from TIR and SWIR Bands
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.16
The World agriculture depends on water availability; thus, a successful water management system would assure food for the World. For several decades, the scientific community has developed methods to support water management. These models include the estimates of the main water loss in the system, i.e. the evapotranspiration (ET). In turn, the satellite technology encouraged the development of new models to monitor large regions. In this work, we present a modified ET estimation adapting the F parameter introduced by Venturini et al., in 2008. Additionally, a new simple index to estimate water stress (WS) for different types of surfaces, is also presented. The relative evaporation represented by F is derived from the soil moisture condition following the formulation of Barton and computed from the surface reflectance in the shortwave infrared bands (SWIR). The new ET and WS equations are applicable, with different satellite datasets, to any remote region since they are based on universal relationships. The preliminary results show errors of about 11% in ET. In general, the new WS index would have values of approximately 0.8 for a dry surface and 0.4 for a wet surface.
The World agriculture depends on water availability; thus, a successful water management system would assure food for the World. For several decades, the scientific community has developed methods to support water management. These models include the estimates of the main water loss in the system, i.e. the evapotranspiration (ET). In turn, the satellite technology encouraged the development of new models to monitor large regions. In this work, we present a modified ET estimation adapting the F parameter introduced by Venturini et al., in 2008. Additionally, a new simple index to estimate water stress (WS) for different types of surfaces, is also presented. The relative evaporation represented by F is derived from the soil moisture condition following the formulation of Barton and computed from the surface reflectance in the shortwave infrared bands (SWIR). The new ET and WS equations are applicable, with different satellite datasets, to any remote region since they are based on universal relationships. The preliminary results show errors of about 11% in ET. In general, the new WS index would have values of approximately 0.8 for a dry surface and 0.4 for a wet surface.
Evapotranspiration and Water Stress Estimation from TIR and SWIR Bands
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-11-17
© Science Publishing Group
Girolimetto Daniela
Venturini Virginia
Evapotranspiration and Water Stress Estimation from TIR and SWIR Bands
3
6
45
45
2014-11-17
2014-11-17
10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.16
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Different Levels of Fertilizer and Irrigation on the Yield of Wheat under Raised Bed System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.14
The study was conducted on raised bed (one pass) tillage system on the effect of fertilizer and irrigation levels at Wheat Research Centre, Nashipur, Dinajpur (25°38´ N, 88°41´ E and 38.20 m above mean sea level). Treatments were: T1; recommended fertilizer dose of N100 + P26.5 + K40 + S20 + Z4 + B1 with irrigation up to 75% field capacity, T2; recommended fertilizer dose with irrigation up to 100% field capacity, T3; recommended fertilizer dose with irrigation up to 125% field capacity, T4; 20% lower fertilizer dose than recommended dose with irrigation up to 75% field capacity, T5; 20% lower fertilizer dose than recommended with irrigation up to 100% field capacity, T6; 20% lower fertilizer dose than recommended with irrigation up to 125% field capacity. Irrigation water was applied at growth stages of 20, 55 and 75 days after sowing (DAS). Data on seasonal water use, yield and yield contributing characters of wheat were recorded during experimentations in raised bed cultivation systems. Results from this study indicated that the effect of fertilizer and irrigation level did not influence the grain yield and yield attributes of wheat under raised bed system. But, higher grain yield was found in the plots where recommended fertilizers were applied with irrigation up to 100% field capacity. Seasonal water was used by 211 – 231 mm and water use efficiency was found 1.53 – 1.78 kg m-3 by the treatments effect for one pass-tillage raised bed system. The short-term findings of this study raise the further crop physiological, fertilizer use efficiency and economics return study to confirm the results.
The study was conducted on raised bed (one pass) tillage system on the effect of fertilizer and irrigation levels at Wheat Research Centre, Nashipur, Dinajpur (25°38´ N, 88°41´ E and 38.20 m above mean sea level). Treatments were: T1; recommended fertilizer dose of N100 + P26.5 + K40 + S20 + Z4 + B1 with irrigation up to 75% field capacity, T2; recommended fertilizer dose with irrigation up to 100% field capacity, T3; recommended fertilizer dose with irrigation up to 125% field capacity, T4; 20% lower fertilizer dose than recommended dose with irrigation up to 75% field capacity, T5; 20% lower fertilizer dose than recommended with irrigation up to 100% field capacity, T6; 20% lower fertilizer dose than recommended with irrigation up to 125% field capacity. Irrigation water was applied at growth stages of 20, 55 and 75 days after sowing (DAS). Data on seasonal water use, yield and yield contributing characters of wheat were recorded during experimentations in raised bed cultivation systems. Results from this study indicated that the effect of fertilizer and irrigation level did not influence the grain yield and yield attributes of wheat under raised bed system. But, higher grain yield was found in the plots where recommended fertilizers were applied with irrigation up to 100% field capacity. Seasonal water was used by 211 – 231 mm and water use efficiency was found 1.53 – 1.78 kg m-3 by the treatments effect for one pass-tillage raised bed system. The short-term findings of this study raise the further crop physiological, fertilizer use efficiency and economics return study to confirm the results.
Effect of Different Levels of Fertilizer and Irrigation on the Yield of Wheat under Raised Bed System
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-10-17
© Science Publishing Group
Khokan Kumer Sarker
Dilip Kumar Roy
Akbar Hossain
Mohammed Monirul Islam
Effect of Different Levels of Fertilizer and Irrigation on the Yield of Wheat under Raised Bed System
3
6
27
27
2014-10-17
2014-10-17
10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.14
© Science Publishing Group
Green Economy: Challenges and Prospects for Improved Aquatic Agricultural System (AAS) in Niger Delta Communities
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.15
There is dire need for deliberate green action plan to solve the endemic environmental crises occasioned by unsustainable utilization of natural resources and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta; a region with its characteristic terrain and eco-fragility that is highly susceptible to adverse environmental and climate change-related disasters. But, to successfully implement a green economy plan in the Niger Delta region, there has to be a well-thought out strategy with due appraisal of baseline environmental issues and concerns. The people of the delta depend, primarily, on the exploitation of the region’s rich bio-resources with fishing and farming forming the major sources of livelihoods. Observations by independent and intergovernmental global environmental protection players indicate that, the creeks, lands, mangroves, forests, etc provide inestimable goods and ecological services to the region’s inhabitants. Yet, they have been consistently degraded over the past four decades, mainly by industrial activities. Some identified challenges in greening the region and viable alternatives for sustainable agricultural development are, also, discussed. The authors have, therefore, proposed strategies such as consideration of complex biophysical and socio-economic factors, multi-stakeholder engagement, and a paradigm shift from the contemporary fossil energy-based agriculture to the more sustainable practices of biofuels and organic agriculture. A modelled paradigm for transforming current improved aquatic agricultural systems (AAS) to become more productive while, maintaining ecosystem services is proposed. Therefore, this paper examines current environmental issues and concerns as well as efforts variously made to address them in the Niger Delta against the backdrop of existing economic activities.
There is dire need for deliberate green action plan to solve the endemic environmental crises occasioned by unsustainable utilization of natural resources and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta; a region with its characteristic terrain and eco-fragility that is highly susceptible to adverse environmental and climate change-related disasters. But, to successfully implement a green economy plan in the Niger Delta region, there has to be a well-thought out strategy with due appraisal of baseline environmental issues and concerns. The people of the delta depend, primarily, on the exploitation of the region’s rich bio-resources with fishing and farming forming the major sources of livelihoods. Observations by independent and intergovernmental global environmental protection players indicate that, the creeks, lands, mangroves, forests, etc provide inestimable goods and ecological services to the region’s inhabitants. Yet, they have been consistently degraded over the past four decades, mainly by industrial activities. Some identified challenges in greening the region and viable alternatives for sustainable agricultural development are, also, discussed. The authors have, therefore, proposed strategies such as consideration of complex biophysical and socio-economic factors, multi-stakeholder engagement, and a paradigm shift from the contemporary fossil energy-based agriculture to the more sustainable practices of biofuels and organic agriculture. A modelled paradigm for transforming current improved aquatic agricultural systems (AAS) to become more productive while, maintaining ecosystem services is proposed. Therefore, this paper examines current environmental issues and concerns as well as efforts variously made to address them in the Niger Delta against the backdrop of existing economic activities.
Green Economy: Challenges and Prospects for Improved Aquatic Agricultural System (AAS) in Niger Delta Communities
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-10-20
© Science Publishing Group
Nenibarini Zabbey
Ijeoma Favour Vincent-Akpu
Ibisime Etela
Green Economy: Challenges and Prospects for Improved Aquatic Agricultural System (AAS) in Niger Delta Communities
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35
35
2014-10-20
2014-10-20
10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.15
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Cultivation in Different Age’s Oil Palm Plantation on Selected Chemical Properties of Peat Swamp Soils
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.12
Large-scale land conversion of peat for agricultural purposes requires clearance, drainage, fertilizer application, and liming to increase the pH and boost microbial activity. The objective of this present study was to compare the soil chemical properties of oil palm plantation one-three years oil palm planted and mature oil palm that were previously a secondary tropical peat swamp forest. Soil samples were collected randomly at difference age’s oil palm plantation from a Young Oil Palm Plantation (YOPP) in one year period of time at same place and Mature Oil Palm Plantation (MOPP) another place from oil palm plantation in Batang Igan, Sibu Sarawak, Malaysia. Approach: Forty eight soil samples were taken using a peat soil auger at 0-15 cm depths in every area. The samples were air dried and then sieved to pass 2 mm sieve. Soil pH in water and KCl, soil CEC, Organic Matter (OM), Organic Carbon (OC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorous (TP), Total Potassium (TK), carbon to nitrogen ratio and carbon to phosphorous ratio were determined using standard procedures. Statistical analysis showed that CEC, TC and OM content were statistically similar. Results: The soil pHwater, TN and C/N ration shows highly significant for all difference age's oil palm plantation. Difference with pHKCl and TK content shows no significantly difference between YOPP 2 years and 3 years but both areas significantly higher with MOPP. For TP and C/P ratio content has no significant difference for YOPP (2 years) and MOPP but significantly difference with YOPP (3 years). Conclusion: Regardless of difference age's oil palm plantation, total carbon, organic matter and CEC was statistically similar to different ages of oil palm plantation, but soil acidity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, C/N and C/P ratio was significantly higher between three areas weather YOPP (2 years), YOPP (3 years) and MOPP.
Large-scale land conversion of peat for agricultural purposes requires clearance, drainage, fertilizer application, and liming to increase the pH and boost microbial activity. The objective of this present study was to compare the soil chemical properties of oil palm plantation one-three years oil palm planted and mature oil palm that were previously a secondary tropical peat swamp forest. Soil samples were collected randomly at difference age’s oil palm plantation from a Young Oil Palm Plantation (YOPP) in one year period of time at same place and Mature Oil Palm Plantation (MOPP) another place from oil palm plantation in Batang Igan, Sibu Sarawak, Malaysia. Approach: Forty eight soil samples were taken using a peat soil auger at 0-15 cm depths in every area. The samples were air dried and then sieved to pass 2 mm sieve. Soil pH in water and KCl, soil CEC, Organic Matter (OM), Organic Carbon (OC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorous (TP), Total Potassium (TK), carbon to nitrogen ratio and carbon to phosphorous ratio were determined using standard procedures. Statistical analysis showed that CEC, TC and OM content were statistically similar. Results: The soil pHwater, TN and C/N ration shows highly significant for all difference age's oil palm plantation. Difference with pHKCl and TK content shows no significantly difference between YOPP 2 years and 3 years but both areas significantly higher with MOPP. For TP and C/P ratio content has no significant difference for YOPP (2 years) and MOPP but significantly difference with YOPP (3 years). Conclusion: Regardless of difference age's oil palm plantation, total carbon, organic matter and CEC was statistically similar to different ages of oil palm plantation, but soil acidity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, C/N and C/P ratio was significantly higher between three areas weather YOPP (2 years), YOPP (3 years) and MOPP.
Effect of Cultivation in Different Age’s Oil Palm Plantation on Selected Chemical Properties of Peat Swamp Soils
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-23
© Science Publishing Group
Seca Gandaseca
Muhamad Ismawi Salimin
Osumanu Haruna Ahmed
Effect of Cultivation in Different Age’s Oil Palm Plantation on Selected Chemical Properties of Peat Swamp Soils
3
6
9
9
2014-09-23
2014-09-23
10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.12
© Science Publishing Group
Risks in Vegetables Production from the Perspective of Smallholder Farmers: The Case of Kombolcha Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.11
In Ethiopia, vegetable crops are produced in different agro-ecological zones through commercial as well as smallholder farmers both as a source of income and food. However, due to perishable nature and biological nature of production process, vegetables productions are risky investment activities. In this context, risk perceptions play a key role in the production and investment behaviour of farmers in vegetable production decisions. However, in Kombolcha Woreda, only limited attention has been paid to understand the producers’ risk perceptions in vegetable production. Therefore, in this study, analysis of the major sources of risks in vegetable production, on the basis of farmers’ perceptions, was conducted. For the study, a two-stage sampling technique was used to select 130 sample households from six sample kebeles. Primary data collected through structured questionnaire and secondary data sources were used. A Likert scale, based on farmers’ perception, was used to rank the various sources of vegetable production risks. The mean scores results, derived based on Likert scales, indicated that production and market risks were perceived to be the most important risk sources. Hence, price support mechanisms and inputs subsidy, education and training on formal risk management mechanisms (production contract, marketing contract, etc.); drought tolerant, and pest/disease resistant vegetable varieties and cultural and biological methods, and chemicals should be used to control such risks.
In Ethiopia, vegetable crops are produced in different agro-ecological zones through commercial as well as smallholder farmers both as a source of income and food. However, due to perishable nature and biological nature of production process, vegetables productions are risky investment activities. In this context, risk perceptions play a key role in the production and investment behaviour of farmers in vegetable production decisions. However, in Kombolcha Woreda, only limited attention has been paid to understand the producers’ risk perceptions in vegetable production. Therefore, in this study, analysis of the major sources of risks in vegetable production, on the basis of farmers’ perceptions, was conducted. For the study, a two-stage sampling technique was used to select 130 sample households from six sample kebeles. Primary data collected through structured questionnaire and secondary data sources were used. A Likert scale, based on farmers’ perception, was used to rank the various sources of vegetable production risks. The mean scores results, derived based on Likert scales, indicated that production and market risks were perceived to be the most important risk sources. Hence, price support mechanisms and inputs subsidy, education and training on formal risk management mechanisms (production contract, marketing contract, etc.); drought tolerant, and pest/disease resistant vegetable varieties and cultural and biological methods, and chemicals should be used to control such risks.
Risks in Vegetables Production from the Perspective of Smallholder Farmers: The Case of Kombolcha Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-07-16
© Science Publishing Group
Kumilachew Alamerie
Mengistu Ketema
Fekadu Gelaw
Risks in Vegetables Production from the Perspective of Smallholder Farmers: The Case of Kombolcha Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
3
6
5
5
2014-07-16
2014-07-16
10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.11
© Science Publishing Group
Sustainable Harvesting of Alstonia boonei De Wild. (Apocynaceae) in the Community Forest of Mbeth II, East Region of Cameroon
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.13
This paper aims to analyze the traditional usages and, assess the abundance of stems and the mass of the barks of Alstonia boonei for its use as a medicinal plant in the community forest of Mbeth II, East region of Cameroon. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted among the community of Mbeth II and in city markets in Bertoua and Yaoundé between January and April 2012. The management inventory was conducted in July 2012 to assess the abundance of A. boonei stems in the forest. During the inventory, samples of barks were collected from mature trees and the mass of the stem barks of A. boonei was estimated using an indirect method. A. boonei was cited by 26 informants in the village and markets in the treatment of six ailments. Malaria, typhoid fever and intestinal worms were largely cited. The stem bark is confirmed for its activity against malaria/fever. The density (number of stems/ha) of A. boonei obtained in the Community forest of Mbeth II was 0.89 stems/ha. The density of exploitable stems was therefore 0.744 stems/ha. The average volume of fresh bark for an exploitable tree is 0.0356 m3, while the average fresh mass of the bark of an exploitable tree was 34.4 kg. Considering that for all trees above 30 cm diameter at breast high (considered as a minimum exploitable diameter for the harvesting of barks), only two quarters of the bark are taken from the main stem up to the first branch, the average sustainable mass of Alstonia boonei in Mbeth II is 17.2 kg. Results discussed in this paper can be summarized, in a specific document called “the simple management plan of A. boonei as a medicinal plant in the community forest of Mbeth II”. The glaring development challenge at the back ground of what precedes is the urgent need to achieve the recommendations proposed in such a document.
This paper aims to analyze the traditional usages and, assess the abundance of stems and the mass of the barks of Alstonia boonei for its use as a medicinal plant in the community forest of Mbeth II, East region of Cameroon. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted among the community of Mbeth II and in city markets in Bertoua and Yaoundé between January and April 2012. The management inventory was conducted in July 2012 to assess the abundance of A. boonei stems in the forest. During the inventory, samples of barks were collected from mature trees and the mass of the stem barks of A. boonei was estimated using an indirect method. A. boonei was cited by 26 informants in the village and markets in the treatment of six ailments. Malaria, typhoid fever and intestinal worms were largely cited. The stem bark is confirmed for its activity against malaria/fever. The density (number of stems/ha) of A. boonei obtained in the Community forest of Mbeth II was 0.89 stems/ha. The density of exploitable stems was therefore 0.744 stems/ha. The average volume of fresh bark for an exploitable tree is 0.0356 m3, while the average fresh mass of the bark of an exploitable tree was 34.4 kg. Considering that for all trees above 30 cm diameter at breast high (considered as a minimum exploitable diameter for the harvesting of barks), only two quarters of the bark are taken from the main stem up to the first branch, the average sustainable mass of Alstonia boonei in Mbeth II is 17.2 kg. Results discussed in this paper can be summarized, in a specific document called “the simple management plan of A. boonei as a medicinal plant in the community forest of Mbeth II”. The glaring development challenge at the back ground of what precedes is the urgent need to achieve the recommendations proposed in such a document.
Sustainable Harvesting of Alstonia boonei De Wild. (Apocynaceae) in the Community Forest of Mbeth II, East Region of Cameroon
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2014-09-23
© Science Publishing Group
Jean Lagarde Betti
Joseph Ambara
Sustainable Harvesting of Alstonia boonei De Wild. (Apocynaceae) in the Community Forest of Mbeth II, East Region of Cameroon
3
6
22
22
2014-09-23
2014-09-23
10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.13
© Science Publishing Group
Calculation of FCR and RBC with Varied Effect of Iron in Broiler
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.17
One hundred and fifty hubbard broiler were studied to examine their response to various levels of iron in relation to FCR and blood parameters. The experiment was conducted at poultry experimental station, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam during, 2013. Commercial feed was supplemented with iron concentration of 0 (Control), 40, 80, 120, 160mg/kg in groups A, B, C, D and E, respectively. Result revealed lowest feed (3780g) and water (8160ml) consumed by group E. Better (P<0.05) live weight (1939g), FCR (1.94), dressing percentage (64.93%), RBC (3.33x106/µl), HB (9.30g/dL), PCV (31.1%) and Rs. 47.35 per bird net profit was also recorded in group E where, 160mg/ kg iron was supplemented in broiler ration. Lowest mortality (6.66%) was also observed in group E, while non-significant differences in edible parts were observed among the groups. Increasing level of iron showed better performance in the groups. It is concluded that 160mg/kg iron level can be supplemented in broiler ration for better FCR, dressing % and per bird net profit along with better performance in blood parameters.
One hundred and fifty hubbard broiler were studied to examine their response to various levels of iron in relation to FCR and blood parameters. The experiment was conducted at poultry experimental station, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam during, 2013. Commercial feed was supplemented with iron concentration of 0 (Control), 40, 80, 120, 160mg/kg in groups A, B, C, D and E, respectively. Result revealed lowest feed (3780g) and water (8160ml) consumed by group E. Better (P<0.05) live weight (1939g), FCR (1.94), dressing percentage (64.93%), RBC (3.33x106/µl), HB (9.30g/dL), PCV (31.1%) and Rs. 47.35 per bird net profit was also recorded in group E where, 160mg/ kg iron was supplemented in broiler ration. Lowest mortality (6.66%) was also observed in group E, while non-significant differences in edible parts were observed among the groups. Increasing level of iron showed better performance in the groups. It is concluded that 160mg/kg iron level can be supplemented in broiler ration for better FCR, dressing % and per bird net profit along with better performance in blood parameters.
Calculation of FCR and RBC with Varied Effect of Iron in Broiler
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-03-18
© Science Publishing Group
Barkat Ali Kalwar
Hakim Ali Sahito
Mehmood Ahmed Kalwar
Zaibun Nisa Memon
Madan Lal
Calculation of FCR and RBC with Varied Effect of Iron in Broiler
3
6
51
51
2015-03-18
2015-03-18
10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2014030601.17
© Science Publishing Group
Change in Diversity and Abundance of Nematode Destroying Fungi in Land Use under Irrigation in Selected Small Scale Irrigation Schemes in Kenya
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150401.12
Intensity of land cultivation is usually associated with increase in crop production and loss of soil biodiversity or its function. This study was conducted to determine the effect of intensity of land use under irrigation on the occurrence, abundance and diversity of nematode destroying fungi in selected small scale irrigation systems in Kenya. The study was conducted in four spatially separated irrigation schemes namely Kabaa and Kauti in Machakos and Kathiga Gacheru and Mbogooni) in Embu. The study areas were stratified according to land use, which included the irrigated land, rain-fed cultivated land and undisturbed land under fallow. The period of cultivation also differed with the oldest cultivated irrigation system, having been opened in 1960, while the youngest having been opened in 2011.Soil samples were collected from the study site for isolation of nematode destroying fungi. The soil sprinkle and culture technique was used to isolate soil nematode destroying fungi from the soil samples. A total of 216 fungal isolates were identified as nematode destroying fungi belonging to six genera namely Acrostalagmus, Arthrobotrys, Haptoglossa, Harposporium and Monacrosporium. All the isolates were identified resultingto nine species. 49.5% of all the fungi were isolated from irrigated land while, the rain-fed and the undisturbed land uses accounted for 29.7 and 20.8% of the isolates, respectively. The oldest irrigation systems had the least diversity (0.110) of nematode destroying fungi compared to the youngest which had a diversity index of 1.311.The species Arthrobotrys oligospora was the most frequently isolated fungus followed by Monacrosporium cionapagum with occurrence frequencies of 57 and 53%, respectively. The least frequently isolated species was Nematoctonus leiospora with an occurrence frequency of 2.3%. Of the total identified species, only Nematoctonus leiosporus and Arthrobotrys dactyloides were not affected by the irrigation activities.). From the study, it is evident that land use intensity under irrigation system and the duration of cultivation impacts on occurrence and diversity of nematode destroying fungi in the soil.
Intensity of land cultivation is usually associated with increase in crop production and loss of soil biodiversity or its function. This study was conducted to determine the effect of intensity of land use under irrigation on the occurrence, abundance and diversity of nematode destroying fungi in selected small scale irrigation systems in Kenya. The study was conducted in four spatially separated irrigation schemes namely Kabaa and Kauti in Machakos and Kathiga Gacheru and Mbogooni) in Embu. The study areas were stratified according to land use, which included the irrigated land, rain-fed cultivated land and undisturbed land under fallow. The period of cultivation also differed with the oldest cultivated irrigation system, having been opened in 1960, while the youngest having been opened in 2011.Soil samples were collected from the study site for isolation of nematode destroying fungi. The soil sprinkle and culture technique was used to isolate soil nematode destroying fungi from the soil samples. A total of 216 fungal isolates were identified as nematode destroying fungi belonging to six genera namely Acrostalagmus, Arthrobotrys, Haptoglossa, Harposporium and Monacrosporium. All the isolates were identified resultingto nine species. 49.5% of all the fungi were isolated from irrigated land while, the rain-fed and the undisturbed land uses accounted for 29.7 and 20.8% of the isolates, respectively. The oldest irrigation systems had the least diversity (0.110) of nematode destroying fungi compared to the youngest which had a diversity index of 1.311.The species Arthrobotrys oligospora was the most frequently isolated fungus followed by Monacrosporium cionapagum with occurrence frequencies of 57 and 53%, respectively. The least frequently isolated species was Nematoctonus leiospora with an occurrence frequency of 2.3%. Of the total identified species, only Nematoctonus leiosporus and Arthrobotrys dactyloides were not affected by the irrigation activities.). From the study, it is evident that land use intensity under irrigation system and the duration of cultivation impacts on occurrence and diversity of nematode destroying fungi in the soil.
Change in Diversity and Abundance of Nematode Destroying Fungi in Land Use under Irrigation in Selected Small Scale Irrigation Schemes in Kenya
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150401.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-01-28
© Science Publishing Group
Wachira P. M.
Kimenju J. W.
Otipa M.
Change in Diversity and Abundance of Nematode Destroying Fungi in Land Use under Irrigation in Selected Small Scale Irrigation Schemes in Kenya
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1
13
13
2015-01-28
2015-01-28
10.11648/j.aff.20150401.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150401.12
© Science Publishing Group
Multitemporal Land Use Changes in a Region of Pindus Mountain, Central Greece
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150401.14
Natural ecosystems are renewable resources with special environmental, social and economical attributes and characteristics. The increasing need of the human beings for a better environment leads to the use of new technologies that offer many advantages in detecting changes in the ecosystems. In this study the integration of remote sensing tools and technology and the spatial orientation analysis of Geographical Information Systems (G.I.S.) combined with in situ observations were used in determining any changes in land cover categories along an 18 year period. The study area of 9,287 ha extends to Pindus mountain, in the municipality of Plastira, central Greece. The results have shown that the current technologies can be used for the modelling of environmental parameters improving our knowledge on its attributes, characteristics, situation, trends and changes of natural ecosystems. The multitemporal changes that were observed are mostly due to vegetation evolution and less to socioeconomic reasons. The basic management strategy for the specific area should combine forest, pasture and livestock in such a way that each component produces usable products, while in the same time preserves sustainability.
Natural ecosystems are renewable resources with special environmental, social and economical attributes and characteristics. The increasing need of the human beings for a better environment leads to the use of new technologies that offer many advantages in detecting changes in the ecosystems. In this study the integration of remote sensing tools and technology and the spatial orientation analysis of Geographical Information Systems (G.I.S.) combined with in situ observations were used in determining any changes in land cover categories along an 18 year period. The study area of 9,287 ha extends to Pindus mountain, in the municipality of Plastira, central Greece. The results have shown that the current technologies can be used for the modelling of environmental parameters improving our knowledge on its attributes, characteristics, situation, trends and changes of natural ecosystems. The multitemporal changes that were observed are mostly due to vegetation evolution and less to socioeconomic reasons. The basic management strategy for the specific area should combine forest, pasture and livestock in such a way that each component produces usable products, while in the same time preserves sustainability.
Multitemporal Land Use Changes in a Region of Pindus Mountain, Central Greece
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150401.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-02-02
© Science Publishing Group
Apostolos Ainalis
Ioannis Meliadis
Konstantinos Tsiouvaras
Katerina Ainali
Dimitrios Platis
Panagiotis Platis
Multitemporal Land Use Changes in a Region of Pindus Mountain, Central Greece
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1
23
23
2015-02-02
2015-02-02
10.11648/j.aff.20150401.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150401.14
© Science Publishing Group
Adaptability Study of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Varieties in the Mid and High Land Areas of Kaffa Zone, South West Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150401.13
The bases of the idea to conduct this field experiment are the uses of the spices and the suitable agro-ecology of Kafa zone. There was no any research activity conducted in the Kafa zone in relation to highland seed spices. It is important to evaluate the adaptability of improved black cumin varieties in the Kafa zone in order to diversify their production and to maximize the income of the farmers in the area. Based on this fact, a field experiment was conducted using three improved Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) varieties; Dirishaye, Eden, and Deribera with the local check. The activity was conducted in the 2012 /13 cropping season at Alarigeta and Kaya Kela experimental sites of Bonga Agricultural Research Center. The objective of this study was to test the adaptability of improved Black cumin varieties to the representative areas Kafa zone. These varieties were evaluated for yield, plant height, pods per plant, emergence and flowering dates. The test varieties were used as experimental treatments and arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications. The grain yield recorded in gram per plot was converted to kilogram per hectare. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in most parameters evaluated at Alarigata, unlike Kaya Kela site. The local check showed significantly higher grain yield (612.98 Kg ha-1) than Eden, Dirishaye, and Deribera (473.06, 451.9, and 449.62 Kg ha-1, respectively) at Kaya Kela. Based on the results obtained under this study variety Eden could be used for demonstration, popularization and pre-scaling up of the technology at Alarigata and the surrounding areas. On the other hand, this experiment showed the huge potential of the local variety at both experimental sites. Thus, such a potential suggests that the local check or the land race could be used for variety development program which would later be supported by agronomic and pathological studies (fertilizer rate, sowing date, and reaction to insect pests and diseases). This would give rise to the production of adaptive improved black cumin seed spices with specific quality traits at different agro-ecologies of the zone that fulfill the specific international market demands.
The bases of the idea to conduct this field experiment are the uses of the spices and the suitable agro-ecology of Kafa zone. There was no any research activity conducted in the Kafa zone in relation to highland seed spices. It is important to evaluate the adaptability of improved black cumin varieties in the Kafa zone in order to diversify their production and to maximize the income of the farmers in the area. Based on this fact, a field experiment was conducted using three improved Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) varieties; Dirishaye, Eden, and Deribera with the local check. The activity was conducted in the 2012 /13 cropping season at Alarigeta and Kaya Kela experimental sites of Bonga Agricultural Research Center. The objective of this study was to test the adaptability of improved Black cumin varieties to the representative areas Kafa zone. These varieties were evaluated for yield, plant height, pods per plant, emergence and flowering dates. The test varieties were used as experimental treatments and arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications. The grain yield recorded in gram per plot was converted to kilogram per hectare. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in most parameters evaluated at Alarigata, unlike Kaya Kela site. The local check showed significantly higher grain yield (612.98 Kg ha-1) than Eden, Dirishaye, and Deribera (473.06, 451.9, and 449.62 Kg ha-1, respectively) at Kaya Kela. Based on the results obtained under this study variety Eden could be used for demonstration, popularization and pre-scaling up of the technology at Alarigata and the surrounding areas. On the other hand, this experiment showed the huge potential of the local variety at both experimental sites. Thus, such a potential suggests that the local check or the land race could be used for variety development program which would later be supported by agronomic and pathological studies (fertilizer rate, sowing date, and reaction to insect pests and diseases). This would give rise to the production of adaptive improved black cumin seed spices with specific quality traits at different agro-ecologies of the zone that fulfill the specific international market demands.
Adaptability Study of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Varieties in the Mid and High Land Areas of Kaffa Zone, South West Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150401.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-02-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ermias Assefa
Addis Alemayehu
Teshom Mamo
Adaptability Study of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Varieties in the Mid and High Land Areas of Kaffa Zone, South West Ethiopia
4
1
17
17
2015-02-01
2015-02-01
10.11648/j.aff.20150401.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150401.13
© Science Publishing Group
Nematode Fauna of Rajaji National Park, with First Record of Granonchulus subdecurrens Coetzee, 1966 (Mononchida: Mylonchulidae) from India
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150401.11
A total 26 species of terrestrial nematode (15 from order Dorylaimida and 11 from order Mononchida) has been recorded from Rajaji National Park (RNP), Uttarakhand, India. All are being reported first time from RNP. Of these, Granonchulus subdecurrens Coetzee, 1966 is being recorded from first time from India.
A total 26 species of terrestrial nematode (15 from order Dorylaimida and 11 from order Mononchida) has been recorded from Rajaji National Park (RNP), Uttarakhand, India. All are being reported first time from RNP. Of these, Granonchulus subdecurrens Coetzee, 1966 is being recorded from first time from India.
Nematode Fauna of Rajaji National Park, with First Record of Granonchulus subdecurrens Coetzee, 1966 (Mononchida: Mylonchulidae) from India
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150401.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-01-22
© Science Publishing Group
Vinita Sharma
Alka Dubey
Nematode Fauna of Rajaji National Park, with First Record of Granonchulus subdecurrens Coetzee, 1966 (Mononchida: Mylonchulidae) from India
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2015-01-22
2015-01-22
10.11648/j.aff.20150401.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150401.11
© Science Publishing Group
Tree Growth Response of Pinus oocarpa Along Different Altitude in Dedza Mountain Forest Plantation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150401.15
Understanding of the effects of altitude on tree growth is central to forest management, especially in the establishment of seed source stands. A study was conducted to investigate the effect of altitude on the growth height, diameter at breast height (dbh) and volume of Pinus oocarpa in Malawi. Stands of Pinus oocarpa at the altitude of 1500m, 1700m and 1900m above the sea level (asl) were measured for total height, dbh and volume at the age of 18 years. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. The results shows that there were significant (P<0.001) differences in total mean height, dbh and volume among the different altitudes. Higher mean height (19.2m), dbh (24.5cm) and volume (0.417m3) was observed at 1500m asl, while total mean height, dbh and volume at 1700m asl and 1900m asl were 17.1m, 22.9cm, 0.322m3 and 15.4m, 20.8cm, 0.243m3 respectively. Total mean height, dbh and volume decreased with an increase of altitude. This was attributed to differences in supply of soil nutrients and specific leaf area. It is therefore, recommended that seed sources stands for Pinus oocarpa in Malawi and the surrounding countries should be established at 1500m to 1600m above the sea level for better genetic growth parameters.
Understanding of the effects of altitude on tree growth is central to forest management, especially in the establishment of seed source stands. A study was conducted to investigate the effect of altitude on the growth height, diameter at breast height (dbh) and volume of Pinus oocarpa in Malawi. Stands of Pinus oocarpa at the altitude of 1500m, 1700m and 1900m above the sea level (asl) were measured for total height, dbh and volume at the age of 18 years. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. The results shows that there were significant (P<0.001) differences in total mean height, dbh and volume among the different altitudes. Higher mean height (19.2m), dbh (24.5cm) and volume (0.417m3) was observed at 1500m asl, while total mean height, dbh and volume at 1700m asl and 1900m asl were 17.1m, 22.9cm, 0.322m3 and 15.4m, 20.8cm, 0.243m3 respectively. Total mean height, dbh and volume decreased with an increase of altitude. This was attributed to differences in supply of soil nutrients and specific leaf area. It is therefore, recommended that seed sources stands for Pinus oocarpa in Malawi and the surrounding countries should be established at 1500m to 1600m above the sea level for better genetic growth parameters.
Tree Growth Response of Pinus oocarpa Along Different Altitude in Dedza Mountain Forest Plantation
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150401.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-02-06
© Science Publishing Group
Anderson Ndema
Edward Missanjo
Tree Growth Response of Pinus oocarpa Along Different Altitude in Dedza Mountain Forest Plantation
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2015-02-06
2015-02-06
10.11648/j.aff.20150401.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150401.15
© Science Publishing Group
Factors Influencing Pesticide Use in Smallholder Rice Production in Northern Ghana
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.19
Rice production is an important economic activity among smallholder farmers in northern Ghana serving as source of income and household food security. The production of rice is often associated with the use of pesticides to control harmful pests of rice, a practice which also poses environmental and human health risks. The study sought to investigate the factors which influence smallholder rice farmers’ use of pesticides in rice farming in northern Ghana. Rice farmers were selected from three irrigation schemes in northern Ghana, namely the Botanga, Tono and Vea Irrigation Schemes. A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used to identify 300 rice farmers who were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed both descriptively and inferentially. A probit model was used to study the determinants of pesticide use. The study showed that farm size, farm income, mechanization, extension contact, distance to source of pesticide and production system were the influencial factors in rice producers’ choice to use pesticide in rice farming. The study recommends extension education to farmers on pesticide use in order to avoid misuse and the risks factors associated with improper application.
Rice production is an important economic activity among smallholder farmers in northern Ghana serving as source of income and household food security. The production of rice is often associated with the use of pesticides to control harmful pests of rice, a practice which also poses environmental and human health risks. The study sought to investigate the factors which influence smallholder rice farmers’ use of pesticides in rice farming in northern Ghana. Rice farmers were selected from three irrigation schemes in northern Ghana, namely the Botanga, Tono and Vea Irrigation Schemes. A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used to identify 300 rice farmers who were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed both descriptively and inferentially. A probit model was used to study the determinants of pesticide use. The study showed that farm size, farm income, mechanization, extension contact, distance to source of pesticide and production system were the influencial factors in rice producers’ choice to use pesticide in rice farming. The study recommends extension education to farmers on pesticide use in order to avoid misuse and the risks factors associated with improper application.
Factors Influencing Pesticide Use in Smallholder Rice Production in Northern Ghana
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150402.19
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-04-15
© Science Publishing Group
Benjamin Tetteh Anang
Joseph Amikuzuno
Factors Influencing Pesticide Use in Smallholder Rice Production in Northern Ghana
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2015-04-15
2015-04-15
10.11648/j.aff.20150402.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.19
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluating the Efficacy of Pituitary Gland Extracts and Ovaprim in Induced Breeding and Fry Quality of Clarias gariepinus, Burchell (Pisces: Claridae)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.18
This study compared the effectiveness of Ovaprim and pituitary gland extract (PGE) in induced spawning of the African mud catfish, Clarias gariepinus, using reproductive output and fry quality indices. At a mean temperature of 26.0 ±0.700C, latency period for Ovaprim and PGE were 613 and 745 minutes, respectively. Workers fecundity was significantly higher (p<0.05) for brooders treated with Ovaprim (36086.00 ±7215.50eggs) than PGE induced spawners (20978.00 ±6782.15 eggs). Hatching rates also followed the same trend, in which significantly higher hatching success was recorded for Ovaprim ovulated eggs (83.5%) than PGE induced eggs (63.7%). Fry survival rate was 81.90 ±1.10% for Ovaprim treated fish, while PGE induced fish fry had 77.73±1.33%; percentage deformed fry was significantly minimal for Ovaprim treated. However, all Ovaprim-treated spent fish died few hours post stripping, contrary to PGE spent brooders that were fully recovered. Production cost analyses revealed that the use of Ovaprim resulted in about 25% cost reduction. It is thus concluded that Ovaprim is superior to PGE in induction of breeding in Clarias gariepinus. This notwithstanding, the mortality suffered by all the spent fish treated with Ovaprim raises food safety concerns. This however, needs to be validated.
This study compared the effectiveness of Ovaprim and pituitary gland extract (PGE) in induced spawning of the African mud catfish, Clarias gariepinus, using reproductive output and fry quality indices. At a mean temperature of 26.0 ±0.700C, latency period for Ovaprim and PGE were 613 and 745 minutes, respectively. Workers fecundity was significantly higher (p<0.05) for brooders treated with Ovaprim (36086.00 ±7215.50eggs) than PGE induced spawners (20978.00 ±6782.15 eggs). Hatching rates also followed the same trend, in which significantly higher hatching success was recorded for Ovaprim ovulated eggs (83.5%) than PGE induced eggs (63.7%). Fry survival rate was 81.90 ±1.10% for Ovaprim treated fish, while PGE induced fish fry had 77.73±1.33%; percentage deformed fry was significantly minimal for Ovaprim treated. However, all Ovaprim-treated spent fish died few hours post stripping, contrary to PGE spent brooders that were fully recovered. Production cost analyses revealed that the use of Ovaprim resulted in about 25% cost reduction. It is thus concluded that Ovaprim is superior to PGE in induction of breeding in Clarias gariepinus. This notwithstanding, the mortality suffered by all the spent fish treated with Ovaprim raises food safety concerns. This however, needs to be validated.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Pituitary Gland Extracts and Ovaprim in Induced Breeding and Fry Quality of Clarias gariepinus, Burchell (Pisces: Claridae)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150402.18
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-03-24
© Science Publishing Group
Efe Okere
Ebere Samuel Erondu
Nenibarini Zabbey
Evaluating the Efficacy of Pituitary Gland Extracts and Ovaprim in Induced Breeding and Fry Quality of Clarias gariepinus, Burchell (Pisces: Claridae)
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2015-03-24
2015-03-24
10.11648/j.aff.20150402.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.18
© Science Publishing Group
Preferences of ICT Tools by the Upazila Agriculture Officers (UAOs) for the Information Exchange in Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.16
The purpose of the study was to investigate the preferences of ICT tools by the Upazila Agricultural Officers, Bangladesh for the exchange of information. Data were collected using distributed questionnaires among the respondents. The findings showed that majority of the respondents (93.8%) had highly favorable attitude towards ICTs while 6.3% percent had moderately favorable attitude and there was no respondent had slightly favorable attitude towards ICTs. It also found that the highly preferred ICT tool by the UAOs is cell phone (1.76) and the second highly preferred tool is tab with the mean value 1.74, and on the other hand, internet (1.31) is the least preferred tools by the respondents. Correlation showed that age, job duration, personality characteristics, ambition and access to ICT tools showed significant relationship with the preferences of ICT tools by the UAOs. Challenges in using ICTs revealed that load shedding problem (2.21), lack of training facilities (2.19) and indifferences of farmers to get information through ICT (2.19) are the major challenges faced by the Upazila Agriculture Officers. Thus, it can be recommended that more ICT tools should be made available to the respondents with properly addressing the challenges so that they will be able to choose from various alternatives and also be able to gather and disseminate useful information to the farmers.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the preferences of ICT tools by the Upazila Agricultural Officers, Bangladesh for the exchange of information. Data were collected using distributed questionnaires among the respondents. The findings showed that majority of the respondents (93.8%) had highly favorable attitude towards ICTs while 6.3% percent had moderately favorable attitude and there was no respondent had slightly favorable attitude towards ICTs. It also found that the highly preferred ICT tool by the UAOs is cell phone (1.76) and the second highly preferred tool is tab with the mean value 1.74, and on the other hand, internet (1.31) is the least preferred tools by the respondents. Correlation showed that age, job duration, personality characteristics, ambition and access to ICT tools showed significant relationship with the preferences of ICT tools by the UAOs. Challenges in using ICTs revealed that load shedding problem (2.21), lack of training facilities (2.19) and indifferences of farmers to get information through ICT (2.19) are the major challenges faced by the Upazila Agriculture Officers. Thus, it can be recommended that more ICT tools should be made available to the respondents with properly addressing the challenges so that they will be able to choose from various alternatives and also be able to gather and disseminate useful information to the farmers.
Preferences of ICT Tools by the Upazila Agriculture Officers (UAOs) for the Information Exchange in Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150402.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-03-14
© Science Publishing Group
Khondokar Humayun Kabir
Debashis Roy
Preferences of ICT Tools by the Upazila Agriculture Officers (UAOs) for the Information Exchange in Bangladesh
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2015-03-14
2015-03-14
10.11648/j.aff.20150402.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.16
© Science Publishing Group
Economic Assessment of New Herbicides Used to Fight the Weeds in Wheat
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.17
Within the period 2011-2014, at the experimental base of the Agricultural University – Plovdiv we conducted field experiments with new herbicides in wheat. Based on the obtained results, we made a summarized economic assessment of the chemical fight against weeds. We established the amount of production expenses needed for growing wheat in 10 tested variants including 9 treated with herbicidal preparations. It was found the critical levels of the yield for each variant as well as the factors determining them. The economic effectiveness of production has been analyzed using a system of various indicators: the value of the permanent and variable costs per unit of area; the level of the average yield; the value of the total revenue per unit of area; the amount of the profit from 1 ha; the prime cost of the production and the profitability rate. The highest average yield was obtained from the variants treated with herbicides: Axial 1 plus 050 EK (5180.60 kg/ha); Sekator OD (5200.00 kg/ha) and Pasifica VG (5210, 46 kg/ha). Upon the application of these herbicides, the rate of increase of the additional production from unit of area exceeds the rates of the investments made. This makes the use of these herbicides economically substantiated. With the exception of the untreated control sample, all other herbicides give good economic results from the production of wheat, a sufficient profit rate from unit of area and profitability ranging from 20% to 22%.
Within the period 2011-2014, at the experimental base of the Agricultural University – Plovdiv we conducted field experiments with new herbicides in wheat. Based on the obtained results, we made a summarized economic assessment of the chemical fight against weeds. We established the amount of production expenses needed for growing wheat in 10 tested variants including 9 treated with herbicidal preparations. It was found the critical levels of the yield for each variant as well as the factors determining them. The economic effectiveness of production has been analyzed using a system of various indicators: the value of the permanent and variable costs per unit of area; the level of the average yield; the value of the total revenue per unit of area; the amount of the profit from 1 ha; the prime cost of the production and the profitability rate. The highest average yield was obtained from the variants treated with herbicides: Axial 1 plus 050 EK (5180.60 kg/ha); Sekator OD (5200.00 kg/ha) and Pasifica VG (5210, 46 kg/ha). Upon the application of these herbicides, the rate of increase of the additional production from unit of area exceeds the rates of the investments made. This makes the use of these herbicides economically substantiated. With the exception of the untreated control sample, all other herbicides give good economic results from the production of wheat, a sufficient profit rate from unit of area and profitability ranging from 20% to 22%.
Economic Assessment of New Herbicides Used to Fight the Weeds in Wheat
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150402.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-03-21
© Science Publishing Group
Vasko Nikolov Koprivlenski
Maya Dincheva Dimitrova
Ivan Stoyanov Jalnov
Ilian Dimitrov Zheliazkov
Plamen Ivanov Zorovski
Economic Assessment of New Herbicides Used to Fight the Weeds in Wheat
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2015-03-21
10.11648/j.aff.20150402.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.17
© Science Publishing Group
Response of Maize to FYM, Gypsum and Pore Volume of Leaching Water in Saline Sodic Soil of Bisidimo, Babile District, Eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.11
A green house experiment was conducted during Oct-Dec2012 to evaluate the efficiency of selected treatment combinations of FYM, gypsum and pore volume (PV) of leaching water on growth parameters (number of leaves, plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry biomass) of maize (Zea mays L.) crop. Treatments included the combinations of the two rates (0 and 20 t ha-1) of FYM, four rates of gypsum (0, 50, 75 and 100% gypsum requirement, GR) and three (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) PV of leaching water arranged in complete randomized design with three replications. The results indicated that growth parameters of maize showed significant (p < 0.005) response to combined application of treatments. Similarly, the responses of growth parameters to combined application of gypsum and PV of water were also significant. Maximum growth parameters were observed in the plots that received 20 t FYM ha-1 + 100% GR + 3.0 PV of water compared to other combinations. Results also indicated that increasing the GR by 25% showed consistent improvement in crop growth parameters across each PV of leaching water. Analysis of the post harvest soils showed that soils received combined applications of treatments decreased pH, ECe and SAR of saline sodic soils. However, significantly (p < 0.01) higher decrease in pH, ECe and SAR were recorded in the combined application of 20 t FYM ha-1 + 100% GR + 3.0 PV of water. Combination of 20 t FYM ha-1 + 50% GR + 3.0 PV of leaching water reduced pH, ECe and SAR by 7.5, 23.5 and 10.0% over the control, respectively. This combination is deemed suitable for improving soil properties to agriculturally permissible limits and for optimal maize crop production. Hence, this combination can be recommended for the production of economically optimal maize crop production in saline sodic soil of Baile low lands.
A green house experiment was conducted during Oct-Dec2012 to evaluate the efficiency of selected treatment combinations of FYM, gypsum and pore volume (PV) of leaching water on growth parameters (number of leaves, plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry biomass) of maize (Zea mays L.) crop. Treatments included the combinations of the two rates (0 and 20 t ha-1) of FYM, four rates of gypsum (0, 50, 75 and 100% gypsum requirement, GR) and three (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) PV of leaching water arranged in complete randomized design with three replications. The results indicated that growth parameters of maize showed significant (p < 0.005) response to combined application of treatments. Similarly, the responses of growth parameters to combined application of gypsum and PV of water were also significant. Maximum growth parameters were observed in the plots that received 20 t FYM ha-1 + 100% GR + 3.0 PV of water compared to other combinations. Results also indicated that increasing the GR by 25% showed consistent improvement in crop growth parameters across each PV of leaching water. Analysis of the post harvest soils showed that soils received combined applications of treatments decreased pH, ECe and SAR of saline sodic soils. However, significantly (p < 0.01) higher decrease in pH, ECe and SAR were recorded in the combined application of 20 t FYM ha-1 + 100% GR + 3.0 PV of water. Combination of 20 t FYM ha-1 + 50% GR + 3.0 PV of leaching water reduced pH, ECe and SAR by 7.5, 23.5 and 10.0% over the control, respectively. This combination is deemed suitable for improving soil properties to agriculturally permissible limits and for optimal maize crop production. Hence, this combination can be recommended for the production of economically optimal maize crop production in saline sodic soil of Baile low lands.
Response of Maize to FYM, Gypsum and Pore Volume of Leaching Water in Saline Sodic Soil of Bisidimo, Babile District, Eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150402.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-02-16
© Science Publishing Group
Assefa Adane
Heluf Gebrekidan
Kibebew Kibret
Response of Maize to FYM, Gypsum and Pore Volume of Leaching Water in Saline Sodic Soil of Bisidimo, Babile District, Eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia
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2015-02-16
2015-02-16
10.11648/j.aff.20150402.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.11
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Decomposition Rate and Soil Nutrient Status under Different Woody Species Combination in a Tree Plantation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.14
Forest Litter is the major input determining the nutrient accumulation within the forest soil ecosystem which goes a long way in determining forest stand productivity. To better understand this, the study investigated the litter decomposition rate and soil nutritional status under different woody species combinations in tree plantation established in 1998. Four different pocket of tree combinations Terminalia sp and Tectona grandis (1); Gmelina arborea and Tectona grandis (2); Khaya sp and Tectona grandis (3); Theobroma cacao and Cola sp. (4) were used, while undisturbed natural forest served as the control. Three plots (25 m x 25 m) were randomly mapped out of each site in which fresh litter were collected with litter trap (1 m x 1 m ) and 45 litter bags were placed and 90 composite soil samples to the depths of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm collected using a stainless steel auger. These collections followed the principle of co-location in each of the plots. Litter bag technique was used for Litter decomposition rate. The results of the litter accumulation in the forest plantations were in the magnitude of Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea (1249.2 kgha-1) > Teak and Khaya sp. (899.42 kgha-1) > Teak and Terminalia sp., (867.58 kgha-1) > natural forest (489.96 kgha-1) Cocoa and Cola (199.87 kgha-1). The decomposition rates under Tectona grandis and Khaya sp., Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea mixtures were higher than other tree species mixtures. The rate of decomposition under Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea mixtures was 5.3 times higher than that of Tectona grandis and Terminalia sp., Cocoa and Cola combinations and natural forest at 6 weeks. At 15-30 cm soil depth, the C/N ratio was in the magnitude of Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea (8.6:1) < Cocoa and Cola (9.3:1) < Tectona grandis and Khaya sp. (9.8:1) < Tectona grandis and Terminalia sp. Natural forest (11.7:1). The organic carbon and available nitrogen at 0-15cm soil depth under Tectona grandis and Khaya sp. combinations were significantly lower compared with other trees species combinations. However, the available phosphorus was significantly higher under Tectona grandis and Terminalia sp. compared with other tree species combinations. The dendograme indicated that the soil characteristics in the various tree species combinations plot were similar up to 50% with four clusters. The observed relative nutrient availability within the structurally different forested ecosystem in the study area might not be unconnected to the litter mixtures emerging from different tree combinations.
Forest Litter is the major input determining the nutrient accumulation within the forest soil ecosystem which goes a long way in determining forest stand productivity. To better understand this, the study investigated the litter decomposition rate and soil nutritional status under different woody species combinations in tree plantation established in 1998. Four different pocket of tree combinations Terminalia sp and Tectona grandis (1); Gmelina arborea and Tectona grandis (2); Khaya sp and Tectona grandis (3); Theobroma cacao and Cola sp. (4) were used, while undisturbed natural forest served as the control. Three plots (25 m x 25 m) were randomly mapped out of each site in which fresh litter were collected with litter trap (1 m x 1 m ) and 45 litter bags were placed and 90 composite soil samples to the depths of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm collected using a stainless steel auger. These collections followed the principle of co-location in each of the plots. Litter bag technique was used for Litter decomposition rate. The results of the litter accumulation in the forest plantations were in the magnitude of Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea (1249.2 kgha-1) > Teak and Khaya sp. (899.42 kgha-1) > Teak and Terminalia sp., (867.58 kgha-1) > natural forest (489.96 kgha-1) Cocoa and Cola (199.87 kgha-1). The decomposition rates under Tectona grandis and Khaya sp., Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea mixtures were higher than other tree species mixtures. The rate of decomposition under Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea mixtures was 5.3 times higher than that of Tectona grandis and Terminalia sp., Cocoa and Cola combinations and natural forest at 6 weeks. At 15-30 cm soil depth, the C/N ratio was in the magnitude of Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea (8.6:1) < Cocoa and Cola (9.3:1) < Tectona grandis and Khaya sp. (9.8:1) < Tectona grandis and Terminalia sp. Natural forest (11.7:1). The organic carbon and available nitrogen at 0-15cm soil depth under Tectona grandis and Khaya sp. combinations were significantly lower compared with other trees species combinations. However, the available phosphorus was significantly higher under Tectona grandis and Terminalia sp. compared with other tree species combinations. The dendograme indicated that the soil characteristics in the various tree species combinations plot were similar up to 50% with four clusters. The observed relative nutrient availability within the structurally different forested ecosystem in the study area might not be unconnected to the litter mixtures emerging from different tree combinations.
Assessment of Decomposition Rate and Soil Nutrient Status under Different Woody Species Combination in a Tree Plantation
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150402.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-03-02
© Science Publishing Group
I. O. Faboya
S. I. Adebola
O. O. Awotoye
Assessment of Decomposition Rate and Soil Nutrient Status under Different Woody Species Combination in a Tree Plantation
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2015-03-02
2015-03-02
10.11648/j.aff.20150402.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.14
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Some Micro-Catchment Water Harvesting Techniques on Some Soil Physical Properties
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.15
The experimental work was conducted at Jebel Awlia locality 40 kilometers south of Omdurman city during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 rainy seasons to investigate the effect of micro-catchment water harvesting techniques on some soil physical properties. Techniques used were, semi- circular, V-shaped, pits, deep ditches and land without water harvesting technique control. Soil properties studied were infiltration rate, saturation percentage, bulk density and the percentages of clay, silt and sand. The results showed that infiltration rates in all treatments were lower than that of the control, the mean differences between treatments were not significant in the first season but significantly lower means were obtained by the semi circular and pits in the second season. Saturation percentage in both seasons, were significantly lower after rainfall as compared to that before rainfall for all treatments. Except for the semi-circular and the V-shaped treatments in both seasons and deep ditches in the first season and pits in the second season, bulk density after rain fall was significantly lower than that before rainfall. Clay content in both seasons was not significantly affected by the water harvesting techniques, except under deep ditches in the second season and overall in both seasons. Silt content, in both seasons, was not significantly influenced by the technique for all treatments, except during the first season, in which the techniques before rainfall had a significantly higher mean as compared to that after rainfall. Effect of the water harvesting technique on sand content had insignificant effect, except the overall mean of the techniques during the second season, in which before rainfall was significantly higher as compared to that of the control treatments.
The experimental work was conducted at Jebel Awlia locality 40 kilometers south of Omdurman city during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 rainy seasons to investigate the effect of micro-catchment water harvesting techniques on some soil physical properties. Techniques used were, semi- circular, V-shaped, pits, deep ditches and land without water harvesting technique control. Soil properties studied were infiltration rate, saturation percentage, bulk density and the percentages of clay, silt and sand. The results showed that infiltration rates in all treatments were lower than that of the control, the mean differences between treatments were not significant in the first season but significantly lower means were obtained by the semi circular and pits in the second season. Saturation percentage in both seasons, were significantly lower after rainfall as compared to that before rainfall for all treatments. Except for the semi-circular and the V-shaped treatments in both seasons and deep ditches in the first season and pits in the second season, bulk density after rain fall was significantly lower than that before rainfall. Clay content in both seasons was not significantly affected by the water harvesting techniques, except under deep ditches in the second season and overall in both seasons. Silt content, in both seasons, was not significantly influenced by the technique for all treatments, except during the first season, in which the techniques before rainfall had a significantly higher mean as compared to that after rainfall. Effect of the water harvesting technique on sand content had insignificant effect, except the overall mean of the techniques during the second season, in which before rainfall was significantly higher as compared to that of the control treatments.
Effect of Some Micro-Catchment Water Harvesting Techniques on Some Soil Physical Properties
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150402.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-03-02
© Science Publishing Group
Azmi Elhag Aydrous
Abdel Moneim Elamin Mohamed
Hussein Mohammed Ahmed Abuzied
Salah Abdel Rahman Salih
Mohamed Abdel Mahmoud Elsheik
Effect of Some Micro-Catchment Water Harvesting Techniques on Some Soil Physical Properties
4
2
58
58
2015-03-02
2015-03-02
10.11648/j.aff.20150402.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150402.15
© Science Publishing Group
Effectiveness of Communication Strategies used in Creating Awareness and Uptake of Food Quality and Safety Standards in the Informal Market Outlets of Camel Suusa and Nyirinyiri
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.11
The Nyirinyiri and Suusa products from camel meat and milk processed by pastoral women using indigenous knowledge and traded in the informal markets presents opportunities to enhance household food security and income and also health benefits to consumers. However, safety and quality concerns by consumers are market barriers, especially acceptability beyond the traditional camel eating communities and in urban niche markets. It is possible to break this market barrier with effective communication of the food safety and quality standards but there exist knowledge gaps on the extent to which use of seminars and trainings, media briefs, radios, television and manuals increase awareness and uptake of the food standards and benefits to actors in the informal food markets. This study therefore identified the effectiveness of communication strategies used in promoting awareness and uptake of food quality and safety standards in the informal market outlet. Survey, Focus Group Discussion and Participatory appraisal of actors along the value chain were the methods used in data collection. The results showed that communication strategies in place were meant for the formal market hence the camel Suusa and Nyirinyiri chain actors gave the perceived effectiveness of the communication strategies if they were to be for the informal market outlet for promote acceptance and access for Suusa and Nyirinyiri in the high value markets.
The Nyirinyiri and Suusa products from camel meat and milk processed by pastoral women using indigenous knowledge and traded in the informal markets presents opportunities to enhance household food security and income and also health benefits to consumers. However, safety and quality concerns by consumers are market barriers, especially acceptability beyond the traditional camel eating communities and in urban niche markets. It is possible to break this market barrier with effective communication of the food safety and quality standards but there exist knowledge gaps on the extent to which use of seminars and trainings, media briefs, radios, television and manuals increase awareness and uptake of the food standards and benefits to actors in the informal food markets. This study therefore identified the effectiveness of communication strategies used in promoting awareness and uptake of food quality and safety standards in the informal market outlet. Survey, Focus Group Discussion and Participatory appraisal of actors along the value chain were the methods used in data collection. The results showed that communication strategies in place were meant for the formal market hence the camel Suusa and Nyirinyiri chain actors gave the perceived effectiveness of the communication strategies if they were to be for the informal market outlet for promote acceptance and access for Suusa and Nyirinyiri in the high value markets.
Effectiveness of Communication Strategies used in Creating Awareness and Uptake of Food Quality and Safety Standards in the Informal Market Outlets of Camel Suusa and Nyirinyiri
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150403.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-04-22
© Science Publishing Group
Madete S. K. Pauline
Bebe O. Bockline
Matofari W. Joseph
Muliro S. Patrick
Effectiveness of Communication Strategies used in Creating Awareness and Uptake of Food Quality and Safety Standards in the Informal Market Outlets of Camel Suusa and Nyirinyiri
4
3
86
86
2015-04-22
2015-04-22
10.11648/j.aff.20150403.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.11
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Provenance and Storage Agroecology on Duration of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) Tuber Dormancy
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.13
Crop improvement in yam is slow due to poor understanding of tuber dormancy. Tuber provenance and storage agroecology are thought to affect the duration to sprouting in yam, but systematic studies on the role of these factors are rare. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of tuber provenance and storage agroecology on the duration to sprouting in D. rotundata. Twenty landraces [comprising 7 originating from the Guinea savanna (GS), 5 from the Forest/transition (TS), and 8 from the Humid forest (HF)] were collected and multiplied at a location in their respective agroecologies: Abuja (GS), Ibadan (TS) and Onne (HF). Thereafter, 100 tubers of each of the 20 landraces were stored at each of the three sites, and dates of the appearance of shoot bud (ASB)/ sprouting were recorded. The results showed that provenance did not significantly affect the duration from planting to sprouting or the duration from date in storage to sprouting in D. rotundata. The duration to ASB varied by up to 21 days (d) for landraces originating from HF and TS, and 37 d for landraces originating from GS. Variations among landraces within a provenance group were greater than between provenance groups. This suggests that the provenance of a landrace is not a major factor controlling the duration to ASB. All landraces responded to storage agroecology/ environment in a similar manner. There was no interaction between provenance and storage environment. Tubers stored at Onne and Ibadan sprouted about 10 d earlier than those at Abuja, and this was associated with slightly higher temperature and RH at Onne and Ibadan. Storage agroecology is an important factor controlling the duration to sprouting but provenance is not.
Crop improvement in yam is slow due to poor understanding of tuber dormancy. Tuber provenance and storage agroecology are thought to affect the duration to sprouting in yam, but systematic studies on the role of these factors are rare. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of tuber provenance and storage agroecology on the duration to sprouting in D. rotundata. Twenty landraces [comprising 7 originating from the Guinea savanna (GS), 5 from the Forest/transition (TS), and 8 from the Humid forest (HF)] were collected and multiplied at a location in their respective agroecologies: Abuja (GS), Ibadan (TS) and Onne (HF). Thereafter, 100 tubers of each of the 20 landraces were stored at each of the three sites, and dates of the appearance of shoot bud (ASB)/ sprouting were recorded. The results showed that provenance did not significantly affect the duration from planting to sprouting or the duration from date in storage to sprouting in D. rotundata. The duration to ASB varied by up to 21 days (d) for landraces originating from HF and TS, and 37 d for landraces originating from GS. Variations among landraces within a provenance group were greater than between provenance groups. This suggests that the provenance of a landrace is not a major factor controlling the duration to ASB. All landraces responded to storage agroecology/ environment in a similar manner. There was no interaction between provenance and storage environment. Tubers stored at Onne and Ibadan sprouted about 10 d earlier than those at Abuja, and this was associated with slightly higher temperature and RH at Onne and Ibadan. Storage agroecology is an important factor controlling the duration to sprouting but provenance is not.
Effect of Provenance and Storage Agroecology on Duration of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) Tuber Dormancy
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150403.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-04-22
© Science Publishing Group
Elsie Ihuakwu Hamadina
Robert Asiedu
Effect of Provenance and Storage Agroecology on Duration of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) Tuber Dormancy
4
3
100
100
2015-04-22
2015-04-22
10.11648/j.aff.20150403.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.13
© Science Publishing Group
Economic Assessment of Integrated Fish Farming (Fish-Rice-Piggery) in Sierra Leone
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.12
The present study evaluates the profitability and environmental effect of integrated fish cum rice and piggery production at Njala University, Sierra Leone. The research carried out between June and November, 2014 consists of the pigsty (2.5m × 11m), a maggoty and integrated pond (395.2m2) sown with 0.94kg NERICA 19 rice at spacing of 20cm inter - rows and 5cm intra - rows. The pond was stocked with Clarias gariepinus juveniles (mean weight 25.6± 1.78g) at the density of 4.8fish per m2.Water quality parameters viz., temperature, pH, Dissolved oxygen, NO3-N, NH3/NH4, hardness and alkalinity were determined in the pond and were found to be within the recommended range for the culture of tropical fish. Economic analysis of the adaptive research gave a negative incremental benefit and Net Present Value (NPV) in both the first and second year of production. The sensitivity analysis evaluation shows that the enterprise is fairly sensitive to price fluctuation (-46.02%) and highly sensitive to survival rate of the fish and the scale of production of the pigs. Increasing scale of production and selling at market price will greatly enhance profitability and short term payback of costs.
The present study evaluates the profitability and environmental effect of integrated fish cum rice and piggery production at Njala University, Sierra Leone. The research carried out between June and November, 2014 consists of the pigsty (2.5m × 11m), a maggoty and integrated pond (395.2m2) sown with 0.94kg NERICA 19 rice at spacing of 20cm inter - rows and 5cm intra - rows. The pond was stocked with Clarias gariepinus juveniles (mean weight 25.6± 1.78g) at the density of 4.8fish per m2.Water quality parameters viz., temperature, pH, Dissolved oxygen, NO3-N, NH3/NH4, hardness and alkalinity were determined in the pond and were found to be within the recommended range for the culture of tropical fish. Economic analysis of the adaptive research gave a negative incremental benefit and Net Present Value (NPV) in both the first and second year of production. The sensitivity analysis evaluation shows that the enterprise is fairly sensitive to price fluctuation (-46.02%) and highly sensitive to survival rate of the fish and the scale of production of the pigs. Increasing scale of production and selling at market price will greatly enhance profitability and short term payback of costs.
Economic Assessment of Integrated Fish Farming (Fish-Rice-Piggery) in Sierra Leone
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150403.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-04-23
© Science Publishing Group
Olapade Olufemi Julius
Alimamy Turay
Momoh Rashid Raymond
Economic Assessment of Integrated Fish Farming (Fish-Rice-Piggery) in Sierra Leone
4
3
94
94
2015-04-23
2015-04-23
10.11648/j.aff.20150403.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.12
© Science Publishing Group
Adaptability Study of Improved Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties at South Ari Woreda, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.15
Three improved Irish potato varieties and one local check were evaluated with the objective of selecting adaptable best performing Irish potato varieties and tolerant to late blight for Irish potato production areas of South Omo zone. The trial was conducted at Senmamer kebele of Debub Ari district, Ethiopia during 2013 cropping seasons using randomized complete block design under rain faid condition. Tuber yield, plant height, number of stem, crop reaction to late blight, average number of tuber per plant, average weight of tuber per plant, average tuber diameter, small size tuber, medium size tuber and large size tuber ranged from 2.5 to 12.6, 30.3 to 58.9, 2.2 to 4.5, 5 to 47.8, 8.2 to 10.7, 0.14 to 0.78, 8.1 to 11.2, 0.04 to 0.2, 0.04 to 0.3, 0.05 to 0.3, respectively. This experiment suggests that the variety Belete was gave high yield and resistant to late blight compare to the other tested varieties.
Three improved Irish potato varieties and one local check were evaluated with the objective of selecting adaptable best performing Irish potato varieties and tolerant to late blight for Irish potato production areas of South Omo zone. The trial was conducted at Senmamer kebele of Debub Ari district, Ethiopia during 2013 cropping seasons using randomized complete block design under rain faid condition. Tuber yield, plant height, number of stem, crop reaction to late blight, average number of tuber per plant, average weight of tuber per plant, average tuber diameter, small size tuber, medium size tuber and large size tuber ranged from 2.5 to 12.6, 30.3 to 58.9, 2.2 to 4.5, 5 to 47.8, 8.2 to 10.7, 0.14 to 0.78, 8.1 to 11.2, 0.04 to 0.2, 0.04 to 0.3, 0.05 to 0.3, respectively. This experiment suggests that the variety Belete was gave high yield and resistant to late blight compare to the other tested varieties.
Adaptability Study of Improved Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties at South Ari Woreda, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150403.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Misgana Mitiku
Wondwesen Shiferaw
Awoke Tadesse
Adaptability Study of Improved Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties at South Ari Woreda, Ethiopia
4
3
108
108
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.aff.20150403.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.15
© Science Publishing Group
Compatibility of Jatropha Curcas with Maize (Zea Mays L.) Cv. Obatampa in a Hedgerow Intercropping System Grown on Ferric Acrisols
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.16
Skeptics are talking about the impact of the biofuel crop on food production. It is important that the compatibility of Jatropha curcas in agroforestry systems is investigated to provide answers to some of these problems being advanced. The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three hedgerow spacings of 2 m x 1 m, 3 m x 1m, 4 m x 1 m of Jatropha curcas and a control (No hedgerow) was used to lay out the experiment. This was replicated 3 times. The study showed that in the second year, plant height and plant diameter at first node differed significantly between the treatments. Maximum stover weight was 11.9 tons/ha and 7.5 tons/ha in the first and second year respectively for 4 m x 1 m spacing. Generally yields were lower in the second year in all the treatments compared to the first year. Maximum grain yield of maize was 4.47 tons/ha and 2.99 tons/ha in the first and second year respectively at the control treatment. Chemical properties of the soil did not record any significant decline after two years of cultivation. pH, organic Carbon, total nitrogen, organic matter, exchangeable cations, total exchangeable bases, exchangeable acid and base saturation did not show significant difference between the treatments. The highest Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 1.6 and 1.2 was recorded at 4 m x 1 m for both years, making it the most suitable plant spacing for Jatropha curcas with maize.
Skeptics are talking about the impact of the biofuel crop on food production. It is important that the compatibility of Jatropha curcas in agroforestry systems is investigated to provide answers to some of these problems being advanced. The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three hedgerow spacings of 2 m x 1 m, 3 m x 1m, 4 m x 1 m of Jatropha curcas and a control (No hedgerow) was used to lay out the experiment. This was replicated 3 times. The study showed that in the second year, plant height and plant diameter at first node differed significantly between the treatments. Maximum stover weight was 11.9 tons/ha and 7.5 tons/ha in the first and second year respectively for 4 m x 1 m spacing. Generally yields were lower in the second year in all the treatments compared to the first year. Maximum grain yield of maize was 4.47 tons/ha and 2.99 tons/ha in the first and second year respectively at the control treatment. Chemical properties of the soil did not record any significant decline after two years of cultivation. pH, organic Carbon, total nitrogen, organic matter, exchangeable cations, total exchangeable bases, exchangeable acid and base saturation did not show significant difference between the treatments. The highest Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 1.6 and 1.2 was recorded at 4 m x 1 m for both years, making it the most suitable plant spacing for Jatropha curcas with maize.
Compatibility of Jatropha Curcas with Maize (Zea Mays L.) Cv. Obatampa in a Hedgerow Intercropping System Grown on Ferric Acrisols
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150403.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-13
© Science Publishing Group
Abugre S.
Twum-Ampofo K.
Oti-Boateng C.
Compatibility of Jatropha Curcas with Maize (Zea Mays L.) Cv. Obatampa in a Hedgerow Intercropping System Grown on Ferric Acrisols
4
3
116
116
2015-05-13
2015-05-13
10.11648/j.aff.20150403.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.16
© Science Publishing Group
Features of Ontogeny of Wheat Hybrid of Type Dwarf II
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.14
The genes of hybrid depression widely spread in the genus Triticum lead to inviability of hybrid plants and prevent the successful implementation of breeding programs. At the same time the phenomenon of hybrid depression serves as a basic model for the study of profound changes in hybrid plants resulting of expression of various genes. Research of the intensity and orientation of these changes and regularities of ontogenetic development of wheat is necessary to evaluate the viability of hybrids. We have investigated the influence of complementary genes of hybrid dwarfism on the root system, intensity of photosynthesis and the activity of catalase. It was shown that the interaction of complementary dominant genes of hybrid dwarfism has multilateral impact on the ontogenetic development of wheat hybrid Dwarf II. Depression in above ground and underground plant organs was manifested. Photosynthesis in Dwarf II hybrids proceeded more intensively than in the parental forms, but the catalase activity was interrupted in leaves and roots. Notable decrease of the volume and total absorbency of the root surface was detected.
The genes of hybrid depression widely spread in the genus Triticum lead to inviability of hybrid plants and prevent the successful implementation of breeding programs. At the same time the phenomenon of hybrid depression serves as a basic model for the study of profound changes in hybrid plants resulting of expression of various genes. Research of the intensity and orientation of these changes and regularities of ontogenetic development of wheat is necessary to evaluate the viability of hybrids. We have investigated the influence of complementary genes of hybrid dwarfism on the root system, intensity of photosynthesis and the activity of catalase. It was shown that the interaction of complementary dominant genes of hybrid dwarfism has multilateral impact on the ontogenetic development of wheat hybrid Dwarf II. Depression in above ground and underground plant organs was manifested. Photosynthesis in Dwarf II hybrids proceeded more intensively than in the parental forms, but the catalase activity was interrupted in leaves and roots. Notable decrease of the volume and total absorbency of the root surface was detected.
Features of Ontogeny of Wheat Hybrid of Type Dwarf II
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150403.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-04-24
© Science Publishing Group
Ruzanna Robert Sadoyan
Features of Ontogeny of Wheat Hybrid of Type Dwarf II
4
3
105
105
2015-04-24
2015-04-24
10.11648/j.aff.20150403.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.14
© Science Publishing Group
Rural Households Willingness to Pay for Small Ruminant Meat in South-Western Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.17
Subsistent level of indigenous small ruminant meat production in Nigeria limits its supply and consequently, accounted for its high prices. The study examined the willingness to pay for indigenous small ruminant meat in Ijebu division of Ogun state, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 120 rural households used for the study. The results of the descriptive and Logit regression analyses revealed that rural households head in the study area are mostly females, attained appreciable level of literacy with a means of livelihood and mostly in their middle age. These rural households consumed small ruminant meat regularly, well educated about the nutritional value of the ruminant meat, and mostly, willing to pay the market price of small ruminant meat whenever they are ready to consume the meat. Factors influencing their willingness to pay for small ruminant meat are age of the household head, occupation, distance from market, and price of small ruminant meat. The study recommends the establishment of slaughter houses and small ruminant meat market to consumption areas and in various villages to broaden the market as well as providing improved market access to producers.
Subsistent level of indigenous small ruminant meat production in Nigeria limits its supply and consequently, accounted for its high prices. The study examined the willingness to pay for indigenous small ruminant meat in Ijebu division of Ogun state, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 120 rural households used for the study. The results of the descriptive and Logit regression analyses revealed that rural households head in the study area are mostly females, attained appreciable level of literacy with a means of livelihood and mostly in their middle age. These rural households consumed small ruminant meat regularly, well educated about the nutritional value of the ruminant meat, and mostly, willing to pay the market price of small ruminant meat whenever they are ready to consume the meat. Factors influencing their willingness to pay for small ruminant meat are age of the household head, occupation, distance from market, and price of small ruminant meat. The study recommends the establishment of slaughter houses and small ruminant meat market to consumption areas and in various villages to broaden the market as well as providing improved market access to producers.
Rural Households Willingness to Pay for Small Ruminant Meat in South-Western Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150403.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-26
© Science Publishing Group
Otunaiya Abiodun Olanrewaju
Ologbon Olugbenga A. Chris
Adigun Grace Toyin
Rural Households Willingness to Pay for Small Ruminant Meat in South-Western Nigeria
4
3
122
122
2015-05-26
2015-05-26
10.11648/j.aff.20150403.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.17
© Science Publishing Group
The Contribution of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church in Forest Management and Its Best Practices to be Scaled up in North Shewa Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.18
This research was conducted in selected moasteries of Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOTC) in North Shewa zone. The main objective of the study is to identify main constraints which hinder the society to learn from religious instituions and apply the best practices and habit of experiences on forest conservation. Accordingly six monasteries were selected at different altitudes and sites purposively. Once the study forest areas were identified, 10 X 10 m quadrats were laid systematically in the forests for vegetation sampling. For the socioeconomic survey, 112 individuals were selected. Moreover, focus group discussion and key informant interviews were employed. Church forests enveloped in this study have an area ranging from 1.6 ha to 100 ha. The total number of species and families in each of the six churches ranged from 17 to 60 and 15 to 39 respectively. Different regeneration status was revealed from the height and diameter class distribution for some of the woody species. The height and diameter class distributions for all individuals in each studied church showed that the forests are at different secondary stages of development. The classification of the species group by ordination techniques showed the differentiation in species group types has a strong relationship with altitude. These church forests didn’t come to exist just by chance. Results indicated that it is by the commitment of the church based on strong theological thoughts and biblical basis. It was found that the local community respects and protects church forests, and considers the church as a central institution and platform. However, the community is not strongly committed to adopt forest management culture of the church due to: 1) the church leaders didn’t teach more to their followers to plant trees and to transfer the knowledge; 2) limited knowledge of the community about the benefits of forests to their livelyhood. 3), In general, the result of this study revealed that, forests conserved by EOTC and its tradition provide an opportunity to establish insitu and exsitu conservation sites for forest resources. They also have greater prospects in implementing forestry conservation, development, research and education programs with some avoidable threats and constraints for which recommendations were presented. Hence, it willl be worthy to include the church and mosque communities when delivering trainings and sharing responsibilities in aforestation programes.
This research was conducted in selected moasteries of Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOTC) in North Shewa zone. The main objective of the study is to identify main constraints which hinder the society to learn from religious instituions and apply the best practices and habit of experiences on forest conservation. Accordingly six monasteries were selected at different altitudes and sites purposively. Once the study forest areas were identified, 10 X 10 m quadrats were laid systematically in the forests for vegetation sampling. For the socioeconomic survey, 112 individuals were selected. Moreover, focus group discussion and key informant interviews were employed. Church forests enveloped in this study have an area ranging from 1.6 ha to 100 ha. The total number of species and families in each of the six churches ranged from 17 to 60 and 15 to 39 respectively. Different regeneration status was revealed from the height and diameter class distribution for some of the woody species. The height and diameter class distributions for all individuals in each studied church showed that the forests are at different secondary stages of development. The classification of the species group by ordination techniques showed the differentiation in species group types has a strong relationship with altitude. These church forests didn’t come to exist just by chance. Results indicated that it is by the commitment of the church based on strong theological thoughts and biblical basis. It was found that the local community respects and protects church forests, and considers the church as a central institution and platform. However, the community is not strongly committed to adopt forest management culture of the church due to: 1) the church leaders didn’t teach more to their followers to plant trees and to transfer the knowledge; 2) limited knowledge of the community about the benefits of forests to their livelyhood. 3), In general, the result of this study revealed that, forests conserved by EOTC and its tradition provide an opportunity to establish insitu and exsitu conservation sites for forest resources. They also have greater prospects in implementing forestry conservation, development, research and education programs with some avoidable threats and constraints for which recommendations were presented. Hence, it willl be worthy to include the church and mosque communities when delivering trainings and sharing responsibilities in aforestation programes.
The Contribution of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church in Forest Management and Its Best Practices to be Scaled up in North Shewa Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150403.18
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-06-08
© Science Publishing Group
Abiyou Tilahun
Hailu Terefe
Teshome Soromessa
The Contribution of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church in Forest Management and Its Best Practices to be Scaled up in North Shewa Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia
4
3
137
137
2015-06-08
2015-06-08
10.11648/j.aff.20150403.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.18
© Science Publishing Group
Study on Coppice Management of Acacia nilotica Tree for Better Woody Biomass Production
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.19
Over 90% of the energy consumed in the country is depending on woody biomass. The rising demand for tree products and expanding population pressure resulted in decline of forest cover and consequently the demand for tree products exceeded the supply. This study was conducted at Armania Kebele with the aim of to evaluate different cutting time and management practices yielding more wood biomass volume. One indigenous tree species, preferable by the farmers, namely Acacia nilotica was selected and the experiment design in 3x4 factorial experiment with randomized complete block design arrangement and replicated three wise. Eight trees per plot were planted in two rows with 2 meter spacing. The result shows that, Acacia nilotica could be coppiced well with 13 to 29 numbers of coppices per stump at all stages of cutting time. Root collar diameter and plant height were highly correlated with growth period. Hence, Leaving of two and three number of coppices could give higher woody biomass volumes as compare to leaving one and all number of coppices and control (uncut). Therefore it is necessary that farmers should allow two and three number coppice per stump to get high woody biomass volume for fuel-wood consumption.
Over 90% of the energy consumed in the country is depending on woody biomass. The rising demand for tree products and expanding population pressure resulted in decline of forest cover and consequently the demand for tree products exceeded the supply. This study was conducted at Armania Kebele with the aim of to evaluate different cutting time and management practices yielding more wood biomass volume. One indigenous tree species, preferable by the farmers, namely Acacia nilotica was selected and the experiment design in 3x4 factorial experiment with randomized complete block design arrangement and replicated three wise. Eight trees per plot were planted in two rows with 2 meter spacing. The result shows that, Acacia nilotica could be coppiced well with 13 to 29 numbers of coppices per stump at all stages of cutting time. Root collar diameter and plant height were highly correlated with growth period. Hence, Leaving of two and three number of coppices could give higher woody biomass volumes as compare to leaving one and all number of coppices and control (uncut). Therefore it is necessary that farmers should allow two and three number coppice per stump to get high woody biomass volume for fuel-wood consumption.
Study on Coppice Management of Acacia nilotica Tree for Better Woody Biomass Production
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150403.19
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-06-13
© Science Publishing Group
Abrham Tezera Gessesse
Tesfaye Teklehaymanot Gezahegn
Hailie Shiferaw Wolle
Study on Coppice Management of Acacia nilotica Tree for Better Woody Biomass Production
4
3
141
141
2015-06-13
2015-06-13
10.11648/j.aff.20150403.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.19
© Science Publishing Group
Germination of Allanblackia floribunda Seeds: The Effect of Soak Duration in Fluridone on Germination and Seedling Growth
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20
Allanblackia seeds contain about 72% white fat (mostly of oleic and stearic acid), with high medicinal and industrial value, but the plant has not been domesticated, so seeds are only gotten from the wild. The demand for seeds of the wild Allanblackia floribunda exceeds supply and efforts to domesticate the plant to increase seed availability have been unsuccessful due to long seed dormancy periods. Soaking scarified seeds from immature fruits in water or fluridone shortened dormancy to less than 3 months, but the effects of different soak durations on germination, dormancy and seedling vigor, are not fully understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of three soak durations (1, 6, and 12 h) in water or fluridone (10 µM or 30 µM) on seed germination and seedling growth. The study was a 3 x 3 factorial experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design, using scarified immature seeds. At 16 weeks after treatment, seedlings were transplanted into polypots filled with topsoil and assessed weekly for the effects of treatments on seedling growth (leaf number and plant height). The % germination increased as the duration of soak in water or 10 µM fluridone increased from 1 to 12 h. The tendency to obtain 75-100% germination was higher when seeds were soaked in 10 µM fluridone (i.e., for 6 or 12 h) as compared to soaking in water for up to 12 h. The shortest duration (72 d, i.e., approx. 2.5 months) to achieve >75% germination was when Allanblackia seeds were soaked for 6 h in 10 µM fluridone. Soaking the seeds for 12 h in 10 µM fluridone resulted in 100% germination in 3 months. At transplanting, seedlings from fluridone treated seeds were taller, and had more leaves than those from seeds soaked in water for 1 or 6 h, but the reverse was observed in seedlings from seeds soaked for 12 h in water. However, these effects diminished after 2 weeks, when the seedlings have become established. This study has shown a promising method for achieving rapid and efficient germination of Allanblackia seeds with no noticeable adverse effects on seedling establishment.
Allanblackia seeds contain about 72% white fat (mostly of oleic and stearic acid), with high medicinal and industrial value, but the plant has not been domesticated, so seeds are only gotten from the wild. The demand for seeds of the wild Allanblackia floribunda exceeds supply and efforts to domesticate the plant to increase seed availability have been unsuccessful due to long seed dormancy periods. Soaking scarified seeds from immature fruits in water or fluridone shortened dormancy to less than 3 months, but the effects of different soak durations on germination, dormancy and seedling vigor, are not fully understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of three soak durations (1, 6, and 12 h) in water or fluridone (10 µM or 30 µM) on seed germination and seedling growth. The study was a 3 x 3 factorial experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design, using scarified immature seeds. At 16 weeks after treatment, seedlings were transplanted into polypots filled with topsoil and assessed weekly for the effects of treatments on seedling growth (leaf number and plant height). The % germination increased as the duration of soak in water or 10 µM fluridone increased from 1 to 12 h. The tendency to obtain 75-100% germination was higher when seeds were soaked in 10 µM fluridone (i.e., for 6 or 12 h) as compared to soaking in water for up to 12 h. The shortest duration (72 d, i.e., approx. 2.5 months) to achieve >75% germination was when Allanblackia seeds were soaked for 6 h in 10 µM fluridone. Soaking the seeds for 12 h in 10 µM fluridone resulted in 100% germination in 3 months. At transplanting, seedlings from fluridone treated seeds were taller, and had more leaves than those from seeds soaked in water for 1 or 6 h, but the reverse was observed in seedlings from seeds soaked for 12 h in water. However, these effects diminished after 2 weeks, when the seedlings have become established. This study has shown a promising method for achieving rapid and efficient germination of Allanblackia seeds with no noticeable adverse effects on seedling establishment.
Germination of Allanblackia floribunda Seeds: The Effect of Soak Duration in Fluridone on Germination and Seedling Growth
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-06-16
© Science Publishing Group
Faith Ileleji
Elsie I. Hamadina
Joseph A. Orluchukwu
Germination of Allanblackia floribunda Seeds: The Effect of Soak Duration in Fluridone on Germination and Seedling Growth
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2015-06-16
2015-06-16
10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20
© Science Publishing Group
Diagnosis of the Cane Rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) Breeding Systems in Ivory Coast
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.21
In order to increase animal protein self-sufficiency, the government of Ivory Coast chose a policy of livestock activities diversification including the promotion of mini-livestock such as cane rat husbandry. Today, cane rat breeding has a craze among Ivorian people, but it struggles to really take off. With the aim of contributing to an optimal development of cane rat husbandry in Ivory Coast, we performed a diagnosis of the breeding systems in order to determine the factors that hinder the proper development of this activity. The diagnosis was performed using a survey questionnaire. The survey was carried out using the Participatory Rapid Appraisal Method. Sixty-six farms in 13 administrative Regions of Ivory Coast were investigated. The results showed that most of breeders (55%) were well equipped with livestock buildings in modern materials. However, the animal feeding system was inadequate, characterized by crude protein deficiency. The poor quality of the feed associated with an approximate hygiene management led to high mortality of the animals, reaching over 60% in many farms. The development of complete pelleted diets suitable to the cane rat digestive physiology, with a better control of animal health should allow cane rat breeding to take a jumpstart in Ivory Coast.
In order to increase animal protein self-sufficiency, the government of Ivory Coast chose a policy of livestock activities diversification including the promotion of mini-livestock such as cane rat husbandry. Today, cane rat breeding has a craze among Ivorian people, but it struggles to really take off. With the aim of contributing to an optimal development of cane rat husbandry in Ivory Coast, we performed a diagnosis of the breeding systems in order to determine the factors that hinder the proper development of this activity. The diagnosis was performed using a survey questionnaire. The survey was carried out using the Participatory Rapid Appraisal Method. Sixty-six farms in 13 administrative Regions of Ivory Coast were investigated. The results showed that most of breeders (55%) were well equipped with livestock buildings in modern materials. However, the animal feeding system was inadequate, characterized by crude protein deficiency. The poor quality of the feed associated with an approximate hygiene management led to high mortality of the animals, reaching over 60% in many farms. The development of complete pelleted diets suitable to the cane rat digestive physiology, with a better control of animal health should allow cane rat breeding to take a jumpstart in Ivory Coast.
Diagnosis of the Cane Rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) Breeding Systems in Ivory Coast
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150403.21
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-06-19
© Science Publishing Group
Goué Danhoué
Yapi Yapo Magloire
Diagnosis of the Cane Rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) Breeding Systems in Ivory Coast
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2015-06-19
2015-06-19
10.11648/j.aff.20150403.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150403.21
© Science Publishing Group
Spatial Patterns of Nutrient Distribution in Dalingshan Forest Soil of Guangdong Province China
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.11
Spatial nutrients that includes OM, Avail.K, Avail.P and TN distribution and the influences on vegetation patterns in Dalingshan was the cardinal focus of this study. Ecological data (moisture content, bulk density and topography) were considered. One way ANOVA was statistically tested of spatial distribution of major nutrients across 4 plots which indicated non significant at p = 0.05 level, TN (p = 0.0216), OM (p = 0.00004), Avail.K (p = 0.00216) respectively. Furthermore one way ANOVA was tested on acidity level (pH) measured against the nutrients distribution TN (p = 0.0031), OM (p = 0.0004), Avail.K (p = 0.0216) respectively at non significance level but available phosphorous was significantly different (p = 0.6412). The study revealed unique spatial patterns of soil nutrient distribution in Dalingshan and species abundance while vegetation census posed a new direction of study that may be adapted for a broad range of regional vegetation and floristic modeling. This paper suggests that forest soil nutrients and vegetation interaction can be utilized for further studies on multifactor ecosystem responses towards regional ecological restoration.
Spatial nutrients that includes OM, Avail.K, Avail.P and TN distribution and the influences on vegetation patterns in Dalingshan was the cardinal focus of this study. Ecological data (moisture content, bulk density and topography) were considered. One way ANOVA was statistically tested of spatial distribution of major nutrients across 4 plots which indicated non significant at p = 0.05 level, TN (p = 0.0216), OM (p = 0.00004), Avail.K (p = 0.00216) respectively. Furthermore one way ANOVA was tested on acidity level (pH) measured against the nutrients distribution TN (p = 0.0031), OM (p = 0.0004), Avail.K (p = 0.0216) respectively at non significance level but available phosphorous was significantly different (p = 0.6412). The study revealed unique spatial patterns of soil nutrient distribution in Dalingshan and species abundance while vegetation census posed a new direction of study that may be adapted for a broad range of regional vegetation and floristic modeling. This paper suggests that forest soil nutrients and vegetation interaction can be utilized for further studies on multifactor ecosystem responses towards regional ecological restoration.
Spatial Patterns of Nutrient Distribution in Dalingshan Forest Soil of Guangdong Province China
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Egbuche C. T.
Su Zhiyoa
Anyanwu J. C.
Onweremadu E. U.
Nwaihu E. C.
Umeojiakor A. O.
A. E. Ibe
Spatial Patterns of Nutrient Distribution in Dalingshan Forest Soil of Guangdong Province China
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2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Rapid Risk Reduction Strategies Using Some Horticultural Plants in a Changing Atmosphere among Urban and Peri-Urban Centres of the Atlantic Coast in Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.12
There are irregular global changes in climatic attributes. Nigeria is not left out in the unpredictable atmospheric variability especially in its coastlands. The situation has led to varying forms of environmental challenges, calling for rapid risk reduction responses. This paper suggested four technologies namely, vegetable intercrop production, improved fallow systems, biomass technology and night-soil technologies as efficacious in sequestering atmospheric carbon directly or indirectly. These technologies are easily adaptable in the agro ecological zone following its characteristic multifloristic structure and climatic peculiarities as well as demographic attributes. Coastland climate change adaptation and irrigation experimental stations should be established in the area to evaluate efficacy of these technologies.
There are irregular global changes in climatic attributes. Nigeria is not left out in the unpredictable atmospheric variability especially in its coastlands. The situation has led to varying forms of environmental challenges, calling for rapid risk reduction responses. This paper suggested four technologies namely, vegetable intercrop production, improved fallow systems, biomass technology and night-soil technologies as efficacious in sequestering atmospheric carbon directly or indirectly. These technologies are easily adaptable in the agro ecological zone following its characteristic multifloristic structure and climatic peculiarities as well as demographic attributes. Coastland climate change adaptation and irrigation experimental stations should be established in the area to evaluate efficacy of these technologies.
Rapid Risk Reduction Strategies Using Some Horticultural Plants in a Changing Atmosphere among Urban and Peri-Urban Centres of the Atlantic Coast in Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
E. U. Onweremadu
A. C. Udebuani
Egbuche C. T.
Ndukwu B. N.
Rapid Risk Reduction Strategies Using Some Horticultural Plants in a Changing Atmosphere among Urban and Peri-Urban Centres of the Atlantic Coast in Nigeria
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2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Batch Studies for the Investigation of the Mechanism of Pb Sorption in Selected Acid Soils of China
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.13
The experiment focuses on mechanisms of Pb retention on acid soils. A batch experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of solution pH and ionic strength of electrolytes which will show the mechanisms of Pb retention on the soils. Result show that sorption of lead was affected strongly by solution pH and ionic strength of electrolytes. Retention of lead increased with increase in solution pH and decreased with increase in ionic strength of electrolytes. This suggests that surface complexation and ion exchange are the mechanisms of Pb retention on these acid soils. At pH above 6 there was precipitation of lead. SEM studies visualized the formation of white layers of Pb over the soil surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the adsorption of lead ions made the surface of the soil particles rougher than those without lead. This morphological change points to the formation of a surface coating on the soil particles.
The experiment focuses on mechanisms of Pb retention on acid soils. A batch experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of solution pH and ionic strength of electrolytes which will show the mechanisms of Pb retention on the soils. Result show that sorption of lead was affected strongly by solution pH and ionic strength of electrolytes. Retention of lead increased with increase in solution pH and decreased with increase in ionic strength of electrolytes. This suggests that surface complexation and ion exchange are the mechanisms of Pb retention on these acid soils. At pH above 6 there was precipitation of lead. SEM studies visualized the formation of white layers of Pb over the soil surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the adsorption of lead ions made the surface of the soil particles rougher than those without lead. This morphological change points to the formation of a surface coating on the soil particles.
Batch Studies for the Investigation of the Mechanism of Pb Sorption in Selected Acid Soils of China
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Nkwopara U. N.
Emenyonu-Chris C. M.
Ihem E. E.
Ndukwu B. N.
Onweremadu E. U.
Ahukaemere C. M.
Egbuche C. T.
Hu H.
Batch Studies for the Investigation of the Mechanism of Pb Sorption in Selected Acid Soils of China
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20
20
2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Impacts of Tourism on the Coastal Environment of South China Sea: Terrestrial Perspective
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.14
At recent times, Asia and the Pacific have been rated very high as major tourism destinations. This transdisciplinary (nature and social science concepts) study reveals that tourism activities generate pressure on forest ecosystems and coastal biodiversity. Dongguan forest (site) park attracted impact on terrestrial ecosystem with impact base respondent (9 000), while Shenzhen (18 000), Guangzhou (18 000) and Zhuhai (12 000) districts showed much higher values on general impact. A coastal activity survey and impact base of visitor response model evaluation was used. A general impact and causative platform were identified as driving fundamental (direct/indirect) factors in the region. Subjective and observed broad impacts were presented however; trampling had a major terrestrial impact on both ecosystems. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the economic impact of tourism in the region using industrial, urban and tourism potential factors after the 2008 Olympic Games in China. Strategies for appropriate action and government regulations are recommended concepts of terrestrial and coastal conservation planning and land use.
At recent times, Asia and the Pacific have been rated very high as major tourism destinations. This transdisciplinary (nature and social science concepts) study reveals that tourism activities generate pressure on forest ecosystems and coastal biodiversity. Dongguan forest (site) park attracted impact on terrestrial ecosystem with impact base respondent (9 000), while Shenzhen (18 000), Guangzhou (18 000) and Zhuhai (12 000) districts showed much higher values on general impact. A coastal activity survey and impact base of visitor response model evaluation was used. A general impact and causative platform were identified as driving fundamental (direct/indirect) factors in the region. Subjective and observed broad impacts were presented however; trampling had a major terrestrial impact on both ecosystems. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the economic impact of tourism in the region using industrial, urban and tourism potential factors after the 2008 Olympic Games in China. Strategies for appropriate action and government regulations are recommended concepts of terrestrial and coastal conservation planning and land use.
Impacts of Tourism on the Coastal Environment of South China Sea: Terrestrial Perspective
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Egbuche C. T.
Nwaihu E. C.
Umeojiakor A. O.
Zhang Jia’en
Okechukwu Ukaga
Impacts of Tourism on the Coastal Environment of South China Sea: Terrestrial Perspective
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2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.14
© Science Publishing Group
Variability in selected Properties of Crude Oil – Polluted Soils of Izombe, Northern Niger Delta, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.15
We investigated the variability in some soil properties influenced by crude oil-polluted soils of Izombe in Northern Niger Delta of Nigeria in 2013. A free survey technique was used in the field sampling with nine profile pits dug in the site. Routine soil analysis was conducted on some physico-chemical properties including heavy metals. Soil data were subjected to analysis of variance using proc mix-model of SAS software at P 0.05. Results showed that soils were dark grayish brown to red in colour. Soils of the studied area were also deep (>100cm), well drained and having percent sands (>80%). Soils from crude oil-polluted site showed lower pH (<3.92) than the unpolluted soils with pH >4.00. Soil organic matter, C:N ratio, TEA and percent Al. Sat, were appreciably higher in soils affected by crude oil pollution. Unaffected soils by crude oil pollution exhibited higher TN, P, TEB and B.Sat. Heavy metal concentrations in the polluted sites were relatively higher than their unaffected counterparts and were significant (p 0.05). Further studies should be conducted on some other properties and in owner-managed farm establishments.
We investigated the variability in some soil properties influenced by crude oil-polluted soils of Izombe in Northern Niger Delta of Nigeria in 2013. A free survey technique was used in the field sampling with nine profile pits dug in the site. Routine soil analysis was conducted on some physico-chemical properties including heavy metals. Soil data were subjected to analysis of variance using proc mix-model of SAS software at P 0.05. Results showed that soils were dark grayish brown to red in colour. Soils of the studied area were also deep (>100cm), well drained and having percent sands (>80%). Soils from crude oil-polluted site showed lower pH (<3.92) than the unpolluted soils with pH >4.00. Soil organic matter, C:N ratio, TEA and percent Al. Sat, were appreciably higher in soils affected by crude oil pollution. Unaffected soils by crude oil pollution exhibited higher TN, P, TEB and B.Sat. Heavy metal concentrations in the polluted sites were relatively higher than their unaffected counterparts and were significant (p 0.05). Further studies should be conducted on some other properties and in owner-managed farm establishments.
Variability in selected Properties of Crude Oil – Polluted Soils of Izombe, Northern Niger Delta, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Ihem E. E.
Osuji G. E.
Onweremadu E. U.
Uzoho B. U.
Nkwopara U. N.
Ahukemere C. M.
Onwudike S. O.
Ndukwu B. N.
Osisi A. S.
Okoli N. H.
Variability in selected Properties of Crude Oil – Polluted Soils of Izombe, Northern Niger Delta, Nigeria
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2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.15
© Science Publishing Group
Properties of Mine Soils in a Forested Hilly Terrain of Southeastern Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.16
Soils of a mine site at Leru, Abia State, Nigeria were characterized and classified for proper usage .A transect survey technique was employed in which a traverse was cut to link soils affected by mining to the unaffected soils in the area. Soil profile pits were dug described and sampled using standard techniques. Routine laboratory analyses were conducted on soil samples for selected soil properties. Soil data were subjected to mean statistic. Results indicated increasing sandiness and hulk densi1 in the epipedons closest to the mine site. Mean value of soil moisture in un-mined site (149.8 g kg-1) was higher than those of mine soils (144.2 g kg-1 for middle land unit and 137.0g kg-1 for pedon closest to the mine site). Mine soils were younger with silt-clay ratio ranging from 3.7 to 7.0 while unaffected soils were older (silt-clay ratio = 0.6). Low values of calcium-magnesium ratios (Ca/Mg < 3.0) were reported. Soil pH progressively increased towards un-mined site. The soil profile proximal to the mine site was shallower (depth <1 00cm) when compared with other soil profiles, and had a lithic contact at 90 cm depth. Based on field and laboratory analysis soils were classified as Lithic Dystrudepts (5 metres away from mine site), Typic Haplanthrepts (25 metres away from mine site) and Typic Hapludults (2 kilometres away from mine site).
Soils of a mine site at Leru, Abia State, Nigeria were characterized and classified for proper usage .A transect survey technique was employed in which a traverse was cut to link soils affected by mining to the unaffected soils in the area. Soil profile pits were dug described and sampled using standard techniques. Routine laboratory analyses were conducted on soil samples for selected soil properties. Soil data were subjected to mean statistic. Results indicated increasing sandiness and hulk densi1 in the epipedons closest to the mine site. Mean value of soil moisture in un-mined site (149.8 g kg-1) was higher than those of mine soils (144.2 g kg-1 for middle land unit and 137.0g kg-1 for pedon closest to the mine site). Mine soils were younger with silt-clay ratio ranging from 3.7 to 7.0 while unaffected soils were older (silt-clay ratio = 0.6). Low values of calcium-magnesium ratios (Ca/Mg < 3.0) were reported. Soil pH progressively increased towards un-mined site. The soil profile proximal to the mine site was shallower (depth <1 00cm) when compared with other soil profiles, and had a lithic contact at 90 cm depth. Based on field and laboratory analysis soils were classified as Lithic Dystrudepts (5 metres away from mine site), Typic Haplanthrepts (25 metres away from mine site) and Typic Hapludults (2 kilometres away from mine site).
Properties of Mine Soils in a Forested Hilly Terrain of Southeastern Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
E. U. Onweremadu
E. I. Uzor
Egbuche C. T.
L. C. Agim
D. J. Njoku
A. C. Udebuani
Properties of Mine Soils in a Forested Hilly Terrain of Southeastern Nigeria
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2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.16
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Selected Tree Species on Maximizing Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in Imo State, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.17
The world is currently experiencing a period of warming and the role of soil carbon pools for mitigation of greenhouse gases has encouraged the need for more knowledge on the tree species effects on soil organic carbon. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tree species on maximizing soil organic carbon sequestration in Imo State, Nigeria. Four tree species (Teak, Tectona grandis, linn, Gmelina, Gmelina arborea Roxb, Rubber plant, Hevea bransiliensis Mull. Arg. and Black velvet, Dialium guineense Wild) were chosen for the study. Random soil sampling was used in field studies. Soil samples were collected at the depth of 0-15cm and 15-30cm. these soil samples were prepared and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Soil organic carbon sequestration was calculated and relationships between soil organic carbon sequestration and soil properties were obtained by simple correlation. Results showed that Tectona grandis of sequestration value 154.1 and 116.8 at top soil and subsoil respectively provides the best option for maximizing carbon sequestration in the soil, followed by Hevea bransiliensis (147.4 and 91.1), Gmelina arborea (134.1 and 81.1) and least was in Dialium guineese (108.1 and 60.1) at all depth. There was significant (P = 0.01) positive correlation between base saturation, calcium, total nitrogen with soil organic carbon sequestration at r –values of 0.77, 0.74 and 0.97 respectively. Hence, negative correlation existed between soil pH, clay fraction potassium with soil organic carbon sequestration with r-values of – 0.37, -0.68 and -0.54 respectively. It can be concluded that soil organic carbon sequestration decreases with decreasing depths and were greatly affected by tree species, soil properties and management practices.
The world is currently experiencing a period of warming and the role of soil carbon pools for mitigation of greenhouse gases has encouraged the need for more knowledge on the tree species effects on soil organic carbon. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tree species on maximizing soil organic carbon sequestration in Imo State, Nigeria. Four tree species (Teak, Tectona grandis, linn, Gmelina, Gmelina arborea Roxb, Rubber plant, Hevea bransiliensis Mull. Arg. and Black velvet, Dialium guineense Wild) were chosen for the study. Random soil sampling was used in field studies. Soil samples were collected at the depth of 0-15cm and 15-30cm. these soil samples were prepared and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Soil organic carbon sequestration was calculated and relationships between soil organic carbon sequestration and soil properties were obtained by simple correlation. Results showed that Tectona grandis of sequestration value 154.1 and 116.8 at top soil and subsoil respectively provides the best option for maximizing carbon sequestration in the soil, followed by Hevea bransiliensis (147.4 and 91.1), Gmelina arborea (134.1 and 81.1) and least was in Dialium guineese (108.1 and 60.1) at all depth. There was significant (P = 0.01) positive correlation between base saturation, calcium, total nitrogen with soil organic carbon sequestration at r –values of 0.77, 0.74 and 0.97 respectively. Hence, negative correlation existed between soil pH, clay fraction potassium with soil organic carbon sequestration with r-values of – 0.37, -0.68 and -0.54 respectively. It can be concluded that soil organic carbon sequestration decreases with decreasing depths and were greatly affected by tree species, soil properties and management practices.
Effect of Selected Tree Species on Maximizing Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in Imo State, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Umeojiakor A. O.
Egbuche C. T.
Ubaekwe R. E.
Nwaihu E. C.
Effect of Selected Tree Species on Maximizing Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in Imo State, Nigeria
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2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.17
© Science Publishing Group
Characterization and Classification of Selected Rice Soils of Tropical Rainforest Region, Southeastern Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.18
The study carried out in Amachi Izzi, Abakaliki, tropical rainforest region, Southeastern Nigeria was aimed at characterizing and classifying the lowland rice soils of the area. Three pedons were sunk, at the region. Results showed that soils were strongly acidic (pH <5.0), profiles 1 and 3 had low organic matter while profile 2 was moderate. Total nitrogen was also low to medium while available P was medium. Sand exhibited low variation (CV ≤15%) at Profile 2 while it indicated moderate variation (CV>15≤35%) at Profile 1 and Profile 3. Silt varied lowly (CV≤15%) at Profile 1 and moderately (CV>15≤35%) at Profile 2 and Profile 3. Clay varied highly (CV>35%) in all pedons of Abakaliki lowland soils. Base saturation varied highly (CV>35%) at Profile 1 and Profile 2 and lowly (CV≤ 15%) at Profile 3. Al saturation varied highly (CV>35%) in all pedons at Ebonyi north lowlands. Ochric epipedons were observed in pedons 1, 2 and 3 and diagnostic subsurface horizons were kandic. The temperature regime and percentage base saturation were considered at the subgroup level in the soil taxonomy. Pedons 1 and 2 were classified as Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts and Eutric Cambisol (FAO – WRB) while Pedon 3 was classified as Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts and Dystric Cambisol (FAO – WRB).
The study carried out in Amachi Izzi, Abakaliki, tropical rainforest region, Southeastern Nigeria was aimed at characterizing and classifying the lowland rice soils of the area. Three pedons were sunk, at the region. Results showed that soils were strongly acidic (pH <5.0), profiles 1 and 3 had low organic matter while profile 2 was moderate. Total nitrogen was also low to medium while available P was medium. Sand exhibited low variation (CV ≤15%) at Profile 2 while it indicated moderate variation (CV>15≤35%) at Profile 1 and Profile 3. Silt varied lowly (CV≤15%) at Profile 1 and moderately (CV>15≤35%) at Profile 2 and Profile 3. Clay varied highly (CV>35%) in all pedons of Abakaliki lowland soils. Base saturation varied highly (CV>35%) at Profile 1 and Profile 2 and lowly (CV≤ 15%) at Profile 3. Al saturation varied highly (CV>35%) in all pedons at Ebonyi north lowlands. Ochric epipedons were observed in pedons 1, 2 and 3 and diagnostic subsurface horizons were kandic. The temperature regime and percentage base saturation were considered at the subgroup level in the soil taxonomy. Pedons 1 and 2 were classified as Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts and Eutric Cambisol (FAO – WRB) while Pedon 3 was classified as Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts and Dystric Cambisol (FAO – WRB).
Characterization and Classification of Selected Rice Soils of Tropical Rainforest Region, Southeastern Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.18
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
S. N. Obasi
E. U. Onweremadu
Egbuche C. T.
U. P. Iwuanyanwu
Characterization and Classification of Selected Rice Soils of Tropical Rainforest Region, Southeastern Nigeria
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2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.18
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Processing and Packaging Materials on the Storability and Microorganisms Associated with Garcinia kola (Bitter kola)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.19
The study on the effect of processing and packaging materials on the storability of Garcinia kola, Heckel, harvested from a local farm at Ngokpola was carried out in the green house of Federal University of Technology Owerri. It was laid out in a two factor factorial using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and was replicated 5 times. The pods was processed by three different processing methods, which are , cut fresh pods immediately it was harvested, kept the pods outside on a shade and allowed to decay for one week and soaked the pods in water and allowed to ferment for 1 week. It was observed that the pods kept outside on the ground and those soaked in water was significantly different at 5% level of probability. The seeds extracted from the different processing methods was stored and packaged in polythene bag, dry plantain leaves and cocoyam leaves then control. It was found that polythene bag retained moisture than others. Alkaloid has high phyto-chemical content in the seeds that was processed by keeping the pods outside on a ground and allowed to decay and packaged in cocoyam leaves, which might be as a result of the processing method and packaging materials used. The seeds contain Saponin, Cyanide, Tannin and Ash which makes it to be an anti-oxidant and anti-nutrient. The pathogens isolated from the seeds are Aspergillus sp, Penicillum sp and Diplodia sp, affect stored seeds. The respondents from the 60 questionnaires administered to people in 3 different zones in Imo state, showed that 60% of the pods are harvested when fallen pods are picked, 30% harvest when someone climbed the tree and pluck it with hand, 10% when the fruits are plucked with sticks while the harvester is on the ground. 80% processed the fruits by keeping it outside on the ground and allowed to decay and 20% cut the fresh pods immediately it was harvested. Based on the findings, I recommend that farmers and marketers should engage in good processing method and packaging materials such as the ones used in this work for preservation.
The study on the effect of processing and packaging materials on the storability of Garcinia kola, Heckel, harvested from a local farm at Ngokpola was carried out in the green house of Federal University of Technology Owerri. It was laid out in a two factor factorial using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and was replicated 5 times. The pods was processed by three different processing methods, which are , cut fresh pods immediately it was harvested, kept the pods outside on a shade and allowed to decay for one week and soaked the pods in water and allowed to ferment for 1 week. It was observed that the pods kept outside on the ground and those soaked in water was significantly different at 5% level of probability. The seeds extracted from the different processing methods was stored and packaged in polythene bag, dry plantain leaves and cocoyam leaves then control. It was found that polythene bag retained moisture than others. Alkaloid has high phyto-chemical content in the seeds that was processed by keeping the pods outside on a ground and allowed to decay and packaged in cocoyam leaves, which might be as a result of the processing method and packaging materials used. The seeds contain Saponin, Cyanide, Tannin and Ash which makes it to be an anti-oxidant and anti-nutrient. The pathogens isolated from the seeds are Aspergillus sp, Penicillum sp and Diplodia sp, affect stored seeds. The respondents from the 60 questionnaires administered to people in 3 different zones in Imo state, showed that 60% of the pods are harvested when fallen pods are picked, 30% harvest when someone climbed the tree and pluck it with hand, 10% when the fruits are plucked with sticks while the harvester is on the ground. 80% processed the fruits by keeping it outside on the ground and allowed to decay and 20% cut the fresh pods immediately it was harvested. Based on the findings, I recommend that farmers and marketers should engage in good processing method and packaging materials such as the ones used in this work for preservation.
Effect of Processing and Packaging Materials on the Storability and Microorganisms Associated with Garcinia kola (Bitter kola)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.19
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Ihejirika G. O.
Nwufo M. I.
Ibeawuchi I. I.
Obilo O. P.
Ofor M. O.
Ogbedeh K. O.
Okoli N. A.
Mbuka C. O.
Agu G. N.
Ojiako F. O.
Akalazu J. N.
Emenike H. I.
Effect of Processing and Packaging Materials on the Storability and Microorganisms Associated with Garcinia kola (Bitter kola)
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58
2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.19
© Science Publishing Group
Investigation into the Effectiveness of Selected Bio-Based Preservatives on Control of Termite and Fungi of Wood in Service
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.20
The study focused on the effectiveness of using bio based preservatives as a controlling measure to biodetoriation from fungi and termite for wood in service. Wood samples of Triplochiton scleroxylon, Gmelina arborea, Ceiba pentandra used for the study were obtained from the sawmill of Ondo State Afforestation Project (OSAP) Oluwa and processed at the wood workshop of the Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure. The sample were converted into 60 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm and seasoned to 12 % moisture content. The samples were treated with bio-preservatives from Parkia biglobosa, Tridax procumbens and tar oil obtained via pyrolysis. This study showed that even though Ceiba pentandra has the highest retention for the preservatives, it is the most susceptible to fungal and termite attack. Gmelina arborea with the lowest retention have resistance to termite and fungal attack, thus, the effectiveness of the preservatives on the wood samples is not only determined by the retention level of each preservative but also the chemical constituent (pH) of the preservative. This study recommends the use of tar oil for preservation of the wood samples against termite where colour is not important while, ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens can be used to preserve wood against fungal attack.
The study focused on the effectiveness of using bio based preservatives as a controlling measure to biodetoriation from fungi and termite for wood in service. Wood samples of Triplochiton scleroxylon, Gmelina arborea, Ceiba pentandra used for the study were obtained from the sawmill of Ondo State Afforestation Project (OSAP) Oluwa and processed at the wood workshop of the Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure. The sample were converted into 60 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm and seasoned to 12 % moisture content. The samples were treated with bio-preservatives from Parkia biglobosa, Tridax procumbens and tar oil obtained via pyrolysis. This study showed that even though Ceiba pentandra has the highest retention for the preservatives, it is the most susceptible to fungal and termite attack. Gmelina arborea with the lowest retention have resistance to termite and fungal attack, thus, the effectiveness of the preservatives on the wood samples is not only determined by the retention level of each preservative but also the chemical constituent (pH) of the preservative. This study recommends the use of tar oil for preservation of the wood samples against termite where colour is not important while, ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens can be used to preserve wood against fungal attack.
Investigation into the Effectiveness of Selected Bio-Based Preservatives on Control of Termite and Fungi of Wood in Service
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.20
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Faruwa Francis Akinyele
Egbuche C.T.
Umeojiakor A. O.
Ulocha O. B.
Investigation into the Effectiveness of Selected Bio-Based Preservatives on Control of Termite and Fungi of Wood in Service
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63
63
2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.20
© Science Publishing Group
The Impact of Deforestation on Soil Conditions in Anambra State of Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.21
The research was carried out to determine the impact of deforestation on soil conditions in Anambra State. Ten soil samples were collected at random at a depth of 0-35cm below the litter layer from forests and farmlands. The soil samples were collected and analyzed for pH, field capacity, soil moisture, organic carbon, bulk density, soil micro-organism and particle size distribution. The result revealed that soil texture was mostly sandy except in some areas such as Atani, Nzam, Mmiata and Oroma-etiti, where it was generally heavy (clay loam). The result also revealed that the soil samples from the forests have better physical, chemical and biological properties compared to samples from farmlands. The results showed considerable variation for the soil physical, chemical and biological properties across the study area. Soil data were analyzed using Least Significant Difference (LSD). The analysis revealed that the main effect of land use was significant (p<0.05) for soil moisture, bulk density, organic carbon, organic matter, pH, viable bacteria number and viable fungal propagule. It was not significant for sand, silt, clay and field capacity. The interaction effect of location and land use on soil properties were significant (p<0.05) only for soil moisture, it was not significant for other soil variables. The study recommended, among others, the protection of forests from deforestation so as to maintain good soil conditions in the study area.
The research was carried out to determine the impact of deforestation on soil conditions in Anambra State. Ten soil samples were collected at random at a depth of 0-35cm below the litter layer from forests and farmlands. The soil samples were collected and analyzed for pH, field capacity, soil moisture, organic carbon, bulk density, soil micro-organism and particle size distribution. The result revealed that soil texture was mostly sandy except in some areas such as Atani, Nzam, Mmiata and Oroma-etiti, where it was generally heavy (clay loam). The result also revealed that the soil samples from the forests have better physical, chemical and biological properties compared to samples from farmlands. The results showed considerable variation for the soil physical, chemical and biological properties across the study area. Soil data were analyzed using Least Significant Difference (LSD). The analysis revealed that the main effect of land use was significant (p<0.05) for soil moisture, bulk density, organic carbon, organic matter, pH, viable bacteria number and viable fungal propagule. It was not significant for sand, silt, clay and field capacity. The interaction effect of location and land use on soil properties were significant (p<0.05) only for soil moisture, it was not significant for other soil variables. The study recommended, among others, the protection of forests from deforestation so as to maintain good soil conditions in the study area.
The Impact of Deforestation on Soil Conditions in Anambra State of Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.21
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Anyanwu J. C.
Egbuche C. T.
Amaku. G. E.
Duruora J. O.
Onwuagba, S. M.
The Impact of Deforestation on Soil Conditions in Anambra State of Nigeria
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2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.21
© Science Publishing Group
Climate Change, Effects and Mitigation Strategies on Aquaculture: A Review
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.22
This paper review and addresses the major effects of climate change on Aquaculture, whose contributions to agriculture development are quite enormous. To achieve these objectives the status of this sub sector to the total fish supply are therefore analyzed with a view to identifying the major impacts of climate change on aquaculture. Aquaculture not practiced evenly across the globe requires an evaluation of the effects of climate change through the current aquaculture practices in the regions and the different environments. The main elements of climate change that would impact on aquaculture production include sea level and temperature rise, change in monsoon patterns and extreme climatic events and water stress, among others thereby causing varying degrees of concern either positively or negatively or directly or indirectly. Therefore, to ameliorate this adverse effect of climate change on aquaculture in Nigeria, and the world generally, attempts are made to deal with the climate change effects on the different culture systems in order to bring out all the complex attributes of climate change and the possible mitigation strategies for the future control. These will enhance aquaculture production and then claim back the expected role as a major source of animal protein in the future.
This paper review and addresses the major effects of climate change on Aquaculture, whose contributions to agriculture development are quite enormous. To achieve these objectives the status of this sub sector to the total fish supply are therefore analyzed with a view to identifying the major impacts of climate change on aquaculture. Aquaculture not practiced evenly across the globe requires an evaluation of the effects of climate change through the current aquaculture practices in the regions and the different environments. The main elements of climate change that would impact on aquaculture production include sea level and temperature rise, change in monsoon patterns and extreme climatic events and water stress, among others thereby causing varying degrees of concern either positively or negatively or directly or indirectly. Therefore, to ameliorate this adverse effect of climate change on aquaculture in Nigeria, and the world generally, attempts are made to deal with the climate change effects on the different culture systems in order to bring out all the complex attributes of climate change and the possible mitigation strategies for the future control. These will enhance aquaculture production and then claim back the expected role as a major source of animal protein in the future.
Climate Change, Effects and Mitigation Strategies on Aquaculture: A Review
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.22
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Anyanwu C. N.
Amadi-Eke A. S.
Nwaka D. E.
Ezeafulukwe, C. F.
Adaka, G. S.
Climate Change, Effects and Mitigation Strategies on Aquaculture: A Review
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2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.22
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.22
© Science Publishing Group
Socio-Economic Importance and Livelihood Utilization of Bamboo (Bambusa vulgris) in Imo State Southeast Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.24
The study was conducted in the three Local Government Areas of Mbaise; namely Aboh, Ahiazu and Ezinihitte to assess the socio-economic importance of Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) in Mbaise. Respondents for the study were selected from the three Local Government Areas, and each of Local Government produced three Communities to give a total of Nine Communities to give a total of one hundred and eighty (180) respondents. The entire selection was by random and purposive sampling technique. The objectives of the study were to; determine the various uses of bamboo and to ascertain the contribution of bamboo in the present dispensation to the socio-economic well being of the people in the study area. The data were collected using questionnaire, oral interview schedule and field visits. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequency distribution table and return on investment (ROI). The result showed that majority (78%) of the respondents were male, 58% were between the age of 41-50 years, 76% were married, 38% had FSLC education. The result further revealed that 130 of the respondents use bamboo for staking of yams, 164 for erosion control, 168 for watershed while 68 indicated using it for building construction. Equally, 68 stated using it to confer aesthetic beauty on structures, 148 uses it for thatching/fencing and barn construction while an insignificant number (26) use it to construct platform, for goats. The result further revealed that 73% of the respondents are owners as well as dealers, 29% are middlemen dealers (Major) while 7% are middlemen dealers (Minor). Analysis done on return on investment indicated that dealers on bamboo made 92k, 82k and 76k profit for every naira invested in the business of supply for building, staking of yams and fencing barn construction and thatching respectively. From the foregoing, bamboo contributes in no small measure to employment and income generation in the study area.
The study was conducted in the three Local Government Areas of Mbaise; namely Aboh, Ahiazu and Ezinihitte to assess the socio-economic importance of Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) in Mbaise. Respondents for the study were selected from the three Local Government Areas, and each of Local Government produced three Communities to give a total of Nine Communities to give a total of one hundred and eighty (180) respondents. The entire selection was by random and purposive sampling technique. The objectives of the study were to; determine the various uses of bamboo and to ascertain the contribution of bamboo in the present dispensation to the socio-economic well being of the people in the study area. The data were collected using questionnaire, oral interview schedule and field visits. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequency distribution table and return on investment (ROI). The result showed that majority (78%) of the respondents were male, 58% were between the age of 41-50 years, 76% were married, 38% had FSLC education. The result further revealed that 130 of the respondents use bamboo for staking of yams, 164 for erosion control, 168 for watershed while 68 indicated using it for building construction. Equally, 68 stated using it to confer aesthetic beauty on structures, 148 uses it for thatching/fencing and barn construction while an insignificant number (26) use it to construct platform, for goats. The result further revealed that 73% of the respondents are owners as well as dealers, 29% are middlemen dealers (Major) while 7% are middlemen dealers (Minor). Analysis done on return on investment indicated that dealers on bamboo made 92k, 82k and 76k profit for every naira invested in the business of supply for building, staking of yams and fencing barn construction and thatching respectively. From the foregoing, bamboo contributes in no small measure to employment and income generation in the study area.
Socio-Economic Importance and Livelihood Utilization of Bamboo (Bambusa vulgris) in Imo State Southeast Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.24
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Nwaihu E. C.
Egbuche C. T.
Onuoha G. N.
Ibe A. E.
Umeojiakor A. O.
Chukwu A. O.
Socio-Economic Importance and Livelihood Utilization of Bamboo (Bambusa vulgris) in Imo State Southeast Nigeria
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85
85
2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.24
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.24
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Tillage Methods on the Growth and Yeild of Egg Plant (Solanum macrocarpon)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.25
The experiments on the effects of different tillage method (Flat, Bed and Trench) on the yield of egg plant (Solanum macrocarpon ) were conducted at School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology (SAAT) Training and Research farm, Federal University of Technology Owerri, (FUTO), Imo State Nigeria. The result showed that plant heights of Solanum macrocarpon increased with age of the plant. The apices cutting technique helped to increase the number of branches per plant and the bed tillage method performed significantly better than the flat and trench methods in flower set , fruit set and development. However, tillage methods are location specific and vary with climate, soil type, and crop and management level.
The experiments on the effects of different tillage method (Flat, Bed and Trench) on the yield of egg plant (Solanum macrocarpon ) were conducted at School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology (SAAT) Training and Research farm, Federal University of Technology Owerri, (FUTO), Imo State Nigeria. The result showed that plant heights of Solanum macrocarpon increased with age of the plant. The apices cutting technique helped to increase the number of branches per plant and the bed tillage method performed significantly better than the flat and trench methods in flower set , fruit set and development. However, tillage methods are location specific and vary with climate, soil type, and crop and management level.
Effect of Tillage Methods on the Growth and Yeild of Egg Plant (Solanum macrocarpon)
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.25
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Ibeawuchi I. I.
Ihejirika G. O.
Egbuche C. T.
Jaja E. T.
Effect of Tillage Methods on the Growth and Yeild of Egg Plant (Solanum macrocarpon)
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98
2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.25
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.25
© Science Publishing Group
Bee-Keeping for Wealth Creation Among Rural Community Dwellers in Imo State, South-Eastern, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.23
This study was carried out in Imo State, South Eastern Agro-Ecological Zone of Nigeria. Five Local Government Areas and five communities were selected for the study. From the five communities, eight (8) Bee-Keepers were selected on purposive basis based on list of bee-keepers collected from Imo ADP field staff. This gave a total of 40 respondents for the study. Data for the study was collected using questionnaire, and oral interview schedule. Both primary and secondary data were used in addition to internet services. The information elicited from the respondents were based on the objectives of the study such as socio-economic characteristics, cost and return on beekeeping, constraints militating against beekeeping and the prospects of the enterprise. The data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequency distribution tables, mean, Gross Margin and Net Farm Income. The result showed that the mean age of the respondents was 37 years, male respondents accounted for 72.5%, 40% had tertiary education, and family labor was the major source of labor. Personal savings (equity fund) was the major source of finance (85%), 55% had information from ADP Extension Agents, 80% use Kenyan Topbar, major Bee products processed were honey (60%) and Bee wax (40). It is profitable in the area as initial cost outlay was N15,900 and returns (Total revenue) is N42,000, thus getting N39,300 as gross marginal income with N26,100 as Net Farm Income (NFI). Lack of finance was the major constraint militating against the enterprise (39.6%) followed by Non-colonization of hives (l8.7%). However, worthwhile recommendation on making fund available to Beekeepers by Commercial Banks, engaging the services of extension staff and use of appropriate attractants like sugar solution and sweet fresh palm wine were proffered as solution to some of the teething constraints. However, the enterprise of beekeeping has bright future prospects in the area, considering the number (40) already in practice. Therefore, beekeeping can create wealth in the area and beyond.
This study was carried out in Imo State, South Eastern Agro-Ecological Zone of Nigeria. Five Local Government Areas and five communities were selected for the study. From the five communities, eight (8) Bee-Keepers were selected on purposive basis based on list of bee-keepers collected from Imo ADP field staff. This gave a total of 40 respondents for the study. Data for the study was collected using questionnaire, and oral interview schedule. Both primary and secondary data were used in addition to internet services. The information elicited from the respondents were based on the objectives of the study such as socio-economic characteristics, cost and return on beekeeping, constraints militating against beekeeping and the prospects of the enterprise. The data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequency distribution tables, mean, Gross Margin and Net Farm Income. The result showed that the mean age of the respondents was 37 years, male respondents accounted for 72.5%, 40% had tertiary education, and family labor was the major source of labor. Personal savings (equity fund) was the major source of finance (85%), 55% had information from ADP Extension Agents, 80% use Kenyan Topbar, major Bee products processed were honey (60%) and Bee wax (40). It is profitable in the area as initial cost outlay was N15,900 and returns (Total revenue) is N42,000, thus getting N39,300 as gross marginal income with N26,100 as Net Farm Income (NFI). Lack of finance was the major constraint militating against the enterprise (39.6%) followed by Non-colonization of hives (l8.7%). However, worthwhile recommendation on making fund available to Beekeepers by Commercial Banks, engaging the services of extension staff and use of appropriate attractants like sugar solution and sweet fresh palm wine were proffered as solution to some of the teething constraints. However, the enterprise of beekeeping has bright future prospects in the area, considering the number (40) already in practice. Therefore, beekeeping can create wealth in the area and beyond.
Bee-Keeping for Wealth Creation Among Rural Community Dwellers in Imo State, South-Eastern, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.23
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Nwaihu E. C.
Egbuche C. T.
Onuoha G. N.
Ibe A. E.
Umeojiakor A. O.
Chukwu, A. O.
Bee-Keeping for Wealth Creation Among Rural Community Dwellers in Imo State, South-Eastern, Nigeria
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80
2015-05-19
2015-05-19
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.23
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040301.23
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of land use practices on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in river Nzoia drainage basin, Kenya
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.11
Land use activities along River Nzoia Drainage Basin, Kenya, include cultivation along the river banks, over grazing, deforestation, draining of wetlands for horticulture, harvesting of sand and brick-making. These activities have brought about changes in soil properties in the drainage basin adversely affecting farming output and the ecosystem in general. Consequently, it is important to understand how the different land use activities influence the soil properties in order to design and implement effective soil management strategies. This study examined the effects of land use practices on selected soil nutrients in Nzoia River Drainage Basin in Bungoma County. Cultivation and grazing were identified as important land use practices, while undisturbed sites were treated as controls. Land use practices along the river were identified by actual surveying of the study area. Secondary data on land use practices were obtained from technical reports, from local authorities and government offices. Soil samples were collected from different land use areas using randomly placed 5mx5m quadrats. Solis were collected at depths of 15cm in zigzag grid layout in each sample quadrat using soil auger. A total of 72 soil samples were collected in the study sites and analyzed for total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and organic carbon (C). Analysis of variance and correlation were performed to determine the significant land use practices affecting soil N, C and P. Cultivation had a significant effect on soil organic C mean value of 1.91 but negatively correlated with total Nitrogen and soil C while undisturbed sites exhibited positive correlation with C (P≤ 0.05). On the basis of our findings, it is recommended that conservation agriculture be practiced in the River Nzoia and its drainage system.
Land use activities along River Nzoia Drainage Basin, Kenya, include cultivation along the river banks, over grazing, deforestation, draining of wetlands for horticulture, harvesting of sand and brick-making. These activities have brought about changes in soil properties in the drainage basin adversely affecting farming output and the ecosystem in general. Consequently, it is important to understand how the different land use activities influence the soil properties in order to design and implement effective soil management strategies. This study examined the effects of land use practices on selected soil nutrients in Nzoia River Drainage Basin in Bungoma County. Cultivation and grazing were identified as important land use practices, while undisturbed sites were treated as controls. Land use practices along the river were identified by actual surveying of the study area. Secondary data on land use practices were obtained from technical reports, from local authorities and government offices. Soil samples were collected from different land use areas using randomly placed 5mx5m quadrats. Solis were collected at depths of 15cm in zigzag grid layout in each sample quadrat using soil auger. A total of 72 soil samples were collected in the study sites and analyzed for total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and organic carbon (C). Analysis of variance and correlation were performed to determine the significant land use practices affecting soil N, C and P. Cultivation had a significant effect on soil organic C mean value of 1.91 but negatively correlated with total Nitrogen and soil C while undisturbed sites exhibited positive correlation with C (P≤ 0.05). On the basis of our findings, it is recommended that conservation agriculture be practiced in the River Nzoia and its drainage system.
Effects of land use practices on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in river Nzoia drainage basin, Kenya
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150404.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-06-19
© Science Publishing Group
Wabusya Moses
Humphrey Nyongesa
Martha Konje
Humphrey Agevi
Mugatsia Tsingalia
Effects of land use practices on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in river Nzoia drainage basin, Kenya
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2015-06-19
10.11648/j.aff.20150404.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.11
© Science Publishing Group
Farmers’ Awareness of the Effects of Climate on Growth and Yield of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) in Jos-South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.15
This study assessed farmers’ knowledge on the effect of climate on growth and yield of potato in Jos -South Plateau State. The instrument of data collection used for this study include structured questionnaire. Purposive sampling design was followed in the selection of 200 farmers. The study was undertaken in four districts of Jos- South (Du, Vwang, Kuru and Gyel). One village was selected from each district using the simple random technique to avoid bias. Primary data collected from the farmers include socio-economic characteristics such as gender, age, marital status, years of farming experience as well as relevant questions in order to assess farmers’ knowledge on the effect of climate on growth and yield of potato. Descriptive techniques of data were employed such as simple percentages to describe the knowledge of the respondents. Findings indicate that farmers have good knowledge of the effect of climate on growth and yield of potato. The effect identified includes reduced yield due to excessive rainfall during tuber bulking stage. The disease by late-blight is the most important disease that reduces the yield in the study area. It reduces between 40-80% of the total yield. However, there is need for adequate knowledge of the effect of climate on potato and adaptative strategies.
This study assessed farmers’ knowledge on the effect of climate on growth and yield of potato in Jos -South Plateau State. The instrument of data collection used for this study include structured questionnaire. Purposive sampling design was followed in the selection of 200 farmers. The study was undertaken in four districts of Jos- South (Du, Vwang, Kuru and Gyel). One village was selected from each district using the simple random technique to avoid bias. Primary data collected from the farmers include socio-economic characteristics such as gender, age, marital status, years of farming experience as well as relevant questions in order to assess farmers’ knowledge on the effect of climate on growth and yield of potato. Descriptive techniques of data were employed such as simple percentages to describe the knowledge of the respondents. Findings indicate that farmers have good knowledge of the effect of climate on growth and yield of potato. The effect identified includes reduced yield due to excessive rainfall during tuber bulking stage. The disease by late-blight is the most important disease that reduces the yield in the study area. It reduces between 40-80% of the total yield. However, there is need for adequate knowledge of the effect of climate on potato and adaptative strategies.
Farmers’ Awareness of the Effects of Climate on Growth and Yield of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) in Jos-South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150404.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-07-28
© Science Publishing Group
Wuyep Solomon Zitta
Samuel Akintayo Akinseye
Yakubu Pwajok Mwanja
Farmers’ Awareness of the Effects of Climate on Growth and Yield of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) in Jos-South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria
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2015-07-28
2015-07-28
10.11648/j.aff.20150404.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.15
© Science Publishing Group
Structure and Regeneration Status of Menagesha Amba Mariam Forest in Central Highlands of Shewa, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.16
This study was conducted in Menagesha Amba Mariam Forest, a dry evergreen afromontane forest in central highlands of Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to determine vegetation structure, and regeneration status of the forest. Sixty- nine sample plots (20 m x 20 m) were laid following altitudinal gradient and each quadrat has a 125 m altitudinal drop. Herbaceous species were collected from five (1 m x 1 m) sub-plots laid at four corners each and one at the centre of the large quadrat. All plant species found in each plot were recorded, collected, pressed and identified following Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and height were measured for trees and shrubs having DBH > 2.5 cm. The analysis of vegetation revealed that the forest possesses the highest number of DBH, height and density of species at the lower classes. Vertical stratification revealed that most of the species in the Menagesha Amba Mariam Forest were found in the lower storey. The total density of tree stems per hectare and basal area of trees with DBH >2.5 cm were 4,362.08 and 84.17 m2 ha-1 respectively. The total density of tree species greater than 2 cm and 10 cm DBH were found to be 860.56 which is greater than those with DBH >20 cm (197.46). Thus, the regeneration prevalence of small individuals (seedlings and saplings) was at good condition. Menagesha Amba Mariam Forest, which is one of the remnant dry evergreen afromontane forests in central Ethiopia, is under high degree of anthropogenic impact, which needs further attention as it is quite close to the nearby towns.
This study was conducted in Menagesha Amba Mariam Forest, a dry evergreen afromontane forest in central highlands of Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to determine vegetation structure, and regeneration status of the forest. Sixty- nine sample plots (20 m x 20 m) were laid following altitudinal gradient and each quadrat has a 125 m altitudinal drop. Herbaceous species were collected from five (1 m x 1 m) sub-plots laid at four corners each and one at the centre of the large quadrat. All plant species found in each plot were recorded, collected, pressed and identified following Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and height were measured for trees and shrubs having DBH > 2.5 cm. The analysis of vegetation revealed that the forest possesses the highest number of DBH, height and density of species at the lower classes. Vertical stratification revealed that most of the species in the Menagesha Amba Mariam Forest were found in the lower storey. The total density of tree stems per hectare and basal area of trees with DBH >2.5 cm were 4,362.08 and 84.17 m2 ha-1 respectively. The total density of tree species greater than 2 cm and 10 cm DBH were found to be 860.56 which is greater than those with DBH >20 cm (197.46). Thus, the regeneration prevalence of small individuals (seedlings and saplings) was at good condition. Menagesha Amba Mariam Forest, which is one of the remnant dry evergreen afromontane forests in central Ethiopia, is under high degree of anthropogenic impact, which needs further attention as it is quite close to the nearby towns.
Structure and Regeneration Status of Menagesha Amba Mariam Forest in Central Highlands of Shewa, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150404.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-07-31
© Science Publishing Group
Abiyou Tilahun
Teshome Soromessa
Ensermu Kelbessa
Structure and Regeneration Status of Menagesha Amba Mariam Forest in Central Highlands of Shewa, Ethiopia
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2015-07-31
2015-07-31
10.11648/j.aff.20150404.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.16
© Science Publishing Group
Key Informant Perceptions on the Invasive Ipomoea Plant Species in Kajiado County, South Eastern Kenya
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.17
Invasion of rangelands by undesirable plant species is one of the challenges facing rangeland productivity and to an extension livestock production in East Africa. They have affected communities in different ways in areas where they grow. Focus group discussions and interviews were held in two sites in pastoral and agro-pastoral regions of Kajiado County to get perceptions of farmers, livestock keepers and other stakeholders concerning the invasive plant species Ipomoea. This was accompanied by visits and field excursions to areas heavily infested by the invader species. The interviewed key informants agreed that the plant has more detrimental effects to the environment, ecologically and to the economy of the region. There is need for urgent interventions involving all stakeholders to curb the spread of the species, which is currently at an unprecedented rate. These include efforts by relevant institutions such as Government, Non-Governmental institutions through mobilization, training and capacity building and demonstrations in order to reverse the trend. Any trainings should however include aspects of recovery of invaded and degraded land primarily through pasture improvement and other interventions as this will enhance the utilization of these areas for increased livestock productivity and reverse degradation
Invasion of rangelands by undesirable plant species is one of the challenges facing rangeland productivity and to an extension livestock production in East Africa. They have affected communities in different ways in areas where they grow. Focus group discussions and interviews were held in two sites in pastoral and agro-pastoral regions of Kajiado County to get perceptions of farmers, livestock keepers and other stakeholders concerning the invasive plant species Ipomoea. This was accompanied by visits and field excursions to areas heavily infested by the invader species. The interviewed key informants agreed that the plant has more detrimental effects to the environment, ecologically and to the economy of the region. There is need for urgent interventions involving all stakeholders to curb the spread of the species, which is currently at an unprecedented rate. These include efforts by relevant institutions such as Government, Non-Governmental institutions through mobilization, training and capacity building and demonstrations in order to reverse the trend. Any trainings should however include aspects of recovery of invaded and degraded land primarily through pasture improvement and other interventions as this will enhance the utilization of these areas for increased livestock productivity and reverse degradation
Key Informant Perceptions on the Invasive Ipomoea Plant Species in Kajiado County, South Eastern Kenya
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150404.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-08-20
© Science Publishing Group
Kidake K. Bosco
Manyeki K. John
Kirwa C. Everlyne
Ngetich Robert
Nenkari Halima
Mnene N. William
Key Informant Perceptions on the Invasive Ipomoea Plant Species in Kajiado County, South Eastern Kenya
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2015-08-20
2015-08-20
10.11648/j.aff.20150404.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.17
© Science Publishing Group
Survey of Nematode Destroying Fungi from Selected Vegetable Growing Areas in Kenya
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.12
Plant parasitic nematodes cause up-to 5% yield losses to a wide range of economic crops. In Kenya vegetables yield loss attributed to plant parasitic nematodes is estimated to 80%. Over the years, nematode control has heavily on the use of chemical nematicides which unfortunately leads to biological magnification and elimination of the beneficial microorganisms in the soil. This has triggered a growing interest in search of alternate management strategies. The objective of this study was, therefore, to document nematode destroying fungi in selected major vegetable growing areas in Kenya as a step towards developing self-sustaining system for management of plant parasitic nematodes. Soil samples were collected from five vegetable production zones in Kenya which were Kinare, Kabete, Athi-river, Machakos and Kibwezi and transported to the laboratory for extraction of the nematode destroying fungi. Soil sprinkle technique as described by Jaffee et al., (1996) was used to isolate the fungi from the soil while identification was done using identification keys described by Delgado et al.,(2001). From the study a total of 171 fungi isolates were identified as nematode destroying fungi. The highest population was recorded at Kabete area recording 33.9% of the total record, followed by Machakos, Kibwezi, Athi-river and the least in Kin are with 24.6, 22.2, 11.7 and 7. 6% of the total population in that order. Arthrobotrys was the most frequent genera with a mean occurrence of 7.3 followed by Monacrosporium with 6 and Stylophage with 5.2. A.dactyloides was significantly (P=0.002) affected by the agro-ecological zones with the highest occurrence being recorded in Kabete and the least in Athi-river. The highest diversity index and species richness of nematode destroying fungi was recorded in Kibwezi while the least was recorded in Athi-river. The genera Arthrobotrys had the highest number of trapped nematodes with a total population of 57, followed by Monacrosporium and least was Stylopage with 45 and 36 respectively, within a period of 104 hours. From the study, it is evident that agricultural practices affect the occurrence and diversity of nematode destroying fungi and Arthrobotrys can be developed as a bio-control agent for management of plant parasitic nematodes.
Plant parasitic nematodes cause up-to 5% yield losses to a wide range of economic crops. In Kenya vegetables yield loss attributed to plant parasitic nematodes is estimated to 80%. Over the years, nematode control has heavily on the use of chemical nematicides which unfortunately leads to biological magnification and elimination of the beneficial microorganisms in the soil. This has triggered a growing interest in search of alternate management strategies. The objective of this study was, therefore, to document nematode destroying fungi in selected major vegetable growing areas in Kenya as a step towards developing self-sustaining system for management of plant parasitic nematodes. Soil samples were collected from five vegetable production zones in Kenya which were Kinare, Kabete, Athi-river, Machakos and Kibwezi and transported to the laboratory for extraction of the nematode destroying fungi. Soil sprinkle technique as described by Jaffee et al., (1996) was used to isolate the fungi from the soil while identification was done using identification keys described by Delgado et al.,(2001). From the study a total of 171 fungi isolates were identified as nematode destroying fungi. The highest population was recorded at Kabete area recording 33.9% of the total record, followed by Machakos, Kibwezi, Athi-river and the least in Kin are with 24.6, 22.2, 11.7 and 7. 6% of the total population in that order. Arthrobotrys was the most frequent genera with a mean occurrence of 7.3 followed by Monacrosporium with 6 and Stylophage with 5.2. A.dactyloides was significantly (P=0.002) affected by the agro-ecological zones with the highest occurrence being recorded in Kabete and the least in Athi-river. The highest diversity index and species richness of nematode destroying fungi was recorded in Kibwezi while the least was recorded in Athi-river. The genera Arthrobotrys had the highest number of trapped nematodes with a total population of 57, followed by Monacrosporium and least was Stylopage with 45 and 36 respectively, within a period of 104 hours. From the study, it is evident that agricultural practices affect the occurrence and diversity of nematode destroying fungi and Arthrobotrys can be developed as a bio-control agent for management of plant parasitic nematodes.
Survey of Nematode Destroying Fungi from Selected Vegetable Growing Areas in Kenya
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150404.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-07-02
© Science Publishing Group
Wachira P. M.
Muindi J. N.
Okoth S. A.
Survey of Nematode Destroying Fungi from Selected Vegetable Growing Areas in Kenya
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2015-07-02
2015-07-02
10.11648/j.aff.20150404.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.12
© Science Publishing Group
Analyzing Risks Related to the Use of Pesticides in Vegetable Gardens in Burkina Faso
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.13
In West Africa, the uncontrolled use of pesticides by vegetable farmers leads to contamination of soils as well as surface and ground water. Farmers also use various sources of organic amendments which could impact the fate of the pesticides in soils. This study was conducted to identify the type of pesticides and organic amendments used in the main vegetable gardens in Ouagadougou, Ouahigouya and Bobo-Dioulasso three cities of Burkina Faso. Farmers were interviewed individually on their practices regarding organic amendments and pesticides. Sixty one percent (61%) of farmers do not know the instruction regarding the application of pesticides. Fifty three percent (53%) of farmers did never receive training on pesticide application. We found that pyrethroid-based insecticides like lambda-cyhalothrin and delthametrin were the most used by farmers. About 69%, 59% and 100% of the farmers apply the pesticides periodically in their fields respectively in Ouagadougou, Ouahigouya and Bobo-Dioulasso. All the farmers interviewed attested that they do not respect the recommended doses of pesticides. Manure was the organic amendment mostly used in the three cities (41-75%), followed by household garbage (15-41%). In Ouagadougou most of farmers (69%) apply organic amendment at the recommended rate or more while in Bobo-Dioulasso (69%) and in Ouahigouya (57%), the majority apply low rates. There is a correlation between the social status (sex and the education level) and the pesticide and organic amendment management.
In West Africa, the uncontrolled use of pesticides by vegetable farmers leads to contamination of soils as well as surface and ground water. Farmers also use various sources of organic amendments which could impact the fate of the pesticides in soils. This study was conducted to identify the type of pesticides and organic amendments used in the main vegetable gardens in Ouagadougou, Ouahigouya and Bobo-Dioulasso three cities of Burkina Faso. Farmers were interviewed individually on their practices regarding organic amendments and pesticides. Sixty one percent (61%) of farmers do not know the instruction regarding the application of pesticides. Fifty three percent (53%) of farmers did never receive training on pesticide application. We found that pyrethroid-based insecticides like lambda-cyhalothrin and delthametrin were the most used by farmers. About 69%, 59% and 100% of the farmers apply the pesticides periodically in their fields respectively in Ouagadougou, Ouahigouya and Bobo-Dioulasso. All the farmers interviewed attested that they do not respect the recommended doses of pesticides. Manure was the organic amendment mostly used in the three cities (41-75%), followed by household garbage (15-41%). In Ouagadougou most of farmers (69%) apply organic amendment at the recommended rate or more while in Bobo-Dioulasso (69%) and in Ouahigouya (57%), the majority apply low rates. There is a correlation between the social status (sex and the education level) and the pesticide and organic amendment management.
Analyzing Risks Related to the Use of Pesticides in Vegetable Gardens in Burkina Faso
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150404.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-07-05
© Science Publishing Group
Rayim Wendé Alice Naré
Paul Windinpsidi Savadogo
Zacharia Gnankambary
Hassan Bismarck Nacro
Michel Papaoba Sedogo
Analyzing Risks Related to the Use of Pesticides in Vegetable Gardens in Burkina Faso
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2015-07-05
2015-07-05
10.11648/j.aff.20150404.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.13
© Science Publishing Group
Plantlet Regeneration of Somatic embryos from Leaf Explants of Mentha arvensis(L.) A medicinally important Plant
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.14
The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating some of the factors that influence induction and plantlet regeneration of somatic embryos in Mentha arvensis ( L) var piperascens Holmes (menthol or Japanese mint)since there are no available reports on Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of plantlet in this medicinally important plant species. Leaves from plants growing under temporary shed were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with (0.5-5.0mg/L) Napthlene acetic acid (NAA)+(0.5 mg/L)Thidizuron(TDZ). High frequency of somatic embryo formation was found at (2.5mg/L) NAA+ (0.5mg/L) TDZ in leaf explants respectively, Secondary somatic embryogenesis was also observed when primary somatic embryos were sub cultured same somatic embryo induction medium well developed cotyledonary stage embryos were germinated on MS medium supplemented with (0.5mg/L) (NAA) + (0.5-5.0mg/L)TDZ maximum 80% of somatic embryos germination and plant let formation was found at (2.5 mg/L) NAA+ (0.5 mg/L) (TDZ). The post translation survival rate of plants was 80% plants and flowers formation were morphological similar to the mother plants.
The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating some of the factors that influence induction and plantlet regeneration of somatic embryos in Mentha arvensis ( L) var piperascens Holmes (menthol or Japanese mint)since there are no available reports on Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of plantlet in this medicinally important plant species. Leaves from plants growing under temporary shed were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with (0.5-5.0mg/L) Napthlene acetic acid (NAA)+(0.5 mg/L)Thidizuron(TDZ). High frequency of somatic embryo formation was found at (2.5mg/L) NAA+ (0.5mg/L) TDZ in leaf explants respectively, Secondary somatic embryogenesis was also observed when primary somatic embryos were sub cultured same somatic embryo induction medium well developed cotyledonary stage embryos were germinated on MS medium supplemented with (0.5mg/L) (NAA) + (0.5-5.0mg/L)TDZ maximum 80% of somatic embryos germination and plant let formation was found at (2.5 mg/L) NAA+ (0.5 mg/L) (TDZ). The post translation survival rate of plants was 80% plants and flowers formation were morphological similar to the mother plants.
Plantlet Regeneration of Somatic embryos from Leaf Explants of Mentha arvensis(L.) A medicinally important Plant
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150404.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-07-09
© Science Publishing Group
Sammaiah D.
Odelu G.
Venkateshwarlu M.
Srilatha T.
Anitha Devi U.
Ugandhar T.
Plantlet Regeneration of Somatic embryos from Leaf Explants of Mentha arvensis(L.) A medicinally important Plant
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2015-07-09
2015-07-09
10.11648/j.aff.20150404.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150404.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Importance of Planning for Green Spaces
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.11
Green spaces are often perceived as a luxury, especially in rural areas in need of basic services and characterized by housing needs. Recent studies proof the necessity of providing green spaces, captured in terms of the social, environmental, health and economic benefits that such spaces offer to (urban and rural) communities, along with the core linkage to sustainability and enhanced quality of life. Acknowledging the constrains of providing green spaces including issues such as limited municipal budgets, conflicting development priorities, and increasing urbanization placing pressure on space for development, this paper explores the importance of planning for green spaces in terms of the direct and indirect benefits it offers to communities and to the sustainable development approach.
Green spaces are often perceived as a luxury, especially in rural areas in need of basic services and characterized by housing needs. Recent studies proof the necessity of providing green spaces, captured in terms of the social, environmental, health and economic benefits that such spaces offer to (urban and rural) communities, along with the core linkage to sustainability and enhanced quality of life. Acknowledging the constrains of providing green spaces including issues such as limited municipal budgets, conflicting development priorities, and increasing urbanization placing pressure on space for development, this paper explores the importance of planning for green spaces in terms of the direct and indirect benefits it offers to communities and to the sustainable development approach.
The Importance of Planning for Green Spaces
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Elizelle Juaneé Cilliers
The Importance of Planning for Green Spaces
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2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.11
© Science Publishing Group
African Approaches to Spatial and Green Planning
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.12
As spatial planning evolved two notions of green planning emerged: traditional and sustainability notions. The former identifies with the practice in African countries when traditional urbanism is the vogue and popular design tradition in planning managed eco-centric settlements. In this context, spatial and green planning fused and drew impetus from the spirituality and traditional institutions of African societies. The sustainability notion of green planning is a recent phenomenon that is common with developed countries although it is assuming global dimension. It came with systemic changes which redefined the instrumentality of spatial planning. In effect, spatial and green planning literarily demerged and the later found expression in green growth otherwise sustainable development. This paper recalls the legacy of green planning in traditional urbanism and the lessons it holds for sustainable urbanism in contemporary societies.
As spatial planning evolved two notions of green planning emerged: traditional and sustainability notions. The former identifies with the practice in African countries when traditional urbanism is the vogue and popular design tradition in planning managed eco-centric settlements. In this context, spatial and green planning fused and drew impetus from the spirituality and traditional institutions of African societies. The sustainability notion of green planning is a recent phenomenon that is common with developed countries although it is assuming global dimension. It came with systemic changes which redefined the instrumentality of spatial planning. In effect, spatial and green planning literarily demerged and the later found expression in green growth otherwise sustainable development. This paper recalls the legacy of green planning in traditional urbanism and the lessons it holds for sustainable urbanism in contemporary societies.
African Approaches to Spatial and Green Planning
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Okeke D. C.
African Approaches to Spatial and Green Planning
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13
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2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.12
© Science Publishing Group
Social Upliftment as a Result of Green Space Provision in Rural Communities
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.13
Rural communities, especially those within the South African context, are faced with daily challenges – most of which are associated with a lack of basic social provisions, needs and spaces. This paper introduces the concept of green space planning as an alternative planning approach to address these social challenges within rural South African communities. It provides a comparative study between social challenges experienced in South Africa and the benefits provided by green spaces; introducing green space provision as an alternative planning method to address social challenges, especially those prevalent in rural South African communities. By providing successful and sufficient green spaces, numerous rural challenges are addressed and an overall upliftment of the communities’ mental and physical well-being, social inclusion and quality of life is established.
Rural communities, especially those within the South African context, are faced with daily challenges – most of which are associated with a lack of basic social provisions, needs and spaces. This paper introduces the concept of green space planning as an alternative planning approach to address these social challenges within rural South African communities. It provides a comparative study between social challenges experienced in South Africa and the benefits provided by green spaces; introducing green space provision as an alternative planning method to address social challenges, especially those prevalent in rural South African communities. By providing successful and sufficient green spaces, numerous rural challenges are addressed and an overall upliftment of the communities’ mental and physical well-being, social inclusion and quality of life is established.
Social Upliftment as a Result of Green Space Provision in Rural Communities
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Nicolene de Jong
Social Upliftment as a Result of Green Space Provision in Rural Communities
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2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.13
© Science Publishing Group
Planning Child-Friendly Spaces for Rural Areas in South-Africa
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.14
Child-friendly space are not successfully implemented in South Africa due to problems such as urbanization, development pressure, lack of qualitative open spaces and lack of policy and legislation guiding the planning and protection of such spaces. This study explores the possibility of creating qualitative, playful, educational and environmentally preserving open spaces through the creation and provision of child-friendly spaces for children within their surrounding neighbourhood. The priority within rural areas is usually focussed on providing basic facilities and infrastructure, and the provision of qualitative open spaces is often neglected. In this sense, there is no qualitative child-friendly space currently documented or successfully implemented in rural areas in South Africa. This study provides an overview on what is considered as a child-friendly space and the importance to create such spaces. The main challenges faced by rural areas in South Africa in creating child-friendly spaces are explored. Furthermore current planning approaches in providing child-friendly space in rural areas are identified and evaluated. Lastly green guidelines in creating child-friendly spaces are established.
Child-friendly space are not successfully implemented in South Africa due to problems such as urbanization, development pressure, lack of qualitative open spaces and lack of policy and legislation guiding the planning and protection of such spaces. This study explores the possibility of creating qualitative, playful, educational and environmentally preserving open spaces through the creation and provision of child-friendly spaces for children within their surrounding neighbourhood. The priority within rural areas is usually focussed on providing basic facilities and infrastructure, and the provision of qualitative open spaces is often neglected. In this sense, there is no qualitative child-friendly space currently documented or successfully implemented in rural areas in South Africa. This study provides an overview on what is considered as a child-friendly space and the importance to create such spaces. The main challenges faced by rural areas in South Africa in creating child-friendly spaces are explored. Furthermore current planning approaches in providing child-friendly space in rural areas are identified and evaluated. Lastly green guidelines in creating child-friendly spaces are established.
Planning Child-Friendly Spaces for Rural Areas in South-Africa
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.14
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Ma-Rene’ Kriel
Planning Child-Friendly Spaces for Rural Areas in South-Africa
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4
32
32
2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Planning and Development of Child-friendly Green Spaces in Urban South Africa
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.15
The impact that urban green spaces in urban environments have on the sustainability and quality of life of the residents is phenomenal [3,19,40]. The local reality in South Africa confirms that green spaces, specifically child-friendly green spaces, in urban environments are decreasing because of growing populations and increasing urbanization [34]. Preference is given to provide housing for a growing population, due to the impacts of urbanization, and the development and enhancement of green spaces are often neglected in this regard [30]. Although literature proofs the benefits and need for green spaces in urban areas (also in South Africa), the planning and development of these spaces do not realize in many instances, due to a lack of municipal priorities and funding, driven by the urgent need to provide housing, but also coupled with a lack of understanding of the benefits and importance of planning for green spaces or child-friendly green spaces in urban development. The planning and development of green spaces in the urban environment are investigated as part of this research, along with the benefits that such spaces can provide to communities by focusing on the aspect of child-friendliness. This study evaluated the planning and development of child-friendly spaces in the urban environment of the city of Durban, Republic of South Africa, confirming how ineffective the current child-friendly spaces are. Two international case studies are identified as best-practice cases, namely Mullerpier child-friendly public playground in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Kadidjiny Park in Melville, Australia. The aim was to determine how these international child-friendly spaces were planned and developed and to identify tools and planning approaches of the two international case studies that were used to accomplish the goal of providing successful child-friendly green spaces and how it can be implemented in South Africa. The policies and frameworks which influence the study area in Essenwood, Durban, were identified and analysed in order to establish whether or not the planning and development of child-friendly spaces is supported within the chosen area. This research concluded that child-friendly green spaces do however have a positive impact on the urban environment, caters for children’s needs and assist in their development and interaction with the natural environment, only if these spaces are maintained.
The impact that urban green spaces in urban environments have on the sustainability and quality of life of the residents is phenomenal [3,19,40]. The local reality in South Africa confirms that green spaces, specifically child-friendly green spaces, in urban environments are decreasing because of growing populations and increasing urbanization [34]. Preference is given to provide housing for a growing population, due to the impacts of urbanization, and the development and enhancement of green spaces are often neglected in this regard [30]. Although literature proofs the benefits and need for green spaces in urban areas (also in South Africa), the planning and development of these spaces do not realize in many instances, due to a lack of municipal priorities and funding, driven by the urgent need to provide housing, but also coupled with a lack of understanding of the benefits and importance of planning for green spaces or child-friendly green spaces in urban development. The planning and development of green spaces in the urban environment are investigated as part of this research, along with the benefits that such spaces can provide to communities by focusing on the aspect of child-friendliness. This study evaluated the planning and development of child-friendly spaces in the urban environment of the city of Durban, Republic of South Africa, confirming how ineffective the current child-friendly spaces are. Two international case studies are identified as best-practice cases, namely Mullerpier child-friendly public playground in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Kadidjiny Park in Melville, Australia. The aim was to determine how these international child-friendly spaces were planned and developed and to identify tools and planning approaches of the two international case studies that were used to accomplish the goal of providing successful child-friendly green spaces and how it can be implemented in South Africa. The policies and frameworks which influence the study area in Essenwood, Durban, were identified and analysed in order to establish whether or not the planning and development of child-friendly spaces is supported within the chosen area. This research concluded that child-friendly green spaces do however have a positive impact on the urban environment, caters for children’s needs and assist in their development and interaction with the natural environment, only if these spaces are maintained.
The Planning and Development of Child-friendly Green Spaces in Urban South Africa
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.15
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Zhan Goosen
The Planning and Development of Child-friendly Green Spaces in Urban South Africa
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4
44
44
2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.15
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluating the Spatial and Environmental Benefits of Green Space: An International and Local Comparison on Rural Areas
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.16
Many issues exist from isolated planning of urbanized areas and environmental areas. Current approaches focussing on the integration of Urban Planning and Urban Ecology seek to address such issues. Urban Ecology practice aims to describe the study of the joined relationships between humans and nature. Urban Ecology thus forms a major part of Urban and Spatial Planning, with regard to the objectives of sustainable planning and development, green infrastructure planning, and resilience. Green spaces support sustainable human settlements by means of the different benefits which nature provides, referred to in this research as ecosystem services. Green spaces, in this sense, are fundamental areas in human settlements, in need of intentional and structured planning approaches to enhance sustainability and said environmental benefits. Rural settlements in South Africa experience various problems and challenges in terms of planning for the environment through green spaces (as well as sustainability), mainly as a result of the fragmentation of these rural areas, the existence of lost spaces, urbanisation, urban sprawl and poverty. This research attempted to address the challenges of integrated planning and green space provision in a local rural context; evaluated the spatial and environmental benefits of green space; and enhanced the importance of planning for such benefits in rural South African areas. A local and international comparative study was conducted in order to evaluate the green space planning of South African rural areas in terms of international approaches. The comparative study also served as guidance for new green space planning approaches and recommendations in South African rural context.
Many issues exist from isolated planning of urbanized areas and environmental areas. Current approaches focussing on the integration of Urban Planning and Urban Ecology seek to address such issues. Urban Ecology practice aims to describe the study of the joined relationships between humans and nature. Urban Ecology thus forms a major part of Urban and Spatial Planning, with regard to the objectives of sustainable planning and development, green infrastructure planning, and resilience. Green spaces support sustainable human settlements by means of the different benefits which nature provides, referred to in this research as ecosystem services. Green spaces, in this sense, are fundamental areas in human settlements, in need of intentional and structured planning approaches to enhance sustainability and said environmental benefits. Rural settlements in South Africa experience various problems and challenges in terms of planning for the environment through green spaces (as well as sustainability), mainly as a result of the fragmentation of these rural areas, the existence of lost spaces, urbanisation, urban sprawl and poverty. This research attempted to address the challenges of integrated planning and green space provision in a local rural context; evaluated the spatial and environmental benefits of green space; and enhanced the importance of planning for such benefits in rural South African areas. A local and international comparative study was conducted in order to evaluate the green space planning of South African rural areas in terms of international approaches. The comparative study also served as guidance for new green space planning approaches and recommendations in South African rural context.
Evaluating the Spatial and Environmental Benefits of Green Space: An International and Local Comparison on Rural Areas
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.16
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Luan Cilliers
Evaluating the Spatial and Environmental Benefits of Green Space: An International and Local Comparison on Rural Areas
4
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51
51
2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.16
© Science Publishing Group
Addressing Water Concerns Through Spatial Planning Initiatives For Rural Communities
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.17
Planning in South Africa operates within a legal framework, which strives to ensure that municipalities deliver their developmental duties (in terms of Section 153 of the Constitution). South Africa’s approach to Spatial Planning and Land Use Management is undergoing major changes in order to escape from the legacy of apartheid planning, as well as to ensure sustainable development and better management of municipal land. Developing countries such as South Africa do not have the luxury of centuries of learning to adapt to growth. There is no better time than the present to introduce innovative, multidimensional and effective evidence based planning practices by improving the connection between research and professional work to support sustainable development and to overcome the urban and rural challenges presented by rapid population growth. For the first time in the history of South Africa it has been legislated that municipalities must include previously secluded rural areas into their planning strategies. These strategies must take place with a full understanding of current and future challenges such as demographic; environmental; economic; social‐spatial; and institutional challenges in order to foster sustainable development. This research will present opportunities in terms of planning for sustainable water management in rural areas (which also includes previously secluded townships) through the use of spatial planning tools such as a Spatial Development Framework and a Municipal Land Use Scheme based on the context of the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act No. 16 of 2013.
Planning in South Africa operates within a legal framework, which strives to ensure that municipalities deliver their developmental duties (in terms of Section 153 of the Constitution). South Africa’s approach to Spatial Planning and Land Use Management is undergoing major changes in order to escape from the legacy of apartheid planning, as well as to ensure sustainable development and better management of municipal land. Developing countries such as South Africa do not have the luxury of centuries of learning to adapt to growth. There is no better time than the present to introduce innovative, multidimensional and effective evidence based planning practices by improving the connection between research and professional work to support sustainable development and to overcome the urban and rural challenges presented by rapid population growth. For the first time in the history of South Africa it has been legislated that municipalities must include previously secluded rural areas into their planning strategies. These strategies must take place with a full understanding of current and future challenges such as demographic; environmental; economic; social‐spatial; and institutional challenges in order to foster sustainable development. This research will present opportunities in terms of planning for sustainable water management in rural areas (which also includes previously secluded townships) through the use of spatial planning tools such as a Spatial Development Framework and a Municipal Land Use Scheme based on the context of the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act No. 16 of 2013.
Addressing Water Concerns Through Spatial Planning Initiatives For Rural Communities
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.17
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Hildegard E. Rohr
Addressing Water Concerns Through Spatial Planning Initiatives For Rural Communities
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58
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2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.17
© Science Publishing Group
Planning for Sustainable Communities: Evaluating Place-Making Approaches
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.18
People's survival and their quality of life, are irrefutable dependent on the natural environment in which they reside. To ensure that people's quality of life be maintained in any specific area, it is therefore imperative to find a sustainable equilibrium between the social and economic needs of people and the capacity of the natural resources in their environment. The composition of communities is, however, complex and diverse. The multiplicity of culture, gender and age in any particular community, give rise to needs that is unique regarding to that community as well as the impact thereof on the natural environment. For this reason, it will require an ingenious planning approach be followed, whereby the unique needs of people in an specific area as well as the protection of the natural environment simultaneously be addressed. Characteristics of a sustainable community are typically, a healthier, safer, greener, economically independent community which is well managed. Furthermore it has lower transportation costs and less traffic, is more economic in terms of housing and market demands, shows decreased costs of infrastructure and also has low level of air pollution. Place-making, through layout and design, is an integrative planning approach in creating sustainable communities. Place-making is fundamentally a strategy aimed at creating one or more places in an area which, serve as focal points for economic and social activities of people in the community. Such places will contribute to the quality of life in a community and will also encourage more people to visit the area.
People's survival and their quality of life, are irrefutable dependent on the natural environment in which they reside. To ensure that people's quality of life be maintained in any specific area, it is therefore imperative to find a sustainable equilibrium between the social and economic needs of people and the capacity of the natural resources in their environment. The composition of communities is, however, complex and diverse. The multiplicity of culture, gender and age in any particular community, give rise to needs that is unique regarding to that community as well as the impact thereof on the natural environment. For this reason, it will require an ingenious planning approach be followed, whereby the unique needs of people in an specific area as well as the protection of the natural environment simultaneously be addressed. Characteristics of a sustainable community are typically, a healthier, safer, greener, economically independent community which is well managed. Furthermore it has lower transportation costs and less traffic, is more economic in terms of housing and market demands, shows decreased costs of infrastructure and also has low level of air pollution. Place-making, through layout and design, is an integrative planning approach in creating sustainable communities. Place-making is fundamentally a strategy aimed at creating one or more places in an area which, serve as focal points for economic and social activities of people in the community. Such places will contribute to the quality of life in a community and will also encourage more people to visit the area.
Planning for Sustainable Communities: Evaluating Place-Making Approaches
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.18
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Sanmarie Schlebusch
Planning for Sustainable Communities: Evaluating Place-Making Approaches
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4
72
72
2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.18
© Science Publishing Group
Challenges in Realising Sustainable Community Development in Rural South Africa
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.19
The importance of rural development has long since been known but it has specific relevance to South Africa, where the poor quality of life is driving rural resident to migrate toward urban areas. This is turn is causing worrying problems for cities and towns which have to provide housing and services to the increased influx of new residents. The only solution to the rural exodus is to redevelop rural areas into sustainable communities. Having a clear definition and understanding of sustainable development and sustainable communities is a prerequisite in developing sustainable rural communities. To this end the Venn diagram of sustainability as it applies to communities is utilized, to incorporate social, environmental and economic issues into sustainable community planning and development. From this a better understanding of the interactions between the various spheres of sustainability can be had, leading to a better understanding of sustainable community development as a whole. Unfortunately there are several challenges in achieving sustainable rural communities. While most of these challenges are well known there are a few that are unique to the South African rural sphere. If development plans and policies aren’t tailor made to adapt to these specific challenges then sustainable community development will never be possible in rural South Africa.
The importance of rural development has long since been known but it has specific relevance to South Africa, where the poor quality of life is driving rural resident to migrate toward urban areas. This is turn is causing worrying problems for cities and towns which have to provide housing and services to the increased influx of new residents. The only solution to the rural exodus is to redevelop rural areas into sustainable communities. Having a clear definition and understanding of sustainable development and sustainable communities is a prerequisite in developing sustainable rural communities. To this end the Venn diagram of sustainability as it applies to communities is utilized, to incorporate social, environmental and economic issues into sustainable community planning and development. From this a better understanding of the interactions between the various spheres of sustainability can be had, leading to a better understanding of sustainable community development as a whole. Unfortunately there are several challenges in achieving sustainable rural communities. While most of these challenges are well known there are a few that are unique to the South African rural sphere. If development plans and policies aren’t tailor made to adapt to these specific challenges then sustainable community development will never be possible in rural South Africa.
Challenges in Realising Sustainable Community Development in Rural South Africa
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.19
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Bernice B. Van Schalkwyk
Challenges in Realising Sustainable Community Development in Rural South Africa
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4
79
79
2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.19
© Science Publishing Group
A Framework for Planning Green Spaces in Rural South Africa
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.20
The importance of planning for green spaces is well captured in literature, focusing on the direct and indirect benefits which such spaces provides to various beneficiaries, from local authorities to local communities. However, the planning and implementation of such spaces, especially in a rural context, is complex. The value of spaces is perceived differently by different stakeholders, and this is also true for the rural environments, characterized with unique challenges and needs. This paper captures the value of green spaces and relates it to specific rural considerations, in order to state the value that green spaces can provide to rural areas and communities. The Vaalharts case study is used to explain current realities and best practice options and the paper concludes with a framework for the planning of green spaces in rural South Africa, including all aspects and design elements that should be considered in the planning and provision of green spaces.
The importance of planning for green spaces is well captured in literature, focusing on the direct and indirect benefits which such spaces provides to various beneficiaries, from local authorities to local communities. However, the planning and implementation of such spaces, especially in a rural context, is complex. The value of spaces is perceived differently by different stakeholders, and this is also true for the rural environments, characterized with unique challenges and needs. This paper captures the value of green spaces and relates it to specific rural considerations, in order to state the value that green spaces can provide to rural areas and communities. The Vaalharts case study is used to explain current realities and best practice options and the paper concludes with a framework for the planning of green spaces in rural South Africa, including all aspects and design elements that should be considered in the planning and provision of green spaces.
A Framework for Planning Green Spaces in Rural South Africa
doi:10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.20
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Elizelle Juaneé Cilliers
A Framework for Planning Green Spaces in Rural South Africa
4
4
86
86
2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.s.2015040401.20
© Science Publishing Group
Future Fertiliser Demand and Role of Organic Fertiliser for Sustainable Rice Production in Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150405.11
The study finds out the requirement of chemical fertilisers and suggests the role of organic fertilisers for sustainable rice production based upon projection of rice production, consumption, demand and supply of fertilisers for the years of 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050. The total requirement for commonly used three fertilisers, Urea, Triple Supper Phosphate (TSP) and Muriate of Potash (MP) may increase significantly due to compulsions for growing increased amount of crop outputs in small fragmented parcels of land in the context of diminishing cultivable lands in Bangladesh, negatively impacting on soil fertility as well as sustainability of crop production. Since sustainable yield of crop considerably depends on balanced application of both chemical and organic fertilisers in the field level, the research suggests for increased usage of organic fertilisers.
The study finds out the requirement of chemical fertilisers and suggests the role of organic fertilisers for sustainable rice production based upon projection of rice production, consumption, demand and supply of fertilisers for the years of 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050. The total requirement for commonly used three fertilisers, Urea, Triple Supper Phosphate (TSP) and Muriate of Potash (MP) may increase significantly due to compulsions for growing increased amount of crop outputs in small fragmented parcels of land in the context of diminishing cultivable lands in Bangladesh, negatively impacting on soil fertility as well as sustainability of crop production. Since sustainable yield of crop considerably depends on balanced application of both chemical and organic fertilisers in the field level, the research suggests for increased usage of organic fertilisers.
Future Fertiliser Demand and Role of Organic Fertiliser for Sustainable Rice Production in Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150405.11
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-08-31
© Science Publishing Group
Jayanta Kumar Basak
Rashed Al Mahmud Titumir
Khosrul Alam
Future Fertiliser Demand and Role of Organic Fertiliser for Sustainable Rice Production in Bangladesh
4
5
208
208
2015-08-31
2015-08-31
10.11648/j.aff.20150405.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150405.11
© Science Publishing Group
Impact of Mycorrhiza Fungi from Grassland Rhizosphere and Liquid Organic Fertilizer to the Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn on Ultisols in South Konawe, Indonesia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150405.12
This research was conducted in the Abenggi of village, District of Landono, Regency of South Konawe, Province of Southeast Sulawesi and Laboratory of the Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Science Halu Oleo University Kendari, Indonesia took place from November, 2014 untill April, 2015. This study aims to determine the effect of mycorrhiza fungi from granssland and liquid organic fertilizer to the growth and yield of sweet corn on Ultisols Abenggi. This research is compiled using a randomized block design (RBD) with factorial pattern. The first factor are mycorrhiza fungi (M) with three levels: without mycorrhiza fungi (M0), mycorrhiza as 20 g each planting hole (M1), mycorrhiza as 40 g each planting hole (M2) and second factor are liquid organic fertilizer (P) which comprises three levels of treatment: without liquid organic fertilizer (P0) liquid organic fertilizer as 50 ml L-1 water each plot (P1), liquid organic fertilizer as 100 ml L-1 water each plot (P2). The combination of these two factors obtained 9 combinations of each treatment was repeated three times in order to obtain the amount of 27 experimental units. The observed variables in this study were plant height, stem diameter, cob weight with husk, corn cob without husk, cob length, cob diameter, number and percentage of mycorrhiza infection on the roots of the sweet corn. The results showed that the interaction between mycorrhiza fungi and liquid organic fertilizer has a significant effect on the plant height age 42 days after planting and cob weight without husk with the best results obtained in the treatment of mycorrhiza as 40 g hole-1 with liquid organic fertilizer as 50 ml L-1 water. Application the mycorrhiza fungi as 40 g hole-1 gives the best results on the growth and yield of sweet corn.
This research was conducted in the Abenggi of village, District of Landono, Regency of South Konawe, Province of Southeast Sulawesi and Laboratory of the Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Science Halu Oleo University Kendari, Indonesia took place from November, 2014 untill April, 2015. This study aims to determine the effect of mycorrhiza fungi from granssland and liquid organic fertilizer to the growth and yield of sweet corn on Ultisols Abenggi. This research is compiled using a randomized block design (RBD) with factorial pattern. The first factor are mycorrhiza fungi (M) with three levels: without mycorrhiza fungi (M0), mycorrhiza as 20 g each planting hole (M1), mycorrhiza as 40 g each planting hole (M2) and second factor are liquid organic fertilizer (P) which comprises three levels of treatment: without liquid organic fertilizer (P0) liquid organic fertilizer as 50 ml L-1 water each plot (P1), liquid organic fertilizer as 100 ml L-1 water each plot (P2). The combination of these two factors obtained 9 combinations of each treatment was repeated three times in order to obtain the amount of 27 experimental units. The observed variables in this study were plant height, stem diameter, cob weight with husk, corn cob without husk, cob length, cob diameter, number and percentage of mycorrhiza infection on the roots of the sweet corn. The results showed that the interaction between mycorrhiza fungi and liquid organic fertilizer has a significant effect on the plant height age 42 days after planting and cob weight without husk with the best results obtained in the treatment of mycorrhiza as 40 g hole-1 with liquid organic fertilizer as 50 ml L-1 water. Application the mycorrhiza fungi as 40 g hole-1 gives the best results on the growth and yield of sweet corn.
Impact of Mycorrhiza Fungi from Grassland Rhizosphere and Liquid Organic Fertilizer to the Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn on Ultisols in South Konawe, Indonesia
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150405.12
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Halim
Makmur Jaya Arma
Fransiscus S. Rembon
Resman
Impact of Mycorrhiza Fungi from Grassland Rhizosphere and Liquid Organic Fertilizer to the Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn on Ultisols in South Konawe, Indonesia
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215
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2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.aff.20150405.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150405.12
© Science Publishing Group
Communicating Food Quality and Safety Standards in the Informal Market Outlets of Pastoral Camel Suusa and Nyirinyiri Products in Kenya
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150405.13
The foods pastoral women process using indigenous knowledge have potential to enhance food security to households and health benefits to consumers but safety and quality concerns of consumers presents market barriers. This could be addressed through communicating food quality and safety standards. However, there are challenges in reaching the actors producing, processing and trading camel <i>Suusa</i> (spontaneously fermented milk) and <i>Nyirinyiri</i> (deep fried meat) because they are predominantly in the informal markets. This study identified communication strategies used to promote uptake of food quality and safety standards and level of awareness of actors along the value chains using data from survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Participatory appraisal. Results indicated low level of awareness among actors in the informal markets of Camel <i>Suusa</i> and <i>Nyirinyiri</i>. This can be attributed to underutilization of communication strategies to promote uptake of food quality and safety standards in the informal markets.
The foods pastoral women process using indigenous knowledge have potential to enhance food security to households and health benefits to consumers but safety and quality concerns of consumers presents market barriers. This could be addressed through communicating food quality and safety standards. However, there are challenges in reaching the actors producing, processing and trading camel <i>Suusa</i> (spontaneously fermented milk) and <i>Nyirinyiri</i> (deep fried meat) because they are predominantly in the informal markets. This study identified communication strategies used to promote uptake of food quality and safety standards and level of awareness of actors along the value chains using data from survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Participatory appraisal. Results indicated low level of awareness among actors in the informal markets of Camel <i>Suusa</i> and <i>Nyirinyiri</i>. This can be attributed to underutilization of communication strategies to promote uptake of food quality and safety standards in the informal markets.
Communicating Food Quality and Safety Standards in the Informal Market Outlets of Pastoral Camel Suusa and Nyirinyiri Products in Kenya
doi:10.11648/j.aff.20150405.13
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2015-09-03
© Science Publishing Group
Madete S. K. Pauline
Bebe O. Bockline
Matofari W. Joseph
Muliro S. Patrick
Mangeni B. Edwin
Communicating Food Quality and Safety Standards in the Informal Market Outlets of Pastoral Camel Suusa and Nyirinyiri Products in Kenya
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221
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2015-09-03
2015-09-03
10.11648/j.aff.20150405.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=119&doi=10.11648/j.aff.20150405.13
© Science Publishing Group